new industrial policy 1991
DESCRIPTION
new industrial policy 1991 is about the changes made in the policy in 1991. this policy is devided into two parts 1 is announced on 24 july 1991 which is concernd with the large scale industres including the middle scale and the second part is announced on 6 august 1991 and concerned with small scale sector............TRANSCRIPT
PRESENTATION
ON INDUSTRIAL
POLICY, 1991BY: YAMAN KAUSHIK
SYNOPSIS
•MEANING: INDUSTRIAL POLICY
•OBJECTIVES OF NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1991
•FEATURES OF NIP 1991
•CRITICAL EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL POLICIES 1991
•SUMMARY
MEANING: INDUSTRIAL POLICY
Industrial policy means rules, regulations , principles , policies , and procedures laid down by government for regulating , developing and controlling industrial undertakings in the country. It prescribes the respective roles of the public, private joint and cooperative sectors for the development of industries. It also indicates the role of the large , medium , and small sector . It incorporates fiscal and monetary policies, tariff policy , labour policy and the government attitude towards foreign capital, and role to be played by multinational corporations in the development of the industrial sector.
OBJECTIVES OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY
Accelerating the overall rate of growth through industrialization.
Expanding the industrial base in relation to industrialization needs
of the country.
Generating employment and reducing poverty.
Preventing monopolies and concentration of industrial
power.
Creating competitive conditions and encouraging the growth of
entrepreneurship
Promoting balanced industrial development.
Promoting linkages with others sectors of the economy.
Assisting small enterprisesEncouraging the growth of
industrial research and development
OBJECTIVES OF NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY
Attainment of international
competitiveness.
Development of backward areas.
Encouraging competition
within Indian industry.
Efficient use of productive resources.
Full utilization of plant
capacities to generate
employment.
Revival of weak units.
FEATURES OF NIP
• DE-RESERVATION OF PUBLIC SECTOR: THE NUMBER OF INDUSTRIES RESERVED FOR PUBLIC
SECTOR WAS REDUCED TO 8 INDUSTRIES. AT PRESENT, THERE ARE ONLY THREE INDUSTRIES
RESERVED FOR PUBLIC SECTOR WHICH INCLUDE. (A) ATOMIC ENERGY (B) RAILWAYS, AND (C)
SPECIFIED MINERALS.
• DE-LICENSING: -THE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURES OF NIP, 1991 WAS THE ABOLITION OF INDUSTRIAL
LICENSING OF ALL INDUSTRIES EXCEPT SIX INDUSTRIES. THE SIX INDUSTRIES ARE OF SOCIAL AND
STRATEGIC CONCERN. THE SIX INDUSTRIES ARE
1. HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS. 2. ALCOHOL 3. CIGARETTES 4. INDUSTRIAL EXPLOSIVES 5. DEFENSE
PRODUCTS, AND 6. DRUGS.
• DISINVESTMENT OF PUBLIC SECTOR: -THE NIP 1991 PERMITTED DISINVESTMENT OF PUBLIC
SECTOR UNITS. DISINVESTMENT IS A PROCESS OF SELLING GOVERNMENT EQUITY IN PSUS IN
FAVOUR OF PRIVATE PARTIES. DISINVESTMENTS AIM AT CERTAIN OBJECTIVES. (1) TO PROVIDE
BETTER CUSTOMER SERVICE. (2) TO MAKE EFFECTIVE USE OF DISINVESTMENT FUNDS. (3) TO
OVERCOME THE PROBLEM OF POLITICAL INTERFERENCE. (4) TO ENABLE THE GOVERNMENT TO
CONCENTRATE ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT.
FEATURES OF NIP,1991 (CONT…..)• FOREIGN INVESTMENT: APPROVAL WILL BE GIVEN FOR DIRECT FOREIGN
INVESTMENT UP TO 51 PERCENT FOREIGN EQUITY IN HIGH PRIORITY INDUSTRIES
. THERE SHALL BE NO BOTTLENECKS OF ANY KIND IN THIS PROCESS
• FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS: AUTOMATIC PERMISSION WILL BE
GIVEN FOR FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS IN HIGH PRIORITY INDUSTRIES
UP TO A LUMP SUM PAYMENT OF RS. 1 CRORE, 5% ROYALTY FOR DOMESTIC
SALES AND 8% FOR EXPORTS, SUBJECT TO TOTAL PAYMENT OF 8% OF SALES
OVER A 10 YEAR PERIOD FROM DATE OF AGREEMENT OR 7 YEARS FROM
COMMENCEMENT OF PRODUCTION. NO PERMISSION WILL BE NECESSARY FOR
HIRING OF FOREIGN TECHNICIANS, FOREIGN TESTING OF INDIGENOUSLY
DEVELOPED TECHNOLOGIES.
• MRTP ACT: EMPHASIS WILL BE PLACED ON CONTROLLING AND REGULATING
MONOPOLISTIC, RESTRICTIVE AND UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES.
SIMULTANEOUSLY, THE NEWLY EMPOWERED MRTP COMMISSION WILL BE
AUTHORIZED TO INITIATIVE INVESTIGATIONS ON COMPLAINTS RECEIVED FROM
INDIVIDUAL CONSUMERS OR CLASSES OF CONSUMERS IN REGARD TO
MONOPOLISTIC, RESTRICTIVE AND UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES.
(FEATURES OF NIP,1991 CONT…..)• PUBLIC SECTOR POLICY : THE PRIORITY AREAS FOR GROWTH
OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES IN Y: THE FUTURE WILL BE THE
FOLLOWING:
ESSENTIAL INFRASTRUCTURE GOODS AND SERVICES.
EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF OIL AND MINERAL
RESOURCES.
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND BUILDING OF
MANUFACTURING CAPABILITIES IN AREAS WHICH ARE CRUCIAL
IN THE LONG TERM DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY AND
WHERE PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT IS INADEQUATE.
MANUFACTURE OF PRODUCTS WHERE STRATEGIC
CONSIDERATIONS PREDOMINATE SUCH AS DEFENSE EQUIPMENT.
FEATURES OF NIP,1991 (CONT…..)• PROMOTING SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES: THE NEW INDUSTRIES
POLICY FOR THE SMALL SECTOR INDUSTRIES WAS ANNOUNCED ON 6TH
AUGUST, 1991.THE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURES ARE:
THE NEW POLICY PROVIDES FOR THE SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS AND
MARKETING FACILITIES TO THE SSI UNITS. AS FOR MARKETING , THE
POLICY ENVISAGES MARKET PROMOTION OF THEIR PRODUCTS BE
UNDERTAKEN BY CO-OPRATIVES, PUBLIC SECTOR INSTITUTIONS AND
OTHER PROFESSIONAL AGENCIES
WIDENING AND DEEPENING THE COMPLEMENTARITY IN THE PRODUCTION
PROGRAMMES OF LARGE, MEDIUM AND SMALL SECTORS. THIS WILL BE
ENSURED THROUGH PRODUCTION OF PARTS , COMPONENTS, ETC. WHICH
ARE REQUIRED BY THE LARGE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INDUSTRIES.
(FEATURES OF NIP,1991 CONT…..) THE INVESTMENT LIMIT IN ANY PLANT OR INDUSTRY IN A UNIT HAS BEEN
RAISED FROM RS. 5 LAKH TO RS. 25 LAKH TO PROVIDE FOR THE INCREASE
IN THE PRICES OF CAPITAL GOODS
SPECIAL MEASURES HAVE BEEN TAKEN FOR HANDLOOM, HANDICRAFTS,
KHADI AND VILLAGE INDUSTRIES.
CRITICAL EVALUATION OF NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1991 • POSITIVE EFFECTS ON THE ECONOMY:
INCREASE PRODUCTION: FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND FOREIGN
TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS ARE DESIGNED TO ATTRACT CAPITAL,
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGERIAL EXPERTISE FROM ABROAD. THIS INFLOW
OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND BETTER TECHNOLOGY WILL HELP TO RAISE
PRODUCTION . THESE RESOURCES WILL BE MORE EFFECTIVELY
ALLOCATED SO THAT INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION WILL INCREASE.
INCREASE COMPETITION: EASY ENTRY OF MULTINATIONAL
COMPANIES , REMOVAL OF ASSET LIMIT ON MRTP COMPANIES, LIBERAL
LICENSING WILL INCREASE COMPETITION I OUR ECONOMY. COMPETITION
WILL RESULT IN MORE EFFICIENCY , BETTER QUALITY OF PRODUCTS AND
LOWER PRICES.
[CRITICAL EVALUATION OF NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1991 CONT…..]INCREASE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC SECTOR: THE REDUCTION IN
NUMBER OF INDUSTRIES RESERVED FOR PUBLIC SECTOR FROM 17 TO 3 AND
THAT THREAT OF CLOSURE OF SICK PUBLIC SECTOR ENTERPRISES WOULD
RESULT BIN RAISE IN THEIR EFFICIENCY. MEASURES LIKE PROFESSIONAL
MANAGEMENT AND GREATER AUTONOMY ARE EXPECTED TO IMPROVE
PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC SECTOR ENTERPRISES.
INCREASE EXPORTS: IN THE NIP 191, EXPORT-ORIENTED UNITS ARE
GIVEN VARIOUS CONCESSIONS LIKE LIBERAL LOANS , SETTING UP OF SPECIAL
ECONOMIC ZONE, LIBERAL IMPORT OF CAPITAL GOODS , RAW MATERIALS,
TECHNOLOGY, ETC. ALL THIS WILL HELP TO ACHIEVE BALANCED REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT.
[CRITICAL EVALUATION OF NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1991 CONT…..]REDUCE ECONOMIC BURDEN ON GOVERNMENT: AREA OF
PUBLIC SECTOR HAS BEEN REDUCED DRASTICALLY. NOW ONLY 3 AREAS
ARE RESERVED FOR PUBLIC SECTOR . ALL OTHER AREAS HAVE BEEN
OPENED FOR PRIVATE SECTOR. SICK UNITS ARE EITHER CLOSED OR OPEN
TO PRIVATE SECTOR S. ALL THIS HAS REDUCED THE ECONOMIC BURDEN ON
THE GOVERNMENT.
BRING BALANCED REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: IN NIP 1991,
SPECIAL PROVISIONS HAVE BEEN MADE TO SET UP BIG INDUSTRIES IN
BACKWARD REGIONS. INDUSTRIES LOCATED IN BACKWARD REGIONS ARE
GIVEN VARIOUS INCENTIVES. ALL THIS WILL HELP TO ACHIEVE BALANCED
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
[CRITICAL EVALUATION OF NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1991 CONT…..]GIVE MORE SIGNIFICANCE TO SMALL SCALE
INDUSTRIES: THE NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY PROVIDED FOR THE FIRST
TIME A SEPARATE STRATEGY FOR THE GROWTH OF SMALL-SCALE AND
COTTAGE INDUSTRIES. THIS STRATEGY INCORPORATES SEVERAL
MEASURES FOR PROMOTING AND STRENGTHENING SMALL, TINY, VILLAGE
ENTERPRISES. NIP 1991, WILL PROVIDE ENHANCED SUPPORT TO THE SMALL
SCALE SECTORS SO THAT THEY FLOURISH IN AN ENVIRONMENT OF
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND CONTINUOUS TECHNOLOGICAL UP
GRADATION.
[CRITICAL EVALUATION OF NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1991 CONT…..]• MAIN POINTS OF CRITICISM OF NIP 1991:-
LEADS TO MORE CONCENTRATION OF ECONOMIC POWER: THE AMENDMENT OF THE MRTP ACT TO REMOVE THE THRESHOLD LIMIT F
ASSETS IN RESPECT OF MRTP COMPANIES AND CONFINING ONLY TO THE
MALPRACTICES OF THE BUSINESS HOUSES MEANS NO CONCERN FOR THE SIZE
OF THE COMPANIES. THIS PROVISION IS COUNTER
LEAD TO LESS REGIONAL BALANCE: THE OBJECTIVES OF REDUCING
INEQUALITIES IN THE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF DIFFERENT REGIONS OR
STATES WILL REMAIN A DISTANT DREAM. THIS IS OBVIOUS FROM THE FACT THAT
WHILE LIBERALIZING OF LICENSING PROCEDURES GIVES THE FREEDOM TO SET
UP ANY INDUSTRY AND THE LOCATIONAL POLICY SHOWS CONCERN ABOUT THE
BIG CITIES (OVER 1 MILLION POPULATION) AND RURAL AND BACKWARD AREAS;
IT IS WITHOUT LEAST REGARD FOR THE REGIONAL BALANCES. AS SUCH, THE NIP
GOES AGAINST THE OBJECTIVES OF ENSURING REGIONAL BALANCE.
[CRITICAL EVALUATION OF NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1991 CONT…..]• LEAD TO EXCESSIVE COMPETITION FOR SMALL SECTOR:
IN NIP, THE MARKET FORCES FOSTERED BY DE LICENSING, UNRESTRICTED
GROWTH OF MONOPOLIES, EASY ENTRY OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
AND TECHNOLOGY ETC., IS VERY LIKELY TO AFFECT ADVERSELY. THE
SMALL SECTOR. THE LARGE SECTOR, BY TURNING SMALL UNITS , MAY
CORNER MOST OF THE BENEFITS.
• INCREASE UNEMPLOYMENT: RATHER THAN INCREASING
EMPLOYMENT, THE NIP MAY ACTUALLY WORSEN IT.FOREIGN INVESTMENT
ALONG WITH FOREIGN TECHNOLOGIES THAT THE NIP ALLOWS FREELY, CAN
DO LITTLE TO RAISE EMPLOYMENT BECAUSE THESE ARE CAPITAL-
INTENSIVE IN NATURE
[CRITICAL EVALUATION OF NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1991 CONT…..]• RAISE THREAT FROM FOREIGN COMPANIES: IN THE NEW
LIBERALIZED SCENARIO THAT HAS EMERGED IN THE P[OST-1991 REFORM
PHASE, INDIAN BUSINESSMAN ARE FACING UNEQUAL COMPETITION FROM
MNC’S . UNEQUAL COMPETITION IS DUE TO NUMBER OF REASONS :
a) INDIAN COMPANIES SUFFERS FROM ‘SIZE DISADVANTAGES’ AS THEY ARE
VERY SMALL IN COMPARISON OF MNC’S.
b) THE COST OF CAPITAL TO INDIAN BUSINESS IS MUCH HIGHER THAN THE
MNC.
c) THE INDIAN ENTERPRISES ARE VERY WEAK FINANCIALLY IN
COMPARISON WITH MNC
[CRITICAL EVALUATION OF NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1991 CONT…..]• LEAD TO LITTLE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: VARIOUS
POLICY PRONOUNCEMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT IN RECENT YEARS
INDICATE THAT IT EXPECTS FOREIGN INVESTMENT TO HELP
TECHNOLOGICAL UPGRADATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR AND PUSH UP
EXPORT EARNING.HOWEVER , THIS FAITH IN FOREIGN INVESTMENT IS
MISPLACED. AS POINTED BY H.K. PARANJAPE , NONE OF THE MNC
OPERATING IN THIS COUNTRY HAVE ATTEMPTED TO DEVELOP INDIA AS AN
IMPORTANT BSE FOR A ISGNIFICANT PART OF ITS WORLD-WIDE RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT WORK.
INDUSTRIAL POLICIESIndustrial
policy resolution of 1948
Industrial policy
resolution of 1956
Industrial policy
resolution of 1973
Industrial policy
resolution of 1977
Industrial policy
resolution of 1980
Industrial policy
resolution of 1991
SUMMARY:oMAJOR FEATURES OF NIP 1991:
1. INDUSTRIAL LICENCING: IT IS NOW COMPULSARY IN ONLY 5
INDUSTRIES- ALCHOHOL, CIGRETTES, HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS,
ELECTRONICS, AEROSCAPE AND DEFENCE EQUIPMENTS.
2. PUBLIC SECTOR POLICY: NOW ONLY 3 INDUSTRIES ARE RESERVED FOR
PUBLIC SECTOR-ATOMIC ENERGY, MINERALS SPECIFIED IN THE
SCHEDULE OF THE ATOMIC ENERGY (CONTROL OF PRODUCTION AND
USE) ORDER 1953, AND RAIL TRANSPORT.
3. MRTP: LIMIT HAS BEEN ABOLISHED.
4. MANY STEPS HAS BEEN ANNOUNCED TO PROMOTE FOREIGN
INVESTMENT AND TECHNOLOGY. 100 PERCENT FOREIGN INVESTMENT
IS NOW ALLOWED. FDI IS PROHIBITED ONLY IN THE FOLLOWING0
SECTORS: (1). RETAIL SECTOR(EXCEPT SINGLE BRAND PRODUCT
RETAILING);(2) ATOMIC ENERGY;(#) LOTTERY BUSINESSAND ($)
GAMBLING AND BETTING.
SUMMARY:
5. SMALL SCALE SECTOR HAS BEEN PROMOTED.
oCRITICAL EVALUATION OF NIP[ 1991
SOME MERITS OF NIP 1991 ARE:
1. INCREASE IN PRODUCTION
2. INCREASE IN COMPETITION
3. INCREASE IN EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC SECTOR
4. INCREASE IN EXPORTS
5. REDUCTION IN ECONOMIC BURDUN ON GOVERNMENT
6. BALANCED REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
7. MORE SIGNIFICANCE GIVEN TO SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES
SUMMARY:
SOME CRITICISM OF NIP 1991 ARE:
1. IT WILL LEADS TO MORE CONCERNTRATION OF ECONOMIC POWER
2. IT WILL LEAD TO LESS REGIONAL BALANCE
3. IT WILL LEAD TO EXCESSIVE COMPETITION FOR SMALL SECTOR
4. IT WILL INCREASE UNEMPLOYMENT
5. IT WILL THREAT FROM FOREIGN COMPANIES
6. IT WILL LEAD TO LITTLE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
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