New Mexico SBA Science

Nature of SciencePhysical Science

Life ScienceEarth Science

Science and Society

Chemistry

• Chemistry summed up in one definition is the study of matter specifically the movement of electrons. – Matter is anything that has mass in the universe,

that is anything that takes up space.• E.g. The clothes or jewelry you are wearing, or the

apple you had for lunch.• Atoms are the building blocks of matter. They are

incredibly small and their structure is unique to different elements.

Measuring Matter

• Since matter is anything that has mass it is important to be able to measure mass.

• The Standard unit for measuring mass is the Kilogram

States of Matter

• Matter is typically divided into 3 different states.

• Solids:– Have a definite size and shape• Atoms or molecules are close together• Minimal Movement/vibration

States of Matter

• Liquids:– Have a definite volume, but take the shape of

their container.

States of Matter

• Gases:– Take both the shape and volume of their container• Atoms/molecules are farthest apart with • Lots of movement

Classification of Matter

• There are two major classifications Pure Substances and Mixtures

• Pure Substances – Elements: made up of only one kind of atom– Compounds: made up of two or more kinds of

atoms.• Can only be separated by chemical means.• Note: A molecule is a piece of a compound.

Classification of Matter

• Mixtures: combinations of two or more substances that retains its own chemical identity and its own properties. – Heterogeneous mixtures: a combination of two or

more individual materials which keep their original properties when mixed together• E.g. Trail Mix

Classification of Matter

• Homogeneous Mixtures: Mixtures that have the same appearance throughout.– There are many examples of Homogeneous

mixtures including salt water and air. • Note: Homogenous mixtures are also called solutions.

Classification of mixtures

• Based on the size of its largest particles a mixture can be classified as a solution, a suspension, or a colloid.

Classification of mixtures

• Solutions– When substances dissolve and form a

homogeneous mixture. – Cannot see particles– E.g. Windshield wiper fluid, tap water, sugar water

Classification of Mixtures

• Suspensions– A heterogeneous mixture that separate into layers

over time. – E.g. Dust in the air or Italian salad dressing

Classification of mixtures

• Colloids– Mixture of particle size, but do not separate into

layers. – E.g. Fog

Classification of Matter

Properties of Matter

• There are both physical and chemical properties of matter

• Physical Properties:– Intensive- depend on the nature of the material• Malleability- capability of being flattened or shaped

into thin sheets by pounding with a hammer. • Ductility- capability of being drawn out into a thin wire• Conductivity- the ability to transfer heat or electricity• E.g. color, smell, luster, texture, crystalline

Properties of Matter

• Physical Properties– Extensive- depend on the amount of material • Mass• Volume

Properties of Matter

• Physical Changes: changes only the appearance.

• Dissolving • Centrifuging• Distillation• Boiling Point

• The substance keeps its other properties

• Evaporation• Filtration• Chromatography • Melting point

Properties of Matter

• Chemical Properties: the ability of a substance to react with another substance or decompose. – E.g. corrosiveness, flammability, acidity, toxicity

Properties of Matter

• Chemical Changes: occur when atoms rearrange to transform the original substance into a different substance.– E.g. A bike rusting

Matter and Energy

• Physical and Chemical changes in matter are always accompanied by changes in energy.– Changes in Kinetic, Potential, and Thermal energy

for an object will help to decide if the reaction is either • Exothermic- energy is released into the surrounding

through heat, light, or sound • Endothermic- energy is absorbed by the object;

temperature decreases.

Laws of Conservation

• Law of Conservation of Mass:– Matter is neither created nor destroyed; it only

changes form.– The total amount of matter in the universe

remains constant.

Laws of Conservation

• Law of Conservation of Energy:– Energy is neither created nor destroyed; it only

changes form.– The total amount of energy in the universe

remains constant.

Laws of Conservation

• Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy– The sum of mass and energy is conserved– Mass and energy can be changed from one to the

other– The total cannot be increased or decreased

Picture Credits

• http://hubpages.com/hub/Heterogeneous-and-Homogeneous-Mixtures

• http://61.19.145.8/student/m5year2006-21508/group14/rooms.html

• http://answers.com/topic/solution • http://mediabistro.com/fishbowlny/newspapers/future

_of_newspapers_looking_on_the_bright_side_93850.asp

• http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/165/169061/blb9ch0102.html

• http://mrsdlovesscience.com/measure.html• http://hackedgadges.com/2006/09/01/alcohol-stove• http://thriftyfun.com/tf34205129.tip.html• http://suwaneedental.com/travel/travel-vancouver-200

4.htm

Atoms• Atoms are the

fundamental building block of ordinary matter.

• They are smallest identifiable unit of an element.

• They are so small you can’t even see them with a microscope.

Ionic bonds

• Bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons. The charges hold the atoms together.

Covalent bonds

Elements share valence electrons to form the bond

Balancing reactions

• The reactants and products must have the same number of atoms. You can not change the subscripts.

Balancing example

• Change the coefficient until all atoms are equal

Transforming Energy

• Law of conservation of Energy: energy is neither created nor destroyed only transformed.

• Some energy transformation is not useful for us.– Example: Power lines transform energy into heat.

Published January 27, 2011 | By Amanda Kaufmann

Fossil Fuels

• Formed by decay of ancient plants and animals

• When burned they produce carbon dioxide and water

• Petroleum, • Natural Gas, and coal

Natural Gas• Composed mainly of Methane.• Natural gas contains more energy per kilogram

than either petroleum or coal.• Produces fewer pollutants than other fossil fuels

Coal

• Solid fossil fuel found underground• One fourth of our energy comes from coal.• Coal is formed from organic material

deposited in ancient swamps. • Burning coal results in more pollutants

Generating Electricity

• Conduction: is a heat transfer when 2 objects are touching (direct contact)

• There is NO transfer of matter• Conduction works fastest with:– Solids Liquids Gases

• The particles of liquids and gases are farther apart than solids, therefore heat is not transferred as quickly

• Convection: heat transfer that takes place in fluids (liquids and gases)

• HOT AIR/WATER RISES• Convection Currents: currents in liquids or gases, these

currents transfer thermal energy (caused by difference in density)

• Ex. Pavement, beaker of hot water, ocean currents, weather patterns, wind

• Radiation: is the transfer of thermal energy (heat) by waves through space

• Radiation happens through air and empty space

• Ex. Sun, wood burning stove, fireplace, candles

• All objects radiate thermal energy

Earth’s Atmosphere

• The air is a mixture of gases, Nitrogen, Oxygen and trace gases.

• Microorganisms produce the gases.• The theory is that over time the atmosphere

developed into the air we now breath.

Moon Phases

Heating (energy in) the Atmosphere

Wind

• Winds are caused by differences in air pressure

• Local Winds: are caused by unequal heating of the earth’s surface in a small area.

Cloud formationhttp://www.vivoscuola.it/us/rsigpp3202/umidita/lezioni/form.htm

Climates

• Two things determine a regions climate:• Temperature and Precipitation

Temperature

• Latitude• Distance from large bodies of water• Ocean currents• altitude

Topographic Map• A two-dimensional representation

of a portion of the three-dimensional surface of the earth

• The following are general characteristics of contour lines:1. Contour lines do not cross each other, divide or split. 2. Closely spaced contour lines represent steep slopes, conversely, contour lines that are spaced far apart represent gentle slopes. 3. Contour lines trend up valleys and form a "V" or a "U" where they cross a stream.

Precipitation• Latitude• Distribution of air pressure systems• Global winds• Mountain barriers

http://mycozynook.com/102RGCh34OH.htm

Conservation of energy – energy is neither created nor destroyed; it just transfers into different forms.

Let us look at two forms of energy: potential energy – stored energykinetic energy – energy of motion

When the cart is at the top, it has lots of stored energy because of gravity.

Let us look at two forms of energy: potential energy – stored energykinetic energy – energy of motion

This moving cart is representing kinetic energy.

Chemical reactions are an example of potential energy. The energy is stored in the bonds between the molecules. Once the chemical reacts with another chemical, it gives off energy.

Food has stored energy for our muscles. This allows our muscles to move and get stuff done.

C). Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plants.

1). Chloroplasts have two important structures:

a). Thylakoids: Photosynthetic sacs that make up the membrane that surrounds the chloroplast.

b). Stroma: The fluid portion of the chloroplast outside of the thylakoids.

Photosynthesis & RespirationI). Photosynthesis and Respiration A). Photosynthesis

1). Is a chemical reaction that uses energy from the sun, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water to create sugars for energy for themselves and animals that eat the sugars and oxygen.

2). Chemical Reaction for Photosynthesis:

6CO2 + 6H2O Light

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Carbon Dioxide water Sugars

Oxygen

B). Respiration1). Is a chemical reaction that uses sugars created by plants during photosynthesis, and oxygen to release energy, water and carbon dioxide.2). Chemical Reaction for Respiration:6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Oxygen Glucose (Sugar) Carbon Dioxide Water

II). The Relationship between Photosynthesisand Respiration.A). Photosynthesis and respiration are basically the opposite of each other.B). Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food.

Cytoplasm• Cytoplasm includes all materials

inside the cell membrane but outside the nucleus. The 2 components of cytoplasm are:– cytosol (intracellular fluid): thick

liquid with dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble proteins, waste products.

– organelles: structures with specific functions inside the cell.

Cytoplasm• Cytosol differs from extracellular (interstitial) fluid in 3

ways:

– Potassium ions are concentrated inside, and sodium ions outside, the cell.

– Cytosol has a high concentration of suspended proteins.

– Cytosol stores some carbohydrates, large amounts of amino acids and lipids.

Organelles: Each organelle has a specific function related to cell structure, growth, maintenance or metabolism.

– Cytoskeleton (shape, strength, metabolic functions)– Centrioles (spindle for cell division)– Microvilli (increase surface area for absorption)– Cilia (extensions of cell membrane-move fluid across)– Ribosomes (carry our orders from the nucleus for

protein synthesis)– Proteasomes (enzymes that disassemble damaged

proteins)

• Nonmembranous

Membranous Organelles• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (synthesis of organic

compounds, storage, transport, detoxification)• Golgi apparatus (modifies/packages proteins for

exocytosis, modifies cell membrane, packages enzymes used in cytosol)

• Lysosomes (clean up internal environment, break down and recycle materials)

• Peroxisomes (contain enzymes that break down fatty acids/organic compounds-produce free radical hydrogen peroxide)

• Mitochondria (produce energy for cell metabolism by breaking down carbohydrates)

Cellular Respiration• Mitochondria provide most of the energy needed to

keep your cells alive. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and organic substrates, and generates carbon dioxide and ATP.

Producers, consumers, decomposers

Natural Selection, how species change and new species arise.

• Organisms create too many offspring because…• There are limited resources (food, water, space), this

causes competition…• In a species there are variations, they are not

identical…

• The organisms that have the “best” traits survive• They reproduce, have babies..– These babies are like their parents.

Differences from year to year can build up so that eventually an organism is different from it’s ancestors. A new species

Evidence of evolution• Fossils, genetic similarities, physical similarities

like the bones in arm of mammals.

Peppered Moth• Peppered moths have colors from light to

dark. Variations.

• The trees were light so dark moths were easier to see by the predators.

• The industrial revolution stained the trees dark, soot from burning coal. Light moths were easier to see by the predators.

• The population became dark with few light moths.

• Today the trees are returning to their light appearance and the population is changing.

Roundup resistant weeds, natural selectionRoundup is a herbicide, plant killer. When it first was used it killed all plants.

The company made corn resistant to roundup. Spray a field, no weeds only corn.

Today there are plants that roundup does not kill, these are new kinds of plants.

Variation in weeds.Spray chemicals that kill weeds. Selection

Survival of resistant types, new plant

Artificial Selection, dairy cows• Cattle were domesticated by man long ago. • Some cows made more milk than other cows. Variation• Man kept the “good” milk cow and used it to make more “good”

milk cows. Selection• Different types of cattle created by artificial selection

Scientific Method• You will need to design an experiment. “Why is that plant bigger than the others?” The Problem

1. Create a possible solution. HypothesisThat plant gets more water. If I gave the other plants more water

they would grow bigger. A Prediction2. Design a test. The Experiment.

Get several plants, (must be the same kind of plant.)Provide the same soil and water and temperature to every plant.Every plant is treated the same. The ControlsProvide some plants with more light than the other plants and

measure the growth.The Variable.3. Measure the size of the plants. The Data4. Determine if the amount of light made a difference in plant growth. The Analysis

• An organism’sgenotype is the set of genes that it carries. An organism’s phenotype is all of its observable characteristics—which are influenced both by its genotype and by the environment. So in defining evolution, we are really concerned with changes in the genotypes that make up a population from generation to generation. However, since an organism’s genotype generally affects its phenotype, the phenotypes that make up the population are also likely to change.