new spread spectrum radios for today's technology

Gas Well Deliquification Workshop

Sheraton Hotel, Denver, Colorado

February 19 – 22, 2012

New spread spectrum radios for today's

technology

Dan Steele – Regional Manager

FreeWave Technologies

Feb. 19 – 22, 2012 2012 Gas Well Deliquification Workshop

Denver, Colorado

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Spread Spectrum Radio Concerns

• Common issues:

– Terrain is too rough (buildings, trees, hills & valleys)

– Network has many devices & types (RF saturation)

– Spread Spectrum didn’t work in the past (old technology)

Poor installation or did not perform a radio path study

– Ethernet communication is required (new standard)

– Security is an issue (encryption and VLAN)

Terrain is too rough (buildings, trees & hills)

– Network has many devices & types

– Spread Spectrum didn’t work in the past

–

You can have obstructions in the “lobe” (Fresnel Zone) of the yagi

signal even though LOS is achieved. This will attenuate the signal.


Denver, Colorado

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SS Radio Advantages

Direct Sequence (DSSS)

• Continuously spreads data over a wide portion of the frequency band

• In a high noise environment, data reliability is dependent on a high signal-to-noise ratio


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SS Radio Advantages

Frequency

Po

we

r

902 MHz 928 MHz

1 watt

• Frequency hopping spread spectrum radios

• 112 discreet frequencies between 902 MHz

and 928 MHz

• 50 to 170 hops/second, minimum (serial radios)

• 6 MHz change per hop (default 100 hops/sec)

• 15 user-selectable hopping sequences

(frequency keys)

• 7 user-selectable frequency hopping bands

• 230 kHz instantaneous bandwidth • Hedy Lamarr (Hedy Kiesler Markey)

and George Antheil, June 1941


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Various Technology, Fees & Range

Technology Fee Range Speed

VHF / UHF/ 900 Y 30-60 Miles 9.6-19.2kbps

CDMA/GSM Cellular Y Limited 19.2-256kbps

802.11 N 200 Feet 11.0 mbps

Spread Spectrum N >30 Miles 115kbps-1.2Mbps

Bluetooth N 50 Feet 721.0 kbps

SS Micro-Wave N 5-25 Miles 6-50 Mbps

License Microwave Y 10-25 Miles 6-750 Mbps


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Licensed Radios

There are limited options today by the FCC or IC in North There are limited options today by the FCC or IC in North America and

even fewer options in other countries for licensed spectrum.

Some of those offerings come with a hitch, narrow channels (12.5Khz or

less, limited data – 9.6-19.2kbps or less, secondary user status on some

frequencies, government licensing fees and renewable fees later.

Management requirements have changed – Ethernet is now the new

standard and data collection speed is very important.

Redundant Master or Repeater Stations

are often used and very expensive


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Licensed Radios overview -

• Analog (old) or digital

(new) radios 12.5KHz

channels 2-10 Watt power

• FCC Licensed frequency

• Bell 202 modems

• High power consumption

• Slow transmission 1200 to

19200 Kbps

• One repeater per network

http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/rovercom/images/rnet.jpg


Denver, Colorado

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RF Interference

There are limited options today by the FCC or IC in North

You can still get interference on your FCC

“protected” license from adjacent or co-located

channels or RF harmonics.

Definition:

Co-channel interference or CCI is crosstalk from two

different radio transmitters using the same frequency. There

can be several causes of co-channel radio interference;

some examples -

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalk

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmitter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(communications)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_interference


Denver, Colorado

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RF Interference – Intermod & Harmonics

The mixing of transmitter frequencies at a wireless

site produces intermodulation interference.

Of these mechanisms, two that are most significant:

Transmitter intermodulation results when signals enter a

transmitter final amplifier and mix with the resulting intermod

frequencies reradiated by the transmitter antenna. Receiver

intermodulation results when signals enter and mix in a receiver

front end, and the resulting intermod products are detected at the

receiver's demodulator.

Related to intermodulation are transmitter harmonics which are

integer multiples of the transmitter frequency, and spurious

emissions, both produced by non-linearity of the transmitting

system.


Denver, Colorado

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RF Interference

Adverse weather conditions:

During periods of abnormally high-pressure weather, VHF

signals which would normally exit through the atmosphere

can instead be reflected by the troposphere. This

tropospheric ducting will cause the signal to travel much

further than intended; often causing interference to local

transmitters in the areas affected by the increased range of

the distant transmitter.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticyclone



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHF

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troposphere

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ducting


Denver, Colorado

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RF Interference

Poor frequency planning:

Poor planning of picking the frequencies by frequency

coordinators and due to terrain even the 90 mile rule on

licensed 900MHz could have “bleed” over and adjacent

channels might not be spaced far enough away from other

users. I have seen problems even between the same entity

where different departments don’t research the frequency

assignments.

450MHz systems are worse and in the USA - voice

communication is primary and data are secondary users.


Denver, Colorado

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RF Interference

Multiple radio types and frequency, antenna type –

polarity orientation and separation are critical in RF

interference factors.


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RF Interference

Overly-crowded radio spectrum:

In many populated areas, there just isn't much room in the radio

spectrum. Licenses will be jam-packed in, sometimes to the point that

one can hear loud and clear two, three, or more sites on the same

frequency, at once. In the USA, the FCC propagation models used to

space users on the same frequency are not always accurate in

prediction of signals and interference.

SS Radio settings help with interference from other networks

Feb. 27 - Mar. 2, 2011 2011 Gas Well Deliquification Workshop Denver, Colorado

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Frequencies can be selected or

deselected from the master radio


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SS Radio Advantages

Paging

Tower with

900MHz

Vertically

Polarized

Antenna


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SS Radio Advantages

Changed to

Horizontally

Polarized

You can see

that changing

POLARIZATION

alone has a

fairly dramatic

impact on the

Out Of Band

Noise.


Denver, Colorado

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SS Radio Advantages

• Layer 2 communication from RTU/PLC to backbone

– Can be Serial or Ethernet

– Should be faster throughput than the port speed

of the EFM or RTU

– Low power consumption

– Full duplex to support alarms

– Ideal bandwidth at least 115.2 Kbps


Denver, Colorado

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SS Radio Advantages

• Layer 3 communication from backbone end point to gateway

– Consolidates multiple layer 2 applications

– High speed Ethernet or microwave

– Must be higher speed than layer two

– Ideal bandwidth at least 867 Kbps

– Must be capable of delivering data to any place, and to multiple places


Denver, Colorado

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SS Radio Advantages

• Layer 4 backhaul from backbone to IT department

– Relatively high speed layer multiple close to 1Mbps

– Must be Ethernet and have serial terminal server

– Typically require AC power but can be DC

– Typically located on commercial towers


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SS Radio Advantages – Hybrid Network

Example of a

Hybrid Radio Solution


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SS Radio Hybrid solution for I/O

Multi-well

Pad Site

I/O Radio

Example


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SS Radio Advantages – Software

Tool Suite

Diagnostic

Programming

Software


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SS Radio Advantages

• Selectable hopping patterns – 15 Freq. Keys

• Custom packet sizes – also changes hopping time

• Multiple hop tables

• User definable network ID’s – more security

• AES encryption – 128/256 bit

• Network authentication or Radius Servers

• VLAN Tagging and MAC address

• Fast Hopping – “he who hops fastest wins”


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SS Radio Advantages

900Mhz or 2.4Ghz Spread Spectrum can….

• Work in challenging terrain / conditions

• Provide more security than licensed bands

• Accommodate 1000’s (10000’s) devices

• Less expensive to deploy

• Easy to deploy and grow as needed


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Copyright

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– Display the presentation at the Workshop.

– Place it on the www.alrdc.com web site, with access to the site to be as directed by the Workshop Steering Committee.

– Place it on a CD for distribution and/or sale as directed by the Workshop Steering Committee.

Other use of this presentation is prohibited without the expressed written permission of the author(s). The owner company(ies) and/or author(s) may publish this material in other journals or magazines if they refer to the Gas Well Deliquification Workshop where it was first presented.


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Disclaimer

The following disclaimer shall be included as the last page of a Technical Presentation or Continuing Education Course. A similar disclaimer is included on the front page of the Gas Well Deliquification Web Site.

The Artificial Lift Research and Development Council and its officers and trustees, and the Gas Well Deliquification Workshop Steering Committee members, and their supporting organizations and companies (here-in-after referred to as the Sponsoring Organizations), and the author(s) of this Technical Presentation or Continuing Education Training Course and their company(ies), provide this presentation and/or training material at the Gas Well Deliquification Workshop "as is" without any warranty of any kind, express or implied, as to the accuracy of the information or the products or services referred to by any presenter (in so far as such warranties may be excluded under any relevant law) and these members and their companies will not be liable for unlawful actions and any losses or damage that may result from use of any presentation as a consequence of any inaccuracies in, or any omission from, the information which therein may be contained.

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