new laser methodology previewed

3
Books New Laser Methodology Previewed Chemical and Biochemical Applica- tions of Lasers. Vol. V. C. Bradley Moore, Ed. xii + 281 pages. Academic Press, Inc., 111 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10003. 1980. $23 Reviewed by Edward H. Peipmeier, Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore. 97331 Volume V of this series contains high-quality introductions to the pho- tochemistry of atoms and small mole- cules and to laser applications to spec- troscopy. The coverage is not meant to be comprehensive; rather it is a timely preview of rapidly advancing fields. Each chapter treats the development of research in its area, typical instru- mentation, and the most recent re- sults, usually obtained from the labo- ratories of the authors. Prospects for future research and applications con- clude each chapter. There are from 46 to 105 references at the end of each chapter, enough to direct the reader to more detailed information when de- sired. Analytical chemists will find the first chapter on methods for the selec- tive detection of single atoms particu- larly interesting and worthwhile. This chapter is a well-organized summary of concepts, methods, and results, some of which are not yet commonly used in analytical chemistry. For ex- ample, in addition to fluorescence and ionization methods of detecting laser- atom interactions, the method of de- flecting the atomic trajectory is dis- cussed. Experimental results are pre- sented that show how detection limits and spectral resolution can be im- proved by threshold discrimination when observing multiphotoelectron pulses during certain kinds of fluores- cence measurements. Atomic photo- ionization mechanisms are presented. Gas phase sample cell concepts con- sidered include collimated beams and trapped atoms and ions, as well as the more common types used in chemical analysis. In addition to describing methods and current results, the ef- fects of experimental variables are considered in some detail. Although not always obvious from the titles of the other six chapters, there is a lot of information through- out the book for the analytical chemist interested in new laser measurement methods. For example, in the second chapter on structural studies of tran- sient molecules, several new lasers and measurement methods are discussed, including the advantages and limita- tions of diode lasers, which have made very high resolution infrared measure- ments feasible. High resolution sub- Doppler spectrometry is also consid- ered. The third chapter is devoted to far- infrared laser magnetic resonance, which is a more sensitive method for detecting paramagnetic species than are optical and microwave methods. Spectral resolution is excellent, com- parable to optical and microwave methods. The last four chapters consider ki- netic spectroscopy, photochemistry in matrices, laser purification of materi- als and photochemical separation of elements in solution. The innovative analytical chemist may glean new ideas from these chapters to help solve special analytical problems. For exam- ple, laser purification may be the method of choice to purify special ma- terials needed for blanks and stan- dards. As interest develops in the commercial use of selectively excited species to act as reactants and cata- lysts, better ways to monitor these transient species may be required. After reading the title, the reader might expect to find both chemical and biochemical applications in this book. However, there are no explicit biochemical applications in this par- ticular volume: The title is for the en- tire series of books. The lack of chap- ter numbers in this book, which was produced from camera-ready copy, is only a minor inconvenience. The index is useful and apparently contains all of the chemical species mentioned in the book. Mass Spectrometry (Part B). Practical Spectroscopy Series. Vol. 3. Charles Merritt, Jr., Charles N. McEwen, Eds. xi + 401 pages. Marcel Dekker, Inc., 270 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1980. $49.75 Reviewed by S. P. Markey, Depart- ment of Health & Human Services, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, Bethesda, Md. 20205 This is the second volume in a two- part series that is intended to provide timely "how-to" reference material on topics of interest to mass spectrosco- pists and specialists who want to uti- lize mass spectrometric techniques. In any expanding field, it is difficult to write summary reviews that are not outdated before the ink is dry on the author's contributed manuscript, much less the publisher's printing press. There are four topics reviewed by specialists in this multiauthored volume—mass spectral approaches to the study of drug metabolism (Rein- hold and Costello); chemical derivati- zation (Vouros); two-dimensional mass spectrometry (Bente and McLaf- ferty); and negative ion chemical ion- ization mass spectrometry (Haas et al.). The first topic is admirably cov- ered in 90 pages, followed by 37 pages of references (subgrouped by com- pound or applied technique), all gath- ered prior to 1978. Because the basic principles of mass spectral studies of drug metabolism have not changed in the interim, this chapter is both rele- vant and useful to today's students. The second chapter, covering deri- vatization techniques, was similarly prepared prior to 1978, and has been somewhat surpassed by several very comprehensive texts on the subject published in the past few years. How- ever, the author stresses and illus- trates basic principles in a clear, con- cise fashion (110 pages). The third chapter is a short intro- duction (30 pages) to two-dimensional mass spectrometry. New instrumenta- tion developed during the past three years has exceeded the promise of this preview, and a new, timely review would be welcome. The fourth chapter is a compilation of 13 papers given at a workshop on negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry in 1977. The papers are short, somewhat redundant, outdated, and reveal no evidence of editing. Editors and publishers of such texts need to be aware that their product is like a perishable fruit—it must arrive in the market and be consumed before it is spoiled by the passage of time. Ion-Selective Electrodes in Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 2. Henry Freiser, Ed. xi ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 53, NO. 9, AUGUST 1981 · 1117 A

Upload: dangdan

Post on 16-Feb-2017

215 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: New Laser Methodology Previewed

Books

New Laser Methodology Previewed Chemical and Biochemical Applica­tions of Lasers. Vol. V. C. Bradley Moore, Ed. xii + 281 pages. Academic Press, Inc., 111 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10003. 1980. $23

Reviewed by Edward H. Peipmeier, Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore. 97331

Volume V of this series contains high-quality introductions to the pho­tochemistry of atoms and small mole­cules and to laser applications to spec­troscopy. The coverage is not meant to be comprehensive; rather it is a timely preview of rapidly advancing fields. Each chapter treats the development of research in its area, typical instru­mentation, and the most recent re­sults, usually obtained from the labo­ratories of the authors. Prospects for future research and applications con­clude each chapter. There are from 46 to 105 references at the end of each chapter, enough to direct the reader to more detailed information when de­sired.

Analytical chemists will find the first chapter on methods for the selec­tive detection of single atoms particu­larly interesting and worthwhile. This chapter is a well-organized summary of concepts, methods, and results, some of which are not yet commonly used in analytical chemistry. For ex­ample, in addition to fluorescence and ionization methods of detecting laser-atom interactions, the method of de­flecting the atomic trajectory is dis­cussed. Experimental results are pre­sented that show how detection limits and spectral resolution can be im­proved by threshold discrimination when observing multiphotoelectron pulses during certain kinds of fluores­cence measurements. Atomic photo-ionization mechanisms are presented. Gas phase sample cell concepts con­sidered include collimated beams and trapped atoms and ions, as well as the more common types used in chemical analysis. In addition to describing methods and current results, the ef­fects of experimental variables are considered in some detail.

Although not always obvious from the titles of the other six chapters, there is a lot of information through­out the book for the analytical chemist

interested in new laser measurement methods. For example, in the second chapter on structural studies of tran­sient molecules, several new lasers and measurement methods are discussed, including the advantages and limita­tions of diode lasers, which have made very high resolution infrared measure­ments feasible. High resolution sub-Doppler spectrometry is also consid­ered.

The third chapter is devoted to far-infrared laser magnetic resonance, which is a more sensitive method for detecting paramagnetic species than are optical and microwave methods. Spectral resolution is excellent, com­parable to optical and microwave methods.

The last four chapters consider ki­netic spectroscopy, photochemistry in matrices, laser purification of materi­als and photochemical separation of elements in solution. The innovative analytical chemist may glean new ideas from these chapters to help solve special analytical problems. For exam­ple, laser purification may be the method of choice to purify special ma­terials needed for blanks and stan­dards. As interest develops in the commercial use of selectively excited species to act as reactants and cata­lysts, better ways to monitor these transient species may be required.

After reading the title, the reader might expect to find both chemical and biochemical applications in this book. However, there are no explicit biochemical applications in this par­ticular volume: The title is for the en­tire series of books. The lack of chap­ter numbers in this book, which was produced from camera-ready copy, is only a minor inconvenience. The index is useful and apparently contains all of the chemical species mentioned in the book.

Mass Spectrometry (Part B). Practical Spectroscopy Series. Vol. 3. Charles Merritt, Jr., Charles N. McEwen, Eds. xi + 401 pages. Marcel Dekker, Inc., 270 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1980. $49.75

Reviewed by S. P. Markey, Depart­ment of Health & Human Services, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, Bethesda, Md. 20205

This is the second volume in a two-part series that is intended to provide timely "how-to" reference material on topics of interest to mass spectrosco-pists and specialists who want to uti­lize mass spectrometric techniques. In any expanding field, it is difficult to write summary reviews that are not outdated before the ink is dry on the author's contributed manuscript, much less the publisher's printing press. There are four topics reviewed by specialists in this multiauthored volume—mass spectral approaches to the study of drug metabolism (Rein-hold and Costello); chemical derivati-zation (Vouros); two-dimensional mass spectrometry (Bente and McLaf-ferty); and negative ion chemical ion­ization mass spectrometry (Haas et al.). The first topic is admirably cov­ered in 90 pages, followed by 37 pages of references (subgrouped by com­pound or applied technique), all gath­ered prior to 1978. Because the basic principles of mass spectral studies of drug metabolism have not changed in the interim, this chapter is both rele­vant and useful to today's students.

The second chapter, covering deri-vatization techniques, was similarly prepared prior to 1978, and has been somewhat surpassed by several very comprehensive texts on the subject published in the past few years. How­ever, the author stresses and illus­trates basic principles in a clear, con­cise fashion (110 pages).

The third chapter is a short intro­duction (30 pages) to two-dimensional mass spectrometry. New instrumenta­tion developed during the past three years has exceeded the promise of this preview, and a new, timely review would be welcome.

The fourth chapter is a compilation of 13 papers given at a workshop on negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry in 1977. The papers are short, somewhat redundant, outdated, and reveal no evidence of editing.

Editors and publishers of such texts need to be aware that their product is like a perishable fruit—it must arrive in the market and be consumed before it is spoiled by the passage of time.

Ion-Selective Electrodes in Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 2. Henry Freiser, Ed. xi

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 53, NO. 9, AUGUST 1981 · 1117 A

Page 2: New Laser Methodology Previewed

Books

+ 291 pages. Plenum Press, 227 West 17th St., New York, N.Y. 1 0 0 1 1 . 1980. $ 3 5

Reviewed by Richard A. Durst, Cen­ter for Analytical Chemistry, Nation­al Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234

As the second volume in a series t h a t will eventual ly provide reviews on all aspects of ion-selective electrodes, th i s book covers several in teres t ing a n d i m p o r t a n t a reas of research and appl icat ion.

T h e first chap te r by K. Kobos on enzyme electrodes is a good general re­view of t he subject a n d includes useful t abu la t ions of enzyme-e lec t rode reac­t ions . Whi le no t providing m u c h de ta i l (e.g., F igure 2 is a lmos t meaningless w i thou t reference t o t h e original l i ter­a tu re ) , th i s chap te r p resen t s mos t of t h e aspects of th i s subject necessary t o m a k e decisions concerning po ten t i a l appl ica t ions t o a var ie ty of subs t r a t e de te rmina t ions . I t is reasonably cur­ren t , including references from 1979, such as t h e first r epo r t of a t i ssue-based enzyme elect rode.

Nex t , a shor t chap t e r by t h e ed i tor t r e a t s t he subject of coated-wire elec­

t rodes . Whi le it is somewha t d isap­point ing t h a t the re i s still no clear ex­p lana t ion as to how these sensors es­tab l i sh a s table " i n n e r " po ten t i a l a t t h e m e m b r a n e - w i r e interface, t he re is l i t t le d o u b t t h a t these devices func­t ion well a n d provide an a l t e rna te rou te for sensor fabricat ion. I was somewhat mystif ied, however, by t h e use of δ for activity coefficient a n d a for t h e ion-size p a r a m e t e r ( ins tead of t h e convent ional ly used y a n d a), especially since on t h e same page α is used correctly as t h e symbol for ionic activity.

C h a p t e r 3 on chemically sensit ive field effect t rans is tors ( C H E M F E T ) by J . J a n a t a and R. J . H u b e r is a very welcome addi t ion t o t he m e m b r a n e electrode l i terature.f l t provides an ex­cellent review of t h e theore t ica l a n d opera t iona l basis for these devices a n d also includes some resul ts ob ta ined wi th these sensors. Al though the C H E M F E T concept was first de­scr ibed ab o u t a decade ago, t h e de­vices are still very m u c h in t he infancy of the i r deve lopment . Only t ime will tel l whe the r they live up to the i r po­t e n t i a l a n d provide u s wi th low-cost, m in i a tu re , mul t ip robe sensors.

T h e final chapter by R. P . Buck, J . C. T h o m p s e n , and O. R. Melroy cons t i tu tes more t h a n one- th i rd of th i s vo lume a n d provides a t abu la r compi la t ion of pract ical papers on m e m b r a n e electrodes gleaned from t h e previous five comprehensive bien­nia l reviews t h a t appea red in ANA­LYTICAL C H E M I S T R Y . Pape r s on the ­oret ical topics have been largely delet­ed from th i s compilat ion, except where t h e y appea r in t h e tabula t ions on his tor ical deve lopments , books, or reviews. T h e in t roduct ion t o th is chap t e r provides a good historical overview a n d a s u m m a r y of ion-selec­t ive e lect rode opera t ional principles. Al though t h e au thors no te t h a t th is compi la t ion includes only " m e m ­b r a n e " electrodes, they neglected to inc lude a good explanat ion of wha t th i s t e r m connotes . For example , they inc lude c i ta t ions t o papers on coated-wire e lect rodes b u t no t C H E M F E T s , which in m y opinion are basically analogous devices.

As wi th t he first volume in th i s se­ries, t h e edi tor achieves his s t a ted pur­pose of providing up- to -da te reviews on var ious deve lopments in th i s area . Whi le these volumes will be of consid-

; W CLAISSE FLUXER VI

, J''*·^ Th. elegant way to luike borate fusions for m 'lysis. The CLAISSE I LllXER VI transforms "ii s, rocks, cements, ••I ills, etc., into trans-p in nt GLASS DISKS • •• . lear SOLUTIONS.

•;**r,4fc Features: • Automatic and manual; • programmable eight-step

process; • makes six glass disks or

solutions in ten minutes; • easy servicing; • competitive prices; • designed, manufactured and

sold by the inventor of the borate fusion disk technique.

Corporation Scientifique Claisse Π04-7 Place de Mérici, Québec, Québec Canada / G l S 4N8 Tél.: (418) 688-8524 .Télex 051-3567

CIRCLE 34 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Vibrational Spectroscopies for Adsorbed Species

A C S Symposium Series No. 137

Alexis T. Bell, Editor University of California, Berkeley

Michael L. Hair, Editor Xerox Research Center of Canada

Based on a symposium sponsored by the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry of the American Chemical Society.

Twelve chapters provide an update of new techniques used to determine the vibrational structure of molecules ad­sorbed on surfaces. This volume pro­vides a forum whereby the leading work­ers in the field interact and rationalize their various approaches.

CONTENTS The first chapter presents a review of the conventional transmission IR work in surface spectroscopy. Improvements in the sensitivity of transmission IR through the development of the Fourier transform IR spectrometer and through modulation of the.incident beam or ellipsometry are detailed. The theory and prac­tice of surface wave spectroscopy are discus­sed as well as Raman spectroscopy and dif­fuse reflectance spectroscopy. Reviews of re­cently developed techniques that provide in­formation about the vibrational states of ad­sorbed molecules — electron loss spectros­copy, inelastic electron tunneling spectros­copy, and neutron scattering — complete this comprehensive volume.

295 pages (1980) Clothbound $31.00 LC 80-21181 ISBN 0-8412-0585-X

Order from: SIS Dept. Box 35 American Chemical Society 1155 Sixteenth St., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 or CALL TOLL FREE 800-424-6747

1118 A · ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 53, NO. 9, AUGUST 1981

SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR XRF AA ICP CHEM

Page 3: New Laser Methodology Previewed

Books

érable use to practitioners in this field, they will be of much more limited in­terest to someone merely wanting to learn about the general topic of ion-selective electrodes. For these people, one of several recently published monographs on the subject would probably be more appropriate. But for those analytical chemists and clinical scientists who want to keep abreast of the state of the art, I certainly recom­mend this series.

Books Received

Advances in Organometallic Chemis­try. Vol. 19. F.G.A. Stone, Robert West, Eds. ix + 318 pages. Academic Press, Inc., 111 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10003. 1981. $42

Supplement to Analytical Toxicology Methods Manual with Cumulative Index. H.M. Stahr, Ed. ix + 311 pages. Iowa State University Press, South State Ave., 112 C Press Office, Ames, Iowa 50010. 1980. $18 (paper)

Ultrafiltration Membranes and Applica­tions. Anthony R. Cooper, Ed. xiv + 707 pages. Plenum Press, 227 West 17th St., New York, N.Y. 10011. 1980. $75

Progress in Macrocyclic Chemistry. Vol. 2. Reed M. Izatt, James J. Chris-tensen, Eds. xi + 347 pages. Wiley In--terscience, 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10158. 1981. $50

Analytical Isotachophoresis. Proceed­ings of the 2nd International Sympo­sium on Isotachophoresis, Eindhoven, Sept. 9 - 1 1 , 1980. F. M. Everaerts, F. E. P. Mikkers, Th.P.E.M. Verheggen. Eds., xi + 234 pages. Elsevier/North-Holland, Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017. 1981. $58.50

Mass Spectrometry of Priority Pollu­tants. Brian S. Middleditch, Stephen R. Missler, Harry B. Hines, xii + 308 pages. Plenum Press, 227 West 17th St., New York, N.Y. 10011. 1981. $29.50

Computer Networks in the Chemical Laboratory. George C. Levy, Dan Terpstra, Eds. xv + 221 pages. Inter-

science, 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10158. 1981. $27.50

Introduction to Pascal for Scientists. James W. Cooper, xv + 260 pages. Wiley Interscience, 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10158. 1981. $19.95

Trace Metals in the Environment. Vol. 6. Cobalt. Ivan C. Smith, Bonnie L. Car­son, Eds. xxii + 1202 pages. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 230 Colling-wood, P.O. Box 1425, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106. 1981. $49.50

Maintaining and Troubleshooting HPLC Systems: A User's Guide. Dennis J. Runser. xiii + 163 pages. Wiley Inter-science, 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10158. 1981. $27.50

Fast Neutron Activation Analysis. Ele­mental Data Base. John McKlveen. 306 pages. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 230 Collingwood, P.O. Box 1425, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106. 1981. $39.95

Cancer-Causing Chemicals. N. Irving Sax. ix + 466 pages. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 135 West 50th St., New York, N.Y. 10020. 1981. $39.95

Ultratrace Metal Analysis in Biological Sciences and Environment With the improved sensitivities of current analytical techniques (inductively coupled plasma, atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry, and neutron activation), knowledge of the roles of metals in biochemical processes and in the environment are continually expanding.

This new book contains significant research reports on the collaborated efforts of biochemists, environmental chemists, and analytical chemists who are studying metal.concentrations in biological organisms and in air, water, and soil.

CONTENTS Trace Element Analysis in Nutrition · Multielement Analysis with RF-ICP · Health Implications · Molybdenum in Biological Materials · Analysis of Particulate Matter for Metals · Airborne Metallic Elements · Nickel-Induced Transformation in Tissue Culture · Trace Elements in Urine · Zinc in Biochemical Processes · Cadmium, Lead, Copper, and Iron in Sea Water Derived Samples « Sources of Metals in the Atmosphere · Bacillus subtilis Strain 168 • Zinc in Humans · Serum Copper and Age

263 pages (1979) Clothbound $36.50 LC 78-31903 ISBN 0-8412-0416-0

Advances in Chemistry Series No. 174

Jack L. Koenig, Editor Case Western Reserve University

Based on a symposium cosponsored by the Divisions of Polymer Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the American Chemical Society.

Probing Polymer Structures Polymer chemists . . . this timely, infor­mative volume will be of substantial value in bringing you up to date on the latest available instrumental techniques and sophisticated technology that can be used to detect, identify, and charac­terize commercial polymeric structures.

The book combines the theoretical and experimental bases of the various tech­niques and the recent applications of these methods to develop a fundamental understanding of polymer performance, behavior, and microstructural variables in commercial systems.

CONTENTS Noise Phenomena Associated with Thermal Transi­tions · Acoustic Emission under Tensile Load · Nanotensilometer · Measurement of Nonlinear Vis-coelastic Properties · Stress Mass Spectrometry · Characterization of Organic Polymers Via Pyrolysis-Infrared · Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy · FTIR Spectroscopic Studies · Brillouin Scattering · Quasielastic Laser Light Scattering · Multipass Fabry-Perot Spectroscopy · Ion Recombination Luminescence · SBS Block Copolymers and Polyethylene

277 pages (1979) Clothbound $33.00 LC 79-10008 ISBN 0-8412-0406-3

Order from: SIS/American Chemical Society 1155 16th St., N.W./Wash., D.C. 20036

Advances in Chemistry Series No. 172

Terence H. Risby, Editor Pennsylvania State University

A symposium sponsored by the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the American Chemical Society.

Order from: SIS/American Chemical Society 1155 16th St., N.W. Wash., D.C. 20036

1120 A · ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 53, NO. 9, AUGUST 198