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LOUISIANA JUDICIAL COLLEGE 2016 Spring Conference for Judges April 14 and 15 Double Tree by Hilton, Lafayette Psychological Evaluations: Who, What, When, Where and How for Judges DR. JOHN SIMONEAUX Professional Training Resources

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LOUISIANA JUDICIAL COLLEGE 2016 Spring Conference for Judges

April 14 and 15 Double Tree by Hilton, Lafayette

Psychological Evaluations: Who, What, When, Where and How for Judges DR. JOHN SIMONEAUX Professional Training Resources

1

Psychological Testing

Presented By:John C. Simoneaux, Ph.D.

I’m not going to show you the mole on my butt.

My purpose, in part, is to raise the bar for my profession

Beware of experts who “dabble” ‐‐ this process can be dangerous 

General Caveats:

I’ll try to focus on what you don’t know already

If some element cannot be explained logically, it is probably “witchcraft”

Generic Problems & Limitations

1. Concerns over the lack of an adequate knowledge base, particularly of a scientific kind

2. The variability and the lack of standardization in procedures

3. The variability in the criteria used or emphasized by different evaluators

4. The large opportunity for biases to play a role

5. Questions about appropriate qualifications for evaluators

6. Concerns about dual roles or role conflicts

2

Frequently Used Tests

Grisso has insisted that when psychologists venture into courtrooms as expert witnesses, they are obligated to adjust their procedures to the needs of the legal system

Too many professionals, however, expect the legal system to adjust to the practices they find familiar and comforting

Some of these practices involve experts using reports, anecdotes, and other less than reliable data, to form part of their diagnostic  impressions.

Frequently Used Tests

The most frequently used test is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory‐2

The Rorschach is the second most frequently used instrument

The Millon instruments were the next most frequently used

The use of some of the specific psychological tests constitute remarkably poor judgment.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ‐ II

3 Primary Validity Scales

10 Clinical Scales

11 Supplemental Scales

15 Content Scales

Harris‐Lingoes Subscales

Various Critical Item Sets

MMPI Description

3

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ‐ II

Sample Profile

History First published in 1943 by Hathaway and McKinley

Designed for routine diagnostic assessments

Empirical keying approach

Originally 504 true‐false statements ‐‐ now 567

724 Minnesota”normals” and 221 psychiatric patients

Originally 8 clinical scales plus validity scales

– MF and Si added later (items increased to 566)

History MMPI-2 Yields individual’s clinical profile compared  with the normative sample

Much of research on interpretation from MMPI applies to MMPI‐2

Most frequently used personality test in the US for adults and adolescents

4

Administration and Scoring

Administered individually or in groups

– not a “take home” test

– computerized version available

Administration time is approximately 1 to 1.5 hours

Scored by hand or computer

Must be interpreted by qualified professionals

For use with individuals 18 years and older

Can break test session up into shorter segments

– MMPI‐2 for 18‐year‐olds  who are in college, working or living independently

Validity Scales (cont.)

Lie (L) Scale

15 items

extent to which client is “faking good” or describing self in an overly positive manner

K scale(30 items)

More subtle and sophisticated index of  “faking good” or “faking bad”

Higher scores indicative of ego defensiveness and guardedness

Persons of higher intelligence and psychological sophistication may score high on K and low on L

Validity scales (cont.)Variable Response Inconsistency Scale (VRIN)

An additional validity indicator developed for MMPI‐2

Measures tendency to respond inconsistently to MMPI‐2 items

47 pairs of items with similar or opposite content

True Response Inconsistency Scale (TRIN)

To identify an all true (acquiescence) or all false (non acquiescence) response style

20 pairs of items that are opposite in content

5

Test-taking Attitude Average completion time is 1.5 hours

– Longer could mean indecisiveness, psychomotor retardation, confusion, passive resistance 

– Shorter could mean impulsiveness

Look at behavior during testing

– Could be indicative of behavior under stressful situations

Number of omitted items

Look at validity scales

Faking Good Profile Faking Bad Profile

All True Responding All False Responding

What can the MMPI tell us?

Based on analysis of two‐ and three‐ point codes:

Symptoms

Major needs (dependency, achievement, autonomy)

Perceptions of the environment – especially significant others

Reactions to stress (e.g. coping strategies, defenses)

Self‐concept

Sexual identification

Emotional control

Interpersonal relationships

Psychological resources

6

Projective Tests Assess the unconscious desires, emotions, experiences, memories and imaginations of individuals.

Assess violent tendencies in convicts, mental stability of people, aggression in children, and sexual abuse in children.

Tests often have little or no validity for these purposes. 

The Rorschach ‐‐ An example of a controversial “test”

Consists of 10 card ‐‐ some color, some black & white

Examinees report what they see ‐‐ free association

There are no “right” answers

Inkblots – Test or Not?

7

The Rorschach ‐‐ An example of a controversial “test”

There have been many scoring systems

Exner’s system is in vogue

Most validity research is poor

Inkblots – Test or Not?

The Rorschach ‐‐ An example of a controversial “test”

Complex to administer, score, and interpret

Many examiners do not score

Ask for detailed scoring records ‐‐ have them reviewed by experts

Major Problems with the Rorschach

Simulated Blots

8

Rorschach Test (cont.) Can detect thought disorders such as schizophrenia and manic 

depression.

– Can be detected in other valid and objective ways.

Not equipped to identify psychiatric conditions.

Not valid for detecting sexual abuse in children, violence, impulsiveness, criminal behavior.

Unrepresentative of the general population, and therefore are subject to over‐diagnosing psychiatric conditions. 

Appropriate Uses Not a cognitive or neuropsychological measure

Not necessarily the best measure for prediction of behavior

Best if used as part of a battery

Best if questions concerns a description of psychological operations, needs, styles, habits

Scoring

Location

Determinants

Content

Popularity

15 special scores

6 Special Indices

9

Draw-a-Person Test Requires the participant to draw a picture.

Base their interpretation and analysis of the participant depending on the drawings characteristics.

Psychologists often over‐diagnose and people who lack artistic ability are more likely to be diagnosed with a mental illness.

Projective Drawings

Various drawing techniques have been used

House, tree, person, family, etc.

Numerous scoring systems ‐‐ no data

No standardization

Inadequate norms

Validity and reliability not demonstrated

Generally useless and prejudicial

What Can Be Assessed Through Drawings?

“Projective drawing suggest an individual who is experiencing distress.”

“He has problems being able to convey this to others and there is over control.”

“There is dependence, anxiety, anger, and there has been conflict in the home.”

“There are problems trusting others, he (sic) having difficulty with control and there being immaturity.”

Typical (bad) Projective Drawing Interpretation

10

“Comments suggest an individual who has problems with self‐perception.  There is a need for support and there are feelings of having treated (sic) in a harsh fashion.  She is concerned about the home being incomplete and the damage that has been done to it.  The drawings indicate dependence, feelings of inadequacy, difficulty communicating her emotions to others and need to watch people closely.  She is distrustful and feels a need to watch people so as to try to please others.  She has difficulty in her interactions with others.  Comments suggest an individual who feels that she has had bad things happen to her.”

Typical (bad) Projective Drawing Interpretation

Conclusion Projective tests should be used in limited circumstances.

Methods of assessment seem to lack incremental validity and empirically‐based validity.

Many innocent people suffer from the false diagnosis and the custody ruling and criminal court decisions based on these tests.

Custody Specific Tests

Three major instruments have been developed explicitly for custody evaluations:

Bricklin Perceptual Scales (BPS)

Perception of Relationships Test (PORT)

Ackerman‐Schoendorf Scales for Parent Evaluation of Custody (ASPECT)

11

Series of short answer sentence completions:

If I had a chance to speak to the judge, I would say _____.

If the jury finds me guilty, I _____

Short form is 5 sentences, long form is 22 sentences:

Sentences are scored “0” for an incompetent response, “1” for a fairly competent response, and “2” for a competent response

Very low scores indicate malingering

High interrater reliability and internal consistency

High rates of false positives

Competency Screening Test

Guidelines for a 21 questions tapping into 3 dimensions.General legal knowledge

Job of the judge

Job of lawyers

Does not delve into mental illness issues

Focuses upon behavioral aspects of competency

Results highly correlated with the results of other independent measures of competency

Georgia Court Competency Test

MacArthur Structured Assessment of Competence ‐‐Criminal Defendants

Set of open‐ended questions containing 82 different scenarios

Long form (two hours to administer)

Short form (22‐item clinical version)

Validity and reliability are promising, but not well‐established.

MacSAC-CD

12

Competence Assessment for Standing Trial ‐‐Mental Retardation

Specialized instrument for defendants with mild to 

moderate mental retardation ‐‐Psychometric data is suspect.

CAST-MR

Psychopathy Checklist Revised ‐‐ Youth Version (PCL‐YV)

Rapid Risk Assessment for Sexual Offense Recidivism (RRASOR)

Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG)

HCR‐20 (Historical, Clinical, and Risk Management)

Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool (MnSOST)

Plethysmograph ‐‐ Client age and denial compromise validity

Forensic Instruments

Psychological TestsHistorical, Clinical, Risk Management ‐ 20 (HCR‐20)

Most frequently empirically investigated instrument

The only research guided, non‐actuarial instrument

20 risk considerations are assessed

– 10 historical

– 5 clinical in nature

– 5 represent risk management concerns

Each item is rated 0, 1 or 2 and the overall rating ranges from 0 to 40.

Reliability and validity are acceptable

13

Historical, Clinical, Risk Management ‐ 20 (HCR‐20)

H1 Previous Violence

H2 Young Age at First Violent Incident

H3 Relationship Instability

H4 Employment Problems

H5 Substance Use Problems

H6 Major Mental Illness

H7 Psychopathy

H8 Early Maladjustment

H9 Personality Disorder

H10 Prior Supervision Failure

Psychological Tests

C1 Lack of Insight

C2 Negative Attitudes

C3 Active Symptoms of Major Mental Illness

C4 Impulsivity

C5 Unresponsive to Treatment

RISK MANAGEMENT SCALE

R1 Plans Lack Feasibility

R2 Exposure to Destabilizers

R3 Lack of Personal Support

R4 Noncompliance with Remediation Attempts

R5 Stress

HISTORICAL SCALE CLINICAL SCALE

Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) Designed to assess the violence risk in previously convicted violent offenders, 

not specifically the sexual violence potential for sex offenders.

12 items:

– Elementary school maladjustment

– Diagnosed personality disorder

– Age at index offense

– Lived with parents until at least age 16

– Failure on prior conditional release

– Criminal history score for nonviolent offenses

– Marital status

– Diagnosis of schizophrenia

– Degree of victim injury in index offense

– History of alcohol abuse

– Victim gender in index offense

Psychological Tests

Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG) A variation of the VRAG designed specifically for sex offenders

It was not designed to assess the risk for sexual violence per se

It was developed to assess the likelihood for general violence

SORAG results are correlated with sexual recidivism, but not to the same extent that it correlates with violent recidividism in general

Highly correlated with the VRAG

Three unique items involve

– Penile plethysmographic results

– Criminal history score for violent offenses

– Number of previous convictions for hands‐on sexual offenses

Psychological Tests

14

Rapid Risk Assessment for Sex Offense Recidivism (RRASOR)

Contains only four items covering:

– Prior sex offenses

– Offender age

– Having sexually victimized a male

– Having sexually victimized outside the offender’s family.

Psychological Tests

Scoring is related to the scoring on the Static‐99

Scores range from 0 to 6

High interrater reliability and predictive/postdictive validity

May not be comprehensive enough

Static‐99 Incorporated the RRASOR along with other items from the Structured 

Actuarial Clinical Judgment ‐Minimum

Other items include:

– Number of sentencing occasions 5+ vs. <4

– Conviction for noncontact sexual offenses

– Convictions for nonsexual violent offenses at same time as index sexual offense

– Any stranger victim to sexual offense

– Ever lived with lover for 2 consecutive years

These items are scored “1” or “0”

Psychological Tests

Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool ‐‐ Revised (MnSOST‐R)

Consists of 16 items: Number of sex‐related convictions Length of sexual offending history Having been under supervision when committing a charged sexual offense

Having committed a charged sexual offense in a public place

Having used force within any charged sexual offense

Having done multiple acts on a single victim within any charged sexual offense

Number of victim age groups for charged sexual offenses

History of victimizing 13‐ to 15‐year‐old within any charged sexual offense

Stranger victim within charged sexual offense

Adolescent antisocial behavior Drug/alcohol abuse Employment history Discipline history during incarceration Substance abuse tx. history Sex offender treatment Age of offender

Psychological Tests

15

SIRS Scales Rare Symptoms

Symptom Combinations

Improbable and Absurd

Blatant Symptoms

Subtle Symptoms

Selectivity of Symptoms

Severity of Symptoms

Reported vs. Observed Symptoms

Direct Appraisal of Honesty

Defensive Symptoms

Overly Specified Symptoms

Symptom Onset and Resolution

Inconsistency of Symptoms

Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology

Malingering75‐item, multiaxial, self‐administered screening instrumentDesigned to assess symptoms of both feigned psychopathology and cognitive function.

Psychosis (P) ‐‐ 15 items ‐‐ bizarre or unusual psychotic symptoms not usually seen in actual patients.

Neurologic Impairment (NI) ‐‐ 15 items ‐‐ illogical or atypical neurological symptoms

Amnestic Disorders (AM) ‐‐ 15 items ‐‐memory impairment that is inconsistent with known conditions

Low Intelligence (LI) ‐‐ 15 items ‐‐ fabricates/exaggerates intellectual deficits Affective Disorders (AF) ‐‐ 15 items ‐‐ atypical symptoms of depression and anxiety

Total (75 items) ‐‐ Summary score reflective of general malingering

Step 1For each block of four questions, the interviewer inquires whether each symptom/characteristic constitutes a major problem for the client.  For example:

Do you have any major problems with1.  . . . People reading your mind? X   0 1   22.  . . . Getting motivated? X   0   1  23.  . . . Having thoughts about suicide? X   0 1   24.  . . . Expressing strong feelings? X   0   1 2

Step 2The client has endorsed items 2 and 4 as major problems.  The interviewer returns to these questions after completing the block of four items.  The two follow‐up inquiries would be as follows:

The problem you mentioned with getting motivated . . . Is it unbearable?The problem that you mentioned with expressing strong feelings . . . Is it unbearable or too painful to stand?

Administration of Detailed Inquires: An Example

16

Assessment of Malingering -- Rey’s 15-Item Visual Memory Test

Malingering

A B C1 2 3a b c l ll lll

John C. Simoneaux, Ph.D., is a licensed psychologist who practices in Central Louisiana. He attended Nicholls State University where he received his B.A. and M.A. degrees in Psychology, and Texas Tech where he earned his Ph.D. For the past 30 years he has been involved in the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults for the courts, the Office of Community Services, the Social Security Administration, and others. Dr. Simoneaux has consulted with various facilities including Central Louisiana State Hospital (Forensic Services), Huey P. Long Memorial Hospital, etc., providing diagnostic and program development direction. Over the past 20+ years, Dr. Simoneaux’s direct clinical work has focused on diagnostic assessments for various agencies, facilities, and the courts, He testifies frequently in various jurisdictions regarding these evaluations. He has been presenting seminars for mental health professionals for almost 20 years.