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New Species of Psilocybe from Papua New Guinea,New Caledonia and New Zealand

G. GUZMAN

Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, I. P. N.,A. P. 26-378, Mexico 4, D. F.

and

E. HORAK

Institut Spezielle Botanik, ETHZ, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz

Zusammenfassung. Aus Auslralasien (Papua New Guinea, NeuKaledonien und Neu Seeland) werden 6 neue Arten von Psilocybe (P. brunneo-cystidiata, P. nothofagensis, P. papuana, P. inconspicua, P. neocaledonica andP. novae-zelandiae) beschrieben. Zudem wird die systematische Stellung dieserTaxa bezüglich P. montana, P. caerulescens, P. mammillata, P. yungensis undanderer von GUZMÄN in den tropischen Wäldern von Mexiko gefundenenPsilocybe-Arten diskutiert.

Between 1967 and 1977 one of the authors (HORAK) made severalcollections of Psilocybe in Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia andNew Zealand. After studying the material it was surprising to notethat all fungi collected do represent new species. This fact may indicatethe high grade of endemism of the fungus flora on the AustralasianIslands. Nevertheless, the new taxa described have interesting taxo-nomic relationships with species known from tropical America andtemperate Eurasia. These connections are discussed in the text.

Concerning Psilocybe only three records are published so far fromthe before mentioned Australasian region: 1. P. kumaenorum HEIM(HEIM & al. 1967) which is a native fungus of Papua New Guinea.GUZMAN restudied the type material and comes to the conclusion thatHEIM'S species is different from the six species described here.

2, 3. According to COLENSO (1886) and MASSEE (1898) two taxaof Psilocybe (P. crobula and P. inquilina) are reported to occur inNew Zealand. Since no authentic material is kept anywhere these tworecords remain doubtful (HORAK 1971 a, 1971 b).

This contribution is a part of the world monography of the genusPsilocybe which GUZMAN has in preparation since 1971.

The authors are indebted to the Guggenheim Memorial Founda-tion (GUZMAN), the Department of Forests in New Zealand and PapuaNew Guinea and the Swiss Society of Natural Sciences (HORAK) forthe financial support in carrying out parts of this research project.

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©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at

Thanks are expressed also to the Directors and Curators in E, FH, H,L, LPS, NY, PC and UPS for the loan of type material. We are greatfulto Dr. R. WATLING (E) who offered his personal collections fromAustralia as additional source of information, and to Dr. J. RZEDOWSKI(Mexico) for his counsel on the vegetation in Papua New Guinea andNew Zealand.

The holotypes are kept in ZT or PDD, isotypes are lodged inENCB. The magnifications of the figures are: carpophores (naturalsize), spores (X2000), basidia and cystidia (X1000) and cuticle(vertical section, X 500).

Psilocybe brunneocystidiata GUZMAN & HOKAK sp. n.Fig. 1, a—e.

D Pileo —40 mm lato, conico-papillato, brunneo vel stramineobrunneo,flbrillis albis e velo dense instructo. Stipite —40/— 2 mm, pileo concolore,fibrillis vel squamulis albis obtecto. Sporis subrhombicis vel subellipticis,6 — 6,5/5,5-6/ 3,8-4,5 y.m. Pleurocystidiis 20—33/6,5-9 (xm, hyalinis velsubbrunneis, apicaliter papilla instructis. Cheilocystidiis 10 — 20/3 — 5 p.m.,polymorphicis, hyalinis. Hyphis subhymenii pigmento luteo irregulariterincrustatis. Ad lignum putridum in silvis tropicalibus. Nova Guinea. (Holo-typusZT, 72/212).

Pileus (3—)9—40 mm diam., conical (when young) to convex orexpanded but always with sharp conical papilla, hygrophanous, brownto yellowish brown or stramineous, dry, smooth except of white densefibrillose squamules from the veil, striate towards the margin.Lamellae broadly adnate to subdecurrent, distant, beige to cocoabrown, edge albofinibriate. Stipe 10—40/1 — 2 mm, cylindrical, equal,central, flexuos, dry, hollow, fragile, concolorous with pileus, coveredwith white squamules from the veil, forming fibrillose subannulus,apex pruinose. Context pale brown in pileus and stipe. Odour andtas te subfarinaceous. Spore print dark brown.

Spores (5 — )6 — 6,5( — 7)/5.5— 6/3.8 — 4.5 u.m, subrhombic (dorso-ventral) or subelliptical (lateral), yellowish brown (KOH), broadflattened germ pore present, smooth. Basidia 18—24/4.5—6 \j.m,hyaline (KOH), subvesiculose, occasionally with median constriction,4-spored, sterigma 2 — 4( —7) u.m long. P leurocys t id ia 20—33/6.5—9( —11) fxm, hyaline but some brownish (KOH), ventricose-papillate, apical papilla 2 — 3,5 diam. Cheilocystidia 10—20/3 — 5 [im, 1 — 2.5 |imat apex, hyaline (KOH), polymorphous (ventricose-rostrate, clavate, strangulate or mucronate), forming sterile band alonggill edge. Subhymenium of irregular cells, conspicuously encrustedwith yellow (KOH) pigment. Trama regular, consisting of elongatecylindrical hyphae, 4,5—8 fj.ni diam., pigmented like subhymenium.Epicut i s a cutis of more or less gelatinized cylindrical hyphae,encrusted with yellow pigment. Subcuticular hyphae like those of thetrama. Clamp connections present.

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Fig. 1. Psüocybe brunneocystidiata (type): a. carpophores. — b. spores.e. basidia. — d. cheilocystidia. — e. pleurodystidia

Fig. 2. Psilocybe nothofagensis (type): a. carpophores. — b. spores. — c. basidia.d. cheilocystidia. — e. cuticle


Habi ta t : Gregarious or cespitose on rotten wood in subtropicalforests. Known hosts: Castanopsis acuminatissima and Nothofagus spp.Reported from Papua New Guinea only. 500—2000 m a. s. 1.

Material: PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Morobe district: Bulolo, Manki;13. III. 1972, leg. HORAK (Holotype ZT, 27/212; isotype ENCB). —Bulolo, Heads Hump; 2. XI. 1971, leg. HORAK (ZT, 71/226).

Observations: This fungus is closely related to the hallucino-genic and lignicolous P. yungensis SINGER & SMITH described fromBolivia (SINGES & SMITH, 1958) and reported also from Mexico(HEIM & WASSON, 1958); furthermore it is close to P. mammillataMuRiiiL) SMITH, a native species from Jamaica (MURILL, 1918).P. bncnneocystidiata differs from the before mentioned two taxa inthe brown pleurocystidia and in the well developed veil remnantsforming the distinct subpersistent subannulus. Obvious relationshipsalso can be traced to several species recently described by GUZMAN(1977) from tropical forests in Mexico (P. naematolomiformisP. singen, P. uxpanapensis and P. welde.nii). All these Mexican specieshave brown pleurocystidia but are seperated from P. brunneocystidiataby different cheilocystidia. From the taxonomical point of view browncoloured pleurocystidia as observed in some tropical species are con-sidered as a primitive character in Psilocybe (GUZMAN 1977).

Psilocybe nothofagensis GUZMAN & HORAK sp. n.Fig. 2 a—e.

Pileo —6 mm lato, conico, obscure brunneo vel fusco, glabro, striato.Lamellis adnatis, pileo concoloribus. Stipite —20/— 1 mm, fusco, glabro, apicemversus pruinoso, velo nullo. Sporis 5.5 — 6/3.5 — 4.5/3.3 — 3.8 ;zm, subrhombicis.Cheiloeystidiis 16 — 28/4.5 — 7 pn, ventricoso-rostratis, hyalinis. Pleuro-cystidiis nullis. Ad lignum putridum in silvis. Nova Guinea. (Holotypue ZT,72/605).

Pileus 3—6 mm diam. conical (also in aged carpophores)-smooth., striate towards the margin, membranaceous, dark brown tofuscous, without veil remnants. Lamellae broadly adnate to sub-decurrent, deep brown, ventricose, albofimbriate at edge. Stipe15 — 20/0,5—1 mm cylindrical, equal, cartilagineous, concolorouswith pileus, apex pruinose, otherwise glabrous, veil remnants absent.Odour and tas te not distinctive. Spore print brown.

Spores 5,5— 6( — 6,5)/3,5 — 4,5( — 5)/3,3—3,8 jim, subrhombic(dorsoventral) to elliptical (lateral), yellowish brown (KOH), smooth,thin-walled, broad germ pore present. Basidia 15—25/5 — 7 \xm,4-spored, hyaline, subvesiculose. Pleurocystidia absent. Chei-locystidia 16,5 — 28/4,5—7 [im, ventricose-rostrate, hyaline (KOH),forming sterile gill edge. Subhymenium and trama composed ofhyaline hyphae encrusted with yellowish (KOH) pigment. Epicutis

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Fig. 3. Psilocybe papuana (type): a. carpophores. — b. spores. — o. basidia.d. cheilocystidia. — e. carpophores (ZT, 75/726)

Fig. 4. Pailocybe inconspicua (type): a. carpophores. — b. spores. — c. basidia.d. cheilocystidia. — e. cuticle


a cutis of more or less gelatinized cylindrical hyphae, irregularelyencrusted with yellowish pigment. Clamp connections numerous.

Habi ta t : Single or cespitose on rotten, mossy wood in Nothofagusforests. Known from Papua New Guinea only.

Material: PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Morobe District, Wau,Mt. Kaindi; 11. XI. 1972, leg. HORAK (Holotype ZT, 72/605; isotypein ENCB).

Observations: P. nothofagensis is reminescent of P. montana(FR.) KUMMER (= P. atrorufa (FR.) QUELET) but the spores of thelatter species are considerably larger. Furthermore P. montana growsusually on soil (among mosses) and its area of distribution is restrictedto temperate or subalpine regions in Eurasia and America.

Psilocybe papuana GUZMAN & HORAK sp. n.Fig. 3, a—e.

Pileo —20 mm lato, conico vel conico-convexo, obscure olivaceo velnigro-olivaceo, glabro, dense striato, sicco. Lamellis adnato-adnexis, ex argillaceobrunneis purpurello tinctis. Stipite —55/—1,5 mm, cylindrico, fusoo apicemversus pallidiore, fibrillis albis instructo. Sporis 5,5—7/4.5—6/3.8 — 4.5 ^m,subrhombicis. Choilooystidiis 10—18/6.5—13 fjjn, globosofusoideis, saepemueronati8, hyalinis. Pleurocystidiis nullis. Ad terram in silvis tropicalibus.Nova Guinea (Holotypus ZT, 71/385.

Pileus 10—20 mm diam., conical to conico-convex, denselystriate for about 2/3 when moist, membranaceous, glabrous, dry,hygrophanous, black-green to deep olive green, fading in aged carpo-phores. Lamellae adnexed or adnato-adnexed, densely crowded,brownish grey or pale brown when young, turning cocoa brown orbrown in mature specimens, often with purplish tinge, staininggreenish when bruised, edge albofimbriate or concolorous. Stipe35—55/1 —1,5 mm, cylindrical, equal or subbulbous at base, hollow,dark brown below, pale brown towards apex, covered with whitefibrils from the veil, dry, base often with white mycelium or whiteshort rhizoids. Stipe turns green in aged carpophores or when bruised.Context pale green or black green in pileus, brown in stipe especiallytowards base. Odour and taste absent or acidulous. Chemicalreactions on pileus: KOH and HC1 — negative.

Spores 5.5 — 7( — 8)/4.5 — 6/3.8—4.5 (i.m, subrhombic (dorso-ventral) to elliptical (lateral), yellowish brown (KOH), smooth thick-walled membrane, broad flattened germ pore present. Basidia13—22/4.5—6.5 fzm, 4-spored, hyaline. Cheilocystidia (6.5) 10—18/6.5 —13 (j.m, globose to broadly fusoid, often with irregular short neck(2,5—4,5/—2.5 fjtm), hyaline, thin-walled membrane, forming sterilegill edge. Pleurocystidia absent. Subhymenium and trama sub-hyaline, membranes of hyphae irregularely encrusted with yellowish orblack (KOH) pigment which reacts pale black-blue (amyloid) inMelzer solution. Epicutis a cutis composed of partly gelatinized

4 Sydowia, Vol. XXXI, 1978 4g


parallel hyphae, membranes encrusted with yellowish (KOH) pigment.Subcutis of cylindrical to globose cells, membranes hyaline or brownish(KOH), like those of trama. Clamp connections on septae.

Habitat : Gregarious in small groups, occasionally also solitary,on soil or among litter in tropical or subtropical-montane forests underGastanopsis, Lithocarpus or Nothofagus, 1000—2400 m a. s. 1. Knownfrom Papua New Guinea only.

Material: PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands: Mt. Michael,Frigano, Hut Track; 6. XII. 1971, leg. HORAK (Holotype ZT, 71/385;isotype in ENCB). — Kassem Pass; 13. XII. 1972, leg. HOKAK (ZT,72/726).

Observations: This species reminds of the hallucinogenicP. caerulescens MURR., reported from the SE of the United States andMexico (SINGER & SMITH, 1958). The shape and size of the cheilo-cystidia, however, are distinctly seperating the two species.

Psilocybe inconspicua GUZMAN & HORAK sp. n.Fig. 4, a—e.

Pileo —10 mm lato, conico-convexo vel convoxo, pallido oohracoovel ochraceo-brunneo, sicco, estriato, glabro. Lamellis adnatis vel subdecurren-tibus, argillaceis, albofimbriatis.Stipite — 25/—1 mm, cylindrico, pileo concolorifibrillis albis e velo instructo. Sporia 5,5— 6,5/4 — 5/3.3 — 3.8 y.m, subrhombicis.Cheilocystidiis 20 — 30/7 —14 y.m, e fusoideovesiculosis, hyalinis. Pleurocystidiisnullis. Ad terrain in silvis Araucariae. Nova Guinea. (Holotypus ZT, 72/751).

Pileus 5—10 mm diam., convex with conical papilla, marginincurved in young carpophores, pale or deep ochre brown or brown,margin estriate, dry, glabrous, membranaceous, without veil remnants.Lamellae broadly adnate to occasionally subdecurrent, very denselycrowded, argillaceous, edges white and sometimes conspicuouslyfimbriate. Stipe 20 — 25/0,5—1 mm, cylindrical, fragile, brittle,concolorous with pileus or paler, covered with white fibrils of the veil,base white from mycelium, often with white rhizoids, dry, solid.Context thin, concolorous with pileus. Odour and tas te notdistinctive. Spore print brown.

Spores 5.5 — 6.5( — 7)/(3.5) 4 — 5/3.3 — 3.8 [i.m, subrhombic (dorso-ventral) to subelliptical (lateral), yellowish brown (KOH), smooth,thin-walled membrane, germ pore and apiculus distinct. Basidia17.5 — 22/5.5 — 6.5 yun, subpyriform, hyaline, 4-spored. Cheilo-cystidia 20—30/7—14 [im, broadly fusoid to vesiculose, brownish(KOH), rarely hyaline, membrane thin-walled, forming sterile gill-edge. Pleurocystidia absent. Hyphae of subhymenium and tramairregularely encrusted with orange yellow (KOH) pigment. Epicutisa cutis of subgelatinized, brownish (KOH) parallel hyphae, encrustedwith brown (KOH) pigment. Subcutis of cylindrical, hyaline, pigment-less hyphae. Clamp connections present.

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Habitat : Gregarious in small groups on soil among litter inAraucaria cunninghamii forests. Known from Papua New Guinea only.

Material: PAPUA NEW GUIXEA, Morobe District, Bulolo, Susu;15. I. 1973, leg. HOEAK (Holotype ZT, 72/751; isotype in ENCB).

Observations: This small Psilocybe is a very distinct species.P. inconspicua has no obvious relationships to other taxa of this genusexcept with some species described by GUZMAN (1977) from the tropicalforests of Mexico. The brownish cheilocystidia represent the mostprominent taxonomic character. Due to its systematic position it islikely that P. inconspicua is an hallucinogenic fungus.

Psilocybe novae-zelandiae GUZMAN & HORAK sp. n.Fig. 5, a—e.

Pileo —25 mm lato, hemisphaerico vel umbonato-cxpanso, fusco, aurantio-brunneo dessicatione, udo, glabro, striato. Lamellia adnatis, fuscis. Stipite— 40/—3 mm, cylindrico, pallide brunneo vel pileo concolori, fibrillis albisinstructo. Velo nullo. Sporis 10—11/6—7/3,5 — 5.5 [/in, elongato-ellipsoideis.Cheilocystidiis 25 — 33/6,5 — 9 (jtm, fusoideis vel lagoniformibus. Pleurocystidiisnullis. Ad terrain in silvis nothofagineis. Nova Zelandia. (Holotypus PDD,27132).

Pileus (3—)15 — 25 mm diam., hemispherical when youngbecoming umbonate expanded, disk depressed in aged carpophores,dark brown or fuscous when moist fading to orange-brown in dryingspecimens, smooth, strongly striate towards margin, subviscid,glabrous, without obvious veil remnants. Cuticle not seperable.Lamellae broadly adnate, densely crowded, pale rust brown whenyoung (reminds of Cortinarius sp.) turning deep brown or fuscous inmature specimens, edge concolorous, occasionally fimbriate. Stipe(10) 30—40/(1) 2 — 3 mm, cylindrical, equal, pale brown or concolorouswith pileus, dry, hollow, often curved, covered with white appressedfibrils or several distinct belts from veil. Cortina absent. Contextpale brown. Odour and taste not distinctive. Spore print brown.

Spores (8) 10—11 (12)/(5.5) 6—7 (7.5)/3.5—5.5 jjim, elongate-elliptical or subelliptical, yellowish brown (KOH), smooth, membranethin-walled, apiculus and germ pore distinct. Basidia 22—28/6—7.5 [ixn, 4-spored, hyaline, subvesiculose, occasionally with medianconstriction. Pleurocystidia none. Cheilocystidia (16.5) 25—33/(4.5) 6.5—9 |i.m, varying between fusoid-ampnllaceous and mucronate,apical neck 2.2—3.5 y.m diam., hyaline, forming sterile gill edge.Membranes of subhymenial hyphae encrusted with yellow (KOH)pigment. Epicutis a cutis of subgelatinized hyphae, irregularelyencrusted with brownish or yellow (KOH) pigment, rarely witholeiferous hyphae with orange-brown plasmatic pigment. Subcutisconsisting of hyphae like those of the trama. Clamp connectionspresent.

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Fig. 5. Psilocybe novae-zelandiae (type): a. carpophores. — b. spores.c. basidia. — d. cheilocystidia. — e. cuticle

Fig. 6. Psilocybeneocaledonica (type): a. carpophores. — b.spores. — c. basidia.d. cheilocyatidia. — e. pleurocystidia


Habi ta t : Single or cespitose in small groups on soil underNothofagus cliffortioides var. solandri and N. fusca. Known fromNew Zealand only.

Material: NEW ZEALAND, Canterbury, Mt. Grey, Kowai Bush;15. IX. 1967, leg. HOKAK (Holotype PDD, 27132; isotypes in ZT,67/104 and ENCB).

Observations: Like P. nothofagensis (from Papua New Guinea)this New Zealand species is closely related to P. montana. Due to thesize of the spores, however, it is distinctly seperated from the othertwo taxa.

Psilocybe neocaledonica GUZMAN & HORAK sp. n.Fig. 6, a—e.

Piloo —11 mm lato, e conico-papillato suboonvexo, brunneo siccitatepallidiore vel pallide aurantio-rubescente, sicco, squamis fibrillosis coneoloribusnstructo, striato. Lamellis adnatis vel subdecurrentibus. Stipite — 15/— 1.5 mm,pallide aurantiobrunneo fibrillis albis subconcoloribusve obtecto, anulo nullo.Sporis 5.5 — 6/5.5—6/4 — 4.5 fj.m, rhombicis vel subellipticis, membrana erassaet luteobrunnea instructis. Pleurocystidiis 22 — 28/11 — 14.5 fxm, ventricoso-rostratis, hyalinis vel pallide brunneis. Cheilocystidiis 17 — 27/4 — 6,5 ji.m,fusiformibus, rostratis vel sublageniformibus, hyalinis. Ad lignum putridum insilvis tropicalibus. Nova Caledonia. (Holotypus ZT, 77/161).

Pileus 8—11 mm broad, conico-papillate to subconvex, deepbrown, fading to pale orange-red or stramineous when drying, notviscid, densely covered with concolorous fibrillose squamules especiallytowards the striate margin, occasionally also with white minutesquamules from the veil along the margin. Lamellae broadly adnateto subdecurrent, often with short tooth, deep chocolate brown toviolaceous brown, edges whitish and fimbriate. Stipe 12—15/ 1 —1,5 mm, cylindrical or rarely subbulbous, pale orange brown, coveredwith concolorous or whitish fibrils of the veil, but distinct cortina zoneor anulus absent, hollow, single. Context whitish. Odour and tastenot distinctive.

Spores (5) 5.5 — 6( — 6.5)/5.5—6( — 6.5)/4—4.5 y.m, rhombic orglobose-rhombic, subelliptical in side view, membrane yellowishbrown, with broad truncate germ pore. Basidia 16,5—20/4—6.5 jjun,4-spored, hyaline (KOH), subcylindric with slight median constriction.Pleurocyst idia 22—28/11 — 14,5 p.m, ventricose-rostrate, apicalbeak measuring 2 — 5,5/1,5—3,5 ni[i, hyaline or brownish (KOH),many with hyaline to yellowish refractive pigment-body of irregularshape (like chrysocystidia). Cheilocystidia 17 — 27/4—6,5 mjj.,polymorphous (fusiform, subventricose-rostrate or sublageniform),forming dense and sterile turf on gill edge, hyaline (KOH), rarely withhyaline apical oil drop. Subhymenium with pale orange to brown(KOH) and irregularely distributed pigment. Trama regular, hyalineto pale orange brown (KOH), pigment irregularely encrusting the

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membranes (0.5—1.5 [im. diam.). Epicutis consisting of hyaline toyellowish-brownish subgelatinous parallel thin hyphae. Subcutis ofelongate hyphae (5—15 [xm diam.) with hyaline to brownish membranes(— 2 ;j.m diam.). Clamp connections present.

Habi ta t : Gregarious on rotten wood, sticks and plant debris intropical forest at about 1000 m a. s. 1. Known from type locality only.

Material: NEW CALEDONIA, Mt. Mou, N of Paita; 22. II. 1977,leg. HORAK (Holotype ZT, 77/161; isotype ENCG).

Observations: The pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia of thisspecies are similar to the ones observed in P. nematolomiformisGUZMAN (1977), described from tropical rain forest in Mexico, differ,however, in size and shape. Furthermore, the pileus of the Mexicanspecies is glabrous. P. neocaledonica is also close to Ag. (Naucoria)lonchopfborus B. & BE. from Ceylon. Upon examining the type materialof this species (K) by one of the authors (HORAK), only hyaline pleuro-cystidia have been found and chrysocystidia-like cystidia are absent.The non-cellular structure of the subcutis or hypodermium in combina-tion with the rhombic spores are distinctly seperating this NewCaledonian species from taxa of the genus Naematoloma KARSTEN.It is possible that this new species is an hallucinogenic fungus since ithas close taxonomic relationships with hallucinogenic species of theStirps Yungensis.

LiteratureCOLENSO, W. (1890). An enumeration of fungi recently discovered in New> (I Zealand. — Trans. Proc. N. Z. Inst. 23: 391 — 398.GUZMAN, G. (1977). Observations on the evolution of Psilocybe and description

of four new hallucinogenic species from Mexican tropical forests. —In: Festschrift Singer, Sydowia, Beiheft 8 (in press).

HEIM, R. & WASSON, R. G. (1958). Les champignons hallucinogenes duMexique. — Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris.

HEIM, R., CAILLETXX, R., WASSON, R. G. and THBVENARD, P. (1967). Nouvelles

•Shu investigations sur les champignons hallucinogenes. — Mus. Nat. Hist.rT""' Nat., Paris.HOBAK, E. (1971a). A contribution towards the revision of the Agaricales

(fungi) from New Zealand. — New Zealand Journ. Bot. 9: 403 — 462.— (1971b). Contributions to the knowledge of the Agaricales s. 1. (Fungi)

of New Zealand. — Now Zealand Journ. Bot. 9: 463 — 493.MASSEE, G. (1898). The fungus flora of New Zealand. — Trans. Proc. N. Z.

m Inst. 31: 282-349.MUBRIIX, W. A. (1918). The Agaricales of tropical North America. VII. —

Mycologia 10: 15 — 33.SINGER, R. & SMITH, A. H. (1958). Mycological investigations on Toonanäcatl,

the Mexican hallucinogenic mushroom. II. A taxonomic monograph ofPsilocybe, sect. Caerulescentes. — Mycologia 50: 2G2 — 303.

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