PAKISTAN STUDIESASSIGNMENT

NAME-SHEEZA SUGRA

CLASS-XI COMMERCE

KHILAFAT MOVEMENTThe Khilafat Movement (1919–26) was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British government. The movement became the reason for separation from mainland India of an Islamic Pakistan, in the process unleashing tremendous separation-trauma, mainly

upon ethnic Punjabis. The subsequent murder of Gandhi in India was also the indirect fallout of the Khilafat Movement. WHY DID KHILAFAT

MOVEMENT STARTED/ CAUSES?Khilafat Movement was a religio-political Movement launched by the Muslims of the British India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate or khilafat-e-usmania and for not letting for the Muslim holy places go under the control of the Non-Muslims. During the 1st World War Turkey sided with Germany and

as Germany started to loose Turkey also started loosing its territory. By the time 1stWorld War came to an end in 1918 Turkey had lost most of its territory. Therefore the issue at that time was how the allied powers would treat Turkey, the Ottoman Empire or the Khilafat-e-usmania and most of its territory had been occupied and this Movement was on its peak from 1919 to 1922, although it went on during the later years. But Indian Muslims realized their religious duty to help the Muslim country. It was the extra territorial attachments based on Islam.

Another factor same to the first was that the Indian Muslims considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of the Muslim world as Ummah.

AIMS/ GOALS OF KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

Ottoman Khilafat should be kept intact.

Territorial solidarity of Turkey should be preserved.

Control of holy places of the Muslims should not be given to non-Muslims that were Non-Muslim powers.

To protect the holy places in turkey.

To restore the Ottoman Empire.

OUTCOMES/ EFFECTS

. The outcomes of Khilafat Movement were huge. It left both good and bad effects. It results in protest and rallies on streets of subcontinent. There was an increase in violence day by day. It results in collapse of Hindu Muslims alliance. A huge number of peoples were involved in this Movement, may be this was also a reason of civil disobedience. Because of some violent incidents in the country which resulted in the deaths of many Hindus, Muslims and British people, Mahatma Gandhi G called off his Non-Cooperation Movement. This was a major jolt to the Khilafat Movement

POLITICAL EVENTS (1924-1937) Simon Commission

(1927)Simon Commission, group appointed in November 1927 by the British Conservative government under Stanley Baldwin to report on the working of the Indian constitution established by the Government of India Act of 1919.

NEHRU REPORT (1928) The Nehru Report in August

1928 was a memorandum outlining a proposed new dominion status constitution for India. It was prepared by a committee of the All Parties

Conference chaired by Motilal Nehru with his son Jawaharlal acting as secretary. There were nine other members in this committee, including two Muslims.

JINNAH’S FOURTEEN POINTS (1929)Jinnah refused to accept Nehru report so in order to protect Muslim’s point of view on political basis he prepared a draft of guiding principles consisting of fourteen points popularly known as JINNAH’S FOURTEEN POINTS.

ROUND TABLE CONFRENCEThe three Round Table Conferences of 1930–32 were a series of conferences

organized by the British Government to discuss constitutional reforms in India. They were conducted as per the recommendation by the report submitted by the Simon Commission in May 1930.

FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFRENCEThe Round Table Conference was opened officially by Lord Irwin on November 12, 1930 at London and chaired by the British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald.

The three British political parties were represented by sixteen delegates.

There were fifty-seven political leaders from British India and sixteen delegates from the princely states. In total 89 delegates from India attended the Conference. However, the Indian National Congress, along with Indian business leaders, kept away from the conference. Many of them were in jail for their participation in Civil Disobedience Movement.

SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFRENCE

The Congress had boycotted the first conference was requested

to come to a settlement by Sapru, M. R. Jayakar and V. S. Srinivasa Sastri. A settlement between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin known as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact was reached and Gandhi was appointed as the sole representative of the Congress to the second Round Table Conference. By this time, there was a coalition Government in Britain with a Conservative majority.

THIRD ROUND ABLE CONFRENCE

.

The third and last session assembled on November 17, 1932. Only forty-six delegates attended since most of the main political figures of India were not present. The Labour Party from Britain and the Indian National Congress refused to attend.From September 1931 until March 1933, under the supervision of the Secretary of State for India, Sir Samuel Hoare, the proposed reforms took the form reflected in the Government of India Act 1935.

COMMUNAL AWARD (1932)The Communal Award was made by the British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald on 16 August 1932 granting separate electorates in British India for the Forward Caste, Lower Caste, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and europeans 

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT (1935)The Government of India Act 1935 was originally passed in August 1935, and is said to have been the longest (British) Act of Parliament ever enacted by that time.