NEW YORK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

NYIT School of Architecture and DesignGraduate Program in Urban and Regional Design

Urban Climate LabParis: Climate Resilient and Sustainable EcoDistrict

ARCH 703 Fall 2015Faculty : Jeffrey Raven

c 2015

COP21 Paris: Cooling A Hot City

Urban Climate LabARCH 703 Fall 2015School of Architecture and DesignNew York Institute of Technology

Graduate Program in Urban and Regional Design

Extreme heat has joined the list of critical vulnerabilities that our cities must confront. 2014 was the hottest year on earth since record-keeping began and the 10 warmest years have all oc-curred since 1997. Meteorologists forecast that cities like Paris and New York City will gain 2-3 degrees C on average this century, which will alter urban livability and ecosystem health. With increased global urbanization and hotter cities, a central challenge for designers-plan-ners, scientists and policymakers will be to create healthy micro-climates for compact cities.The Urban Climate Lab at the NYIT Graduate Program in Urban & Regional Design explores the intersection of urban form, low-carbon cities, and climate to prepare future practitioners confront-ing a rapidly urbanizing world threatened by climate change. In 2014 and 2015, the Urban Cli-mate Lab completed climate-resilient urban design projects for districts in Brooklyn, New York City. Working in Paris during the COP21 international climate negotiations, the goal of this Ur-ban Climate Lab will be to explore climate-resilient urban design and planning strategies for a Paris district. The project will configure this district so that it can adapt and thrive in changing climate conditions, meet carbon-reduction goals, and sustain urban populations in compact settings. This emerging design practice integrates climate science, natural sys-tems, and compact urban form to configure dynamic, desirable, and healthy communities.

2003 Paris Heat Wave

2003 2080

Jun Jul Aug12 AM

5 AM

12 AM

6 PM

12 AM

Jun Jul Aug12 AM

5 AM

12 AM

6 PM

12 AM

25 27 29 32 34 36 38 41 43 45

CO

Temperature

25 27 29 32 34 36 38 41 43 45

CO

Temperature

Aug 3th Aug 3th

Aug 9th Aug 12th

15,000 DEATHS ??? DEATHS

O

PEAK TEMPERATURE - 40 CO

PEAK TEMPERATURE < 50 C

2003 Paris Heat Wave 2080 projected Paris Heat Wave

TYPICAL : PARIS

Temperature in Paris is usually below 25 C. Although Cities are bit warmer compared to its surroundings

Temperature in Paris rose above 40 C.Houses (usually of stone, concrete, or brick construction) do not warm too much during the daytime and radiate minimal heat at night, and air conditioning is usually un-necessary. During the heat wave, temperatures remained at record highs even at night, preventing the usual cooling cycle.

2003 HEAT WAVE: PARIS

CO

45

43

41

38

36

34

32

29

27

25

CO

45

43

41

38

36

34

32

29

27

25AUGUST 2006 AUGUST 9th, 2003

12 AM

6 PM

12 AM

12 AM

5 AM

Jun Jul Aug Jun Jul Aug

12 AM

6 PM

12 AM

12 AM

5 AM

12 AM

6 PM

12 AM

12 AM

5 AM

O

* SOURCE : National Climatic Data Centre Database * SOURCE : National Climatic Data Centre DatabaseTemperature over time (UTCI : Orly Airport) Temperature over time (UTCI : Orly Airport)

OO

Radiant Heat Map Radiant Heat Map

TYPICAL: Paris

Psychrometric chart Psychrometric chartWind Rose Wind Rose

Solar RadiationSolar Radiation

2003 HEAT WAVE: Paris

Paris is usually humid - Heat wave was very dry- Water bodies / Vegetation are important

- Lower speed variable winds- Non- directional

- Highly directional constant winds- Night breezes might be useful for cooling the city

- Cloudless and high sun intensity- Shading is important

- Temperature was very hot- Cool surfaces are needed to reduce the high air temperatureAir Temperature. < 30 CO

Air Temperature. > 30 CO

12 AM

6 PM

12 AM

12 AM

5 AM

12 AM

6 PM

12 AM

12 AM

5 AM

12 AM

6 PM

12 AM

12 AM

5 AM

12 AM

6 PM

12 AM

12 AM

5 AM

AugAug Aug Aug

2003 HEAT WAVE: Paris Project Site

2003 HEAT WAVE: ParisAerial View

Station

Rail Yard

Newly Developed Construction Sites

Station

Rail Yard

Newly Developed Construction Sites

Harmful land cover > 40 CO

Good land cover < 20 COVegetation

Parking Lots

The site is hot because of the rail yard. > 40 CO

AUGUST 9th, 2003* SOURCE : National Climatic Data Centre Database

CO

45

43

41

38

36

34

32

29

27

25

CO

45

43

41

38

36

34

32

29

27

25AUGUST 9th, 2003

* SOURCE : National Climatic Data Centre Database

Landuse impacts

Project Site

30 METRES 20 METRES 10 METRES 5 METRES 45 DEGREES 20 DEGREES 10 DEGREES 5 DEGREES

KWH/MRadiation Sky View Factor %2

Dimensions of streets for good Daytime Microclimate

DesiredNightime Microclimate

60

30

24

60

10

24

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 <=0100<=519.35461.64403.94346.23288.53230.82173.12115.4157.71<=0 577.05<=

Urban MorphologyDESIGN PRINCIPLES:Daytime Microclimate

Urban MorphologyDESIGN PRINCIPLES:

Nightime Microclimate

Energy Waste Heat

Morphology

Thermal Mass & Surface Reflectivity

Vegetation

URBAN CLIMATE FACTORS

Climate Analysis MappingPublic Space EvaluationPlanning and Design InterventionPost-Intervention Evaluation

Climate Analysis Mapping

Public Space Evaluation

Planning and Design Intervention

Post Intervention Evaluation

Urban Scale Local Scale

Level of Comfort User Groups/Climate Intensities

1 3

24

SitePlace de l’Europe-Batignolles District: Paris 8th-17th Arrondissements

Climate-ResilientUrban Design:

DESIGN PROCESS

Land Use DensityGARE ST. LAZARE

BLV

D D

ES B

ATIG

NO

LLES

GARE ST. LAZARE

PROJECT SITE ANALYSIS

Existing Proposed

VEGETATION COVERAGE

GARE ST. LAZARE

Existing ProposedGARE ST. LAZARE

BLV

D D

ES B

ATIG

NO

LLES

PROGRAM AREA

MIXED USE DEVELOPMENTPopulation Density : 32,000 people/ sq.milePeople : 960Units : 648Gross Floor Area : 87480 sq.metres

COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTArea : 35360 sq.metres

GREEN CORRIDORAgricultureWinter GardenArea : 3 acres

PROJECT SITE ANALYSIS

MIXED USED HIGH DENSITY

RUE CARDINET ALLEE BARBARA

CONCEPTUAL PLAN

PUBLIC SPACE/ COMMERCIAL

STATION

RUE DE ROME

RUE DE ROME

NEW STREET

NEW STREET

NEW STREET

BO

ULE

VAR

D D

ES B

ATIG

NO

LLES

PLA

CE

DE

EUR

OPE

RUE DE ROME

RUE DE ROME

RUE DE ROME

RUE

DE

LA P

épin

ière

RU

E D

ES D

AM

ES

RUE

LA C

ON

DA

MIN

E

RUE

LEG

END

RE

RUE

DES

MO

INES

RUE

CARD

INET

GRO

UN

D

ROO

F

RUE CARDINET GARE SAINT LAZARELA PLACE DE L’EUROPE

GARE SAINT LAZARELA PLACE DE L’EUROPE

GARAGE

BLVD DES BATIGNOLLES

BLVD DES BATIGNOLLES

GARAGE

A

A

BC

B

C

TYPICAL CLUSTERAxon

DETAILS

TYPICAL CLUSTERSection

Existing Radiant Heat Map (Daytime)

Proposed Radiant Heat Map (Daytime)

Faculty Jeffrey Raven, FAIA, LEED AP BD+CAssociate Professor and Director, Graduate Program in Urban + Regional Design, NYIT-ManhattanCoordinating Lead Author of The Assessment Report for Climate Change in Cities; urban planning & design chapter; presented at COP21, Paris.

Chris MackeyBuilding Scientist, Payette, Boston Instructor in urban microclimate modeling and human comfort analysis. Developer of environmental analysis plugins for Grasshopper, including Ladybug and Honeybee; Graduated from MIT.

Graduate StudentsEvelyn Thomas / Nazia Hasan / Sarita RahmanFahad Daak / Neha ReddyLoris Autovino / Rongxin Na

Project Initiator and Principal InterlocuteurGérard Grandval, Architect DPLG / UrbanistGrand Prix de Rome; Vice-President of the Academie d’Architecture.Design practice recognized for urban and environmental innovation; including urban redevelopment project for Créteil (“Les Choux”). Assisted by Augustin Bourgeois, graduate student in architecture.

Paris Expert and Hosting FirmJean-Paul Viguier, Architect DPLG / UrbanistFellow (Hon.) American Institute of Architects; Member of the Academie d’Architecture.Head of Jean-Paul Viguier et Associés, Architecture et Urbanisme, a global design practice based in Paris.

External Experts in ParisMattia Federico Leone, PhD, Research Fellow; Università di Napoli Federico II Department of ArchitectureExpert in sustainable and resilient urban design; Lead Author of The Assessment Report for Climate Change in Cities; urban planning/design chapter.Gerald Mills, PhD., School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin; International Association for Urban Climate: board member / president (2010-12); Lead Author of The Assessment Report for Climate Change in Cities; urban planning/design chapter.Pascaline Gaborit, PhD. Urban consultant and expert in sustainable planning and knowledge transfer; Lead Author of The Assessment Report for Climate Change in Cities; urban planning/design chapter.Jean Hurtado, Engineer-ingénieur des Ponts, Paris.Stephane Trois Carrés, Artist and Professor, Paris.

Many thanks for the generosity and hospitality of our colleagues at Jean-Paul Viguier et Associés, Architecture et Urbanisme. Special thanks to Ariane Dienstag.

The Graduate Program in Urban and Regional Design is a three-semester, 36-credit, post-professional Master Degree for those holding a first professional degree in ar-chitecture, landscape architecture, or planning, with an emphasis on physical design of the built environment. Our graduate urban design program engages the evolving and critical role of urban design in the 21st century. The contemporary field of urban design is fluid, fast-moving, and global. The intersection of urban form, sustainability and climate is at the forefront of urban design research, and this is the focus of the three advanced urban design studios. The three design studios (Fall, Spring, Fall) are organized by themes. New York City: The contemporary metropolis after relent-less urbanization; Urban Climate Lab: Students research the intersection of urban form, low-carbon cities, and climate; Global Megacities: Students integrate urban and regional design applied to the New York metropolitan region and world cities.

The Fall 2015 Paris Design Studio is aligned with the COP21 climate negotiations. This publication is the product of third-semester students who worked for 10 days in Paris with leading urban climatologists and architects-urbanists, configuring a com-pact district to adapt and thrive in changing climate conditions.