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8/7/2019 NEW YORK PAPER

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Projected Population

Year India China World

2009 1,160,813,000 1,338,612,968 6,786,743,939

2012 1,208,116,000 1,366,205,049 7,028,369,002

2015 1,254,019,000 1,393,417,233 7,269,526,256

2020 1,326,155,000 1,430,532,735 7,659,291,953

2025 1,388,994,000 1,453,123,817 8,027,490,191

2050 1,807,878,574 1,424,161,948 9,538,988,263

Sources : National Commission on Population Govt. of India and U.S Census Bureau, International

Database.

The Young and working population of India is the biggest positive factor for India and itsgrowth in coming years ± We have written about it many times earlier on this blog, and another survey reiterates this fact again with some Interesting numbers !

Just to show you the amount of difference between other developing Countries and India±

Have a look at this graph.

Between 2010-2030, India will add 241 Million people in working-age population (and thatmeans the children who are currently in our education system), Brazil will add around 18million, while China will add a meager 10 million people during the same time.

So even with all the drawbacks that India has, this particular Indian aspect is going to provepivotal in making India the world leader in coming years.



The demographi outlook for the BRIC

¡

¢

£ t

¤

¥

¦ s ± Brazil Russia, India and China ± could

hardl be more different. In terms of the demographic transition model, India is at the

beginning of stage three (declining fer tilit , population growth , Brazil and China are at stagefour (low mor talit and fer tilit , population trending towards stabilit ), while Russia is

already at stage f i e (sub-replacement-rate fer tility, declining population). Not surpr isingly,the differences in the projected change in the work ing-age population ± the economically

relevant var iable ± are very signif icant in both absolute and relative terms. [Source: DB

Resea ¤

h]

The demographic developments in the BRICs over the next 10, 20, 30 years will vary greatly. This will impact not only economic growth prospects, but also savings and investment behavior and potentially ± if somewhat diff icult to quantify ± f inancial market growthprospects. India is demographically in a substantially more favorable position than China andRussia.

Brazil¶s ³demographic window´ (def ined here, non-technically, as a falling dependency ratio) will close around 2020-25, while in China and Russia it is closing r ight now. Indi , by

c ntrast, will njoy a very favorable demographic momentum for another three decades.

So even though in current scenar io, India may not exactly be mentioned in the same breath asUS, UK and China, the picture in next couple of decades will be quite different.

Even from our Financial Markets point of view ± If you really have a long-long term view,there is not better place to invest in stock Markets than in India !



renminbi against the US dollar since the end of the dollar peg was more than 20% by late 2008, but

the exchange rate has remained virtually pegged since the onset of the global financial crisis. The

restructuring of the economy and resulting efficiency gains have contributed to a more than tenfold

increase in GDP since 1978. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price

differences, China in 2009 stood as the second-largest economy in the world after the US, although

in per capita terms the country is still lower middle-income. The Chinese government faces

numerous economic development challenges, including: (a) reducing its high domestic savings rateand correspondingly low domestic demand through increased corporate transfers and a

strengthened social safety net; (b) sustaining adequate job growth for tens of millions of migrants

and new entrants to the work force; (c) reducing corruption and other economic crimes; and (d)

containing environmental damage and social strife related to the economy's rapid transformation.

Economic development has been more rapid in coastal provinces than in the interior, and

approximately 200 million rural laborers and their dependents have relocated to urban areas to find

work. One demographic consequence of the "one child" policy is that China is now one of the most

rapidly aging countries in the world. Deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil

erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the north - is another long-term problem.

China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. In 2006, China

announced that by 2010 it would decrease energy intensity 20% from 2005 levels. In 2009, China

announced that by 2020 it would reduce carbon intensity 40% from 2005 levels. The Chinesegovernment seeks to add energy production capacity from sources other than coal and oil, and is

focusing on nuclear and other alternative energy development. In 2009, the global economic

downturn reduced foreign demand for Chinese exports for the first time in many years. The

government vowed to continue reforming the economy and emphasized the need to increase

domestic consumption in order to make China less dependent on foreign exports for GDP growth in

the future.

Country Comparison :: GDP (purchasing power parity)

This entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods and services produced

within a nation in a given year. A nation's GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates is

the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the

United States. This is the measure most economists prefer when looking at per-capita welfare and

when comparing living conditions or use of resources across countries. The measure is difficult to

compute, as a US dollar value has to be assigned to all goods and services in the country regardless

of whether these goods and services have a direct equivalent in the United States (for example, the

value of an ox-cart or non-US military equipment); as a result, PPP estimates for some countries are

based on a small and sometimes different set of goods and services. In addition, many countries do

not formally participate in the World Bank's PPP project that calculates these measures, so the

resulting GDP estimates for these countries may lack precision. For many developing countries, PPP-

based GDP measures are multiples of the official exchange rate (OER) measure. The differences

between the OER- and PPP-denominated GDP values for most of the wealthy industrialized

countries are generally much smaller.

India :: 5

Rank country GDP (purchasing power

parity)Date of Information



1 European Union $ 14,430,000,000,000 2009 est.

2 United States $ 14,120,000,000,000 2009 est.

3 China $ 8,818,000,000,000 2009 est.

4 Japan $ 4,149,000,000,000 2009 est.

5 India $ 3,680,000,000,000 2009 est.

6 Germany $ 2,815,000,000,000 2009 est.

7 United Kingdom $ 2,123,000,000,000 2009 est.

8 Russia $ 2,116,000,000,000 2009 est.

9 France $ 2,094,000,000,000 2009 est.

10 Brazil $ 2,010,000,000,000 2009 est.

11 Italy $ 1,737,000,000,000 2009 est.



12 Mexico $ 1,463,000,000,000 2009 est.

13 Korea, South $ 1,362,000,000,000 2009 est.

14 Spain $ 1,359,000,000,000 2009 est.

15 Canada $ 1,277,000,000,000 2009 est.

16 Indonesia $ 960,200,000,000 2009 est.

17 Turkey $ 879,900,000,000 2009 est.

18 Australia $ 848,400,000,000 2009 est.

19 Iran $ 825,900,000,000 2009 est.

20 Taiwan $ 734,300,000,000 2009 est.

21 Poland $ 688,300,000,000 2009 est.

22 Netherlands $ 659,100,000,000 2009 est.



23 Saudi Arabia $ 590,900,000,000 2009 est.

24 Argentina $ 568,200,000,000 2009 est.

25 Thailand $ 539,300,000,000 2009 est.

26 South Africa $ 504,600,000,000 2009 est.

27 Egypt $ 468,700,000,000 2009 est.

28 Pakistan $ 432,900,000,000 2009 est.

29 Colombia $ 407,500,000,000 2009 est.

30 Belgium $ 383,000,000,000 2009 est.

31 Malaysia $ 383,000,000,000 2009 est.

32 Venezuela $ 348,800,000,000 2009 est.

33 Nigeria $ 341,100,000,000 2009 est.



34 Sweden $ 335,100,000,000 2009 est.

35 Greece $ 332,900,000,000 2009 est.

36 Philippines $ 324,300,000,000 2009 est.

37 Austria $ 321,600,000,000 2009 est.

38 Switzerland $ 313,300,000,000 2009 est.

39 Hong Kong $ 301,300,000,000 2009 est.

40 Ukraine $ 289,300,000,000 2009 est.

41 Norway $ 268,300,000,000 2009 est.

42 Vietnam $ 256,500,000,000 2009 est.

43 Romania $ 254,400,000,000 2009 est.

44 Czech Republic $ 253,100,000,000 2009 est.



45 Singapore $ 251,200,000,000 2009 est.

46 Peru $ 251,000,000,000 2009 est.

47 Chile $ 243,200,000,000 2009 est.

48 Algeria $ 241,000,000,000 2009 est.

49 Bangladesh $ 241,000,000,000 2009 est.

50 Portugal $ 240,900,000,000 2009 est.

51 Israel $ 206,900,000,000 2009 est.

52 Denmark $ 197,500,000,000 2009 est.

53 United Arab Emirates $ 191,900,000,000 2009 est.

54 Hungary $ 185,700,000,000 2009 est.

55 Kazakhstan $ 182,000,000,000 2009 est.



56 Finland $ 178,900,000,000 2009 est.

57 Ireland $ 172,500,000,000 2009 est.

58 Morocco $ 145,400,000,000 2009 est.

59 Kuwait $ 137,700,000,000 2009 est.

60 Belarus $ 120,700,000,000 2009 est.

61 New Zealand $ 115,100,000,000 2009 est.

62 Slovakia $ 114,900,000,000 2009 est.

63 Cuba $ 110,800,000,000 2009 est.

64 Ecuador $ 110,400,000,000 2009 est.

65 Iraq $ 109,900,000,000 2009 est.

66 Angola $ 106,200,000,000 2009 est.



67 Q atar $ 100,800,000,000 2009 est.

68 Syria $ 100,800,000,000 2009 est.

69 Sri Lanka $ 96,470,000,000 2009 est.

70 Tunisia $ 95,600,000,000 2009 est.

71 Sudan $ 92,520,000,000 2009 est.

72 Bulgaria $ 90,480,000,000 2009 est.

73 Azerbaijan $ 85,650,000,000 2009 est.

74 Libya $ 84,920,000,000 2009 est.

75 Dominican Republic $ 80,310,000,000 2009 est.

76 Croatia $ 78,460,000,000 2009 est.

77 Uzbekistan $ 78,370,000,000 2009 est.



78 Serbia $ 78,050,000,000 2009 est.

79 Ethiopia $ 77,360,000,000 2009 est.

80 Oman $ 72,780,000,000 2009 est.

81 Puerto Rico $ 67,820,000,000 2009 est.

82 Guatemala $ 67,780,000,000 2009 est.

83 Kenya $ 62,480,000,000 2009 est.

84 Yemen $ 57,950,000,000 2009 est.

85 Tanzania $ 57,610,000,000 2009 est.

86 Burma $ 57,410,000,000 2009 est.

87 Slovenia $ 55,410,000,000 2009 est.

88 Lithuania $ 55,170,000,000 2009 est.



89 Lebanon $ 53,900,000,000 2009 est.

90 Costa Rica $ 48,830,000,000 2009 est.

91 Bolivia $ 45,540,000,000 2009 est.

92 Uruguay $ 43,980,000,000 2009 est.

93 El Salvador $ 42,820,000,000 2009 est.

94 Cameroon $ 42,790,000,000 2009 est.

95 Panama $ 40,760,000,000 2009 est.

96 Korea, North $ 40,000,000,000 2009 est.

97 Luxembourg $ 39,080,000,000 2009 est.

98 Uganda $ 38,120,000,000 2009 est.

99 Ghana $ 35,990,000,000 2009 est.



100 Cote d'Ivoire $ 35,940,000,000 2009 est.

101 Nepal $ 33,610,000,000 2009 est.

102 Turkmenistan $ 32,520,000,000 2009 est.

103 Honduras $ 32,460,000,000 2009 est.

104 Latvia $ 32,310,000,000 2009 est.

105 Jordan $ 32,260,000,000 2009 est.

106 Bosnia and Herzegovina $ 29,780,000,000 2009 est.

107 Paraguay $ 28,630,000,000 2009 est.

108 Bahrain $ 28,270,000,000 2009 est.

109 Cambodia $ 27,880,000,000 2009 est.

110 Afghanistan $ 26,980,000,000 2009 est.



111 Trinidad and Tobago $ 26,150,000,000 2009 est.

112 Botswana $ 25,380,000,000 2009 est.

113 Equatorial Guinea $ 23,820,000,000 2009 est.

114 Jamaica $ 23,760,000,000 2009 est.

115 Estonia $ 23,710,000,000 2009 est.

116 Albania $ 22,880,000,000 2009 est.

117 Cyprus $ 22,750,000,000 2009 est.

118 Senegal $ 22,620,000,000 2009 est.

119 Congo, Democratic Republic of

the$ 21,750,000,000 2009 est.

120 Gabon $ 21,070,000,000 2009 est.

121 Georgia $ 20,850,000,000 2009 est.



122 Mozambique $ 20,190,000,000 2009 est.

123 Madagascar $ 20,120,000,000 2009 est.

124 Brunei $ 19,390,000,000 2009 est.

125 Macedonia $ 18,890,000,000 2009 est.

126 Burkina Faso $ 18,790,000,000 2009 est.

127 Macau $ 18,470,000,000 2009 est.

128 Zambia $ 18,440,000,000 2009 est.

129 Chad $ 17,930,000,000 2009 est.

130 Mauritius $ 16,630,000,000 2009 est.

131 Nicaragua $ 16,620,000,000 2009 est.

132 Armenia $ 16,250,000,000 2009 est.



133 Mali $ 15,680,000,000 2009 est.

134 Congo, Republic of the $ 15,560,000,000 2009 est.

135 Laos $ 14,200,000,000 2009 est.

136 Namibia $ 13,850,000,000 2009 est.

137 Papua New Guinea $ 13,850,000,000 2009 est.

138 Tajikistan $ 13,650,000,000 2009 est.

139 Benin $ 13,580,000,000 2009 est.

140 West Bank $ 12,790,000,000 2009 est.

141 Malawi $ 12,500,000,000 2009 est.

142 Iceland $ 12,090,000,000 2009 est.

143 Kyrgyzstan $ 12,090,000,000 2009 est.



144 Haiti $ 11,970,000,000 2009 est.

145 Rwanda $ 11,010,000,000 2009 est.

146 Guinea $ 10,140,000,000 2009 est.

147 Moldova $ 10,130,000,000 2009 est.

148 Niger $ 10,070,000,000 2009 est.

149 Malta $ 9,866,000,000 2009 est.

150 Mongolia $ 9,360,000,000 2009 est.

151 Bahamas, The $ 8,791,000,000 2009 est.

152 Montenegro $ 6,590,000,000 2009 est.

153 Mauritania $ 6,381,000,000 2009 est.

154 Barbados $ 6,148,000,000 2009 est.



155 Swaziland $ 5,849,000,000 2009 est.

156 Somalia $ 5,665,000,000 2009 est.

157 Togo $ 5,653,000,000 2009 est.

158 Kosovo $ 5,300,000,000 2008

159 Jersey $ 5,100,000,000 2005 est.

160 Guyana $ 4,873,000,000 2009 est.

161 French Polynesia $ 4,718,000,000 2004 est.

162 Suriname $ 4,563,000,000 2009 est.

163 Sierra Leone $ 4,507,000,000 2009 est.

164 Bermuda $ 4,500,000,000 2004 est.

165 Andorra $ 4,220,000,000 2008



166 Zimbabwe $ 4,161,000,000 2009 est.

167 Liechtenstein $ 4,160,000,000 2007

168 Eritrea $ 3,958,000,000 2009 est.

169 Fiji $ 3,670,000,000 2009 est.

170 Central African Republic $ 3,295,000,000 2009 est.

171 Bhutan $ 3,252,000,000 2009 est.

172 Burundi $ 3,241,000,000 2009 est.

173 Gambia, The $ 3,196,000,000 2009 est.

174 New Caledonia $ 3,158,000,000 2003 est.

175 Lesotho $ 3,151,000,000 2009 est.

176 Curacao $ 2,838,000,000 2008 est.



177 Netherlands Antilles $ 2,800,000,000 2004 est.

178 Guernsey $ 2,742,000,000 2005

179 Timor-Leste $ 2,740,000,000 2009 est.

180 Isle of Man $ 2,719,000,000 2005 est.

181 Belize $ 2,575,000,000 2009 est.

182 Aruba $ 2,258,000,000 2005 est.

183 Cayman Islands $ 2,250,000,000 2008 est.

184 Greenland $ 2,030,000,000 2008 est.

185 Djibouti $ 1,974,000,000 2009 est.

186 Seychelles $ 1,816,000,000 2009 est.

187 Cape Verde $ 1,754,000,000 2009 est.



188 Saint Lucia $ 1,743,000,000 2009 est.

189 Guinea-Bissau $ 1,712,000,000 2009 est.

190 Maldives $ 1,683,000,000 2009 est.

191 San Marino $ 1,662,000,000 2007

192 Liberia $ 1,635,000,000 2009 est.

193 Virgin Islands $ 1,577,000,000 2004 est.

194 Faroe Islands $ 1,561,000,000 2008 est.

195 Solomon Islands $ 1,494,000,000 2009 est.

196 Antigua and Barbuda $ 1,472,000,000 2009 est.

197 Vanuatu $ 1,151,000,000 2009 est.

198 Gibraltar $ 1,106,000,000 2006 est.



199 Grenada $ 1,101,000,000 2009 est.

200 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines $ 1,085,000,000 2009 est.

201 Samoa $ 1,007,000,000 2009 est.

202 Monaco $ 976,300,000 2006 est.

203 Mayotte $ 953,600,000 2005 est.

204 Northern Mariana Islands $ 900,000,000 2000 est.

205 Western Sahara $ 900,000,000 2007 est.

206 British Virgin Islands $ 853,400,000 2004 est.

207 Sint Maarten $ 794,700,000 2008 est.

208 Comoros $ 764,800,000 2009 est.

209 Tonga $ 759,500,000 2009 est.



210 Dominica $ 743,700,000 2009 est.

211 Saint Kitts and Nevis $ 719,700,000 2009 est.

212 Kiribati $ 601,300,000 2009 est.

213 American Samoa $ 575,300,000 2007 est.

214 Sao Tome and Principe $ 294,600,000 2009 est.

215 Micronesia, Federated States of $ 238,100,000 2008 est.

216 Turks and Caicos Islands $ 216,000,000 2002 est.

217 Cook Islands $ 183,200,000 2005 est.

218 Anguilla $ 175,400,000 2009 est.

219 Palau $ 164,000,000 2008 est.

220 Marshall Islands $ 133,500,000 2008 est.



The economy of Asia compr ises more than 4 billion people (60% of the world pop § lat ̈

on) living in 46 different states. Six fur ther states lie par tly in As

̈

a, but are considered to belong toanother region economically and politically.

As in all wor ld regions, the wealth of Asia differs widely between, and within, states. This isdue to its vast size, meaning a huge range of differ ing cultures, environments, histor ical tiesand government systems. The largest economies in Asia in terms of nominal GDP are Ch

̈

na,Japan, Ind

̈

a, South Korea, Indones ̈

a and Iran. In terms of GDP by purchas ̈

ng power parity, China

221 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) $ 105,100,000 2002 est.

222 Nauru $ 60,000,000 2005 est.

223 Wallis and Futuna $ 60,000,000 2004 est.

224 Saint Pierre and Miquelon $ 48,300,000 2003 est.

225 Montserrat $ 29,000,000 2002 est.

226 Saint Helena, Ascension, and

Tristan da Cunha$ 18,000,000 1998 est.

227 Tuvalu $ 14,940,000 2002 est.

228 Niue $ 10,010,000 2003 est.

229 Tokelau $ 1,500,000 1993 est



has the largest economy in Asia and the second largest economy in the wor ld, followed byJapan, India, and South Korea.

Wealth (if measured by GDP per capita) is mostly concentrated in east Asian terr itor ies such as

Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, as well in oil r ich Middle Eastern countr iessuch as Iran, Saudi Ara © ia, Qatar, United Ara © E irates. Asia, with the exception of Japan, South

Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore, is currently undergoing rapid growth and industrialization spearheaded by China and India - the two fastest growing major economies in the wor ld. While east Asian and southeast Asian countr ies generally rely on manufactur ing and trade for growth, countr ies in the Middle East depend more on the production of commodities,pr incipally oil, for economic growth. Over the years, with rapid economic growth and largetrade surplus with the rest of the wor ld, Asia has accumulated over US$4 tr illion of foreign

exchange reserves - more than half of the wor ld's total.

Economic development

[edit ] Ancient and medieval times

China and India alternated in being the largest economies in the wor ld from 1 to 1800 A.D. China was a major economic power and attracted many to the east,

[1][2][3][4]and for many the

legendary wealth and prosper ity of the ancient culture of India personif ied Asia[5], attracting

European commerce, exploration and colonialism. The accidental discovery of Amer ica byColumbus in search for India demonstrates this deep fascination. The Silk Road became themain East-West trading route in the Asian hither land while the Straits of Malacca stood as amajor sea route.

[edit ] Pre-1945

Pr ior to World War II, most of Asia was under colonial rule. Only relatively few states managed

to remain independent in the face of constant pressure exer ted by European power . Suchexamples are Sia and Japan.

Japan in par ticular managed to develop its economy due to a reformation in the 19th century. The reformation was comprehensive and is today known as the Meiji Restoration. The Japaneseeconomy continued to grow well into the 20th century and its economic growth createdvar ious shor tages of resources essential to economic growth. As a result the Japaneseexpansion began with a great par t of Korea and China annexed, thus allowing the Japanese tosecure strategic resources.

At the same time, Southeast Asia was prosper ing due to trade and the introduction of var iousnew technologies of that time. The volume of trade continued to increase with the opening of

the Suez Canal in the 1860s. Manila had its gallion or Manila galleon wherein products from thePhilippines were traded to Europe. The Philippines was the f irst Asian country to trade withLatin Amer ica via Acapulco. Tobacco, coconut, corn, and sugar trade was the most in demanddur ing that time. Singapore, founded in 1819, rose to prominence as trade between the east andthe west increased at an incredible rate. The British colony of Malaya, now par t of Malaysia, wasthe wor ld's largest producer of tin and rubber. The Dutch East Indies, now Indonesia, on theother hand, was known for its spices production. Both the Br itish and the Dutch created their own trading companies to manage their trade f low in Asia. The Br itish created the British East



India Company while the Dutch formed Dutch East India Company. Both companies maintainedtrade monopolies of their respective colonies.

In 1908, crude oil was f irst discovered in Persia, modern day Iran. Af terwards, many oil f ields

were discovered and it was learnt later that theMideast possesses the wor ld's largest oil stocks. This made the rulers of the Arab nations very r ich though the socioeconomic development in

that region lagged behind.

In the ear ly 1930s, the wor ld underwent a global economic depression, today known as the Great

Depression. Asia was not spared, and suffered the same pain as Europe and the United States. The volume of trade decreased dramatically all around Asia and indeed the wor ld. Withfalling demand, pr ices of var ious goods star ting to fall and fur ther impover ished locals andforeigners alike. In 1941, Japan invaded Malaya and thus began Wor ld War II in Asia.

[edit ] 1945-1990

Following Wor ld War II, the People's Republic of China and India, which account for half of thepopulation of Asia, adopted socialist policies to promote their domestic economy. Thesepolicies limited the economic growth of the region. In contrast, the economies of super iorsJapan, South Korea and the other tigers Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong--were economicsuccesses, and the only successful economies outside of Nor th Amer ica, Western Europe andAustralia. The Philippines from the post-Wor ld War II until the late 1970s had the secondlargest economy in Asia. The Philippine economy dur ing the 1980s was marked by stagnant growth as a result of political instability and incompetence of the succeeding government.

One of the most pronounced Asian economic phenomenons dur ing this time - the Japanese

post-war economic miracle greatly impacted the rest of the wor ld. Af ter Wor ld War II, under central guidance from the Japanese government, the entire economy was undergoing aremarkable restructur ing. Close cooperation between the government, corporations and banks

facilitated easy access to much-needed capital, and large conglomerates known aske

ire

tsu spurred horizontal and vertical integration across all industr ies, keeping out foreign competition. These policies, in addition to an abandonment of military spending, worked phenomenallywell. Japanese corporations as a result expor ted and still expor t massive amounts of highquality products from The Land of The R ising Sun.

Another amazing economic success story is that of South Korea's, also referred to as the Miracle

on the Han River. The country was lef t impover ished af ter the Korean War, yet was able torecover at double digit percentiles. Many conglomerates, also known as Chaebols, such asSamsung, LG, Hyundai, Kia, SK, and more grew tremendously dur ing this per iod. South Korea hasnow become the most wired country in the wor ld.

Taiwan and Hong Kong exper ienced rapid growth up till the 1990s. Taiwan became, and still remains one of the main centers of consumer electronics R&D as well as manufactur ing. However, unlike in Japan and South Korea, the bulk of Taiwan's economy is dependent onsmall to medium sized businesses. Hong Kong, on the other hand, exper ienced rapid growthin the f inancial sector due to liberal market policies, with many f inancial institutions settingup their Asian headquar ters in Hong Kong. Till today, Hong Kong has been ranked as thewor ld's freest economy for many years running, and it remains among one of the wor ld's top 5leading f inancial centers.



This per iod was also marked by military conf lict. Wars dr iven by the Cold War, notably inVietnam and Afghanistan, wrecked the economies of these respective nations. When theSoviet Union collapsed in 1990-91, many Central Asian states were cut free and were forced toadapt to pressure for democratic and economic change. Also, several of the USSR's allies lost

valuable aid and funding.

[edit ] 1991-2007

Af ter the liberalization of the economy of India, the Indian economy coupled with the Chineseeconomy to power Asia into being one of the hotspots for wor ld trade. The Chinese economywas already booming under the economic measures under taken by Deng Xiaoping, in the 1980s,and continuing under Jiang Zemin in the 1990s. In 2007, China's economic growth rateexceeded 11% while India's growth rate increased to around 9%. One of the factors was thesheer size of the population in this region.

[cit ation needed]

Meanwhile, Sout h Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore emerged as the Four Asian Tigers withtheir GDPs growing well above 7% per year in the 1980s and the 90s. Their economies weremainly dr iven by growing expor ts. The Philippines only began to open up its stagnatedeconomy in the ear ly 1990s. Vietnam's economy began to grow in 1995, shor tly af ter theUnit ed St at es and Vietnam restored economic and political ties.

Throughout the 1990s, the manufactur ing ability and cheap labor markets in Asiandeveloping nations allowed companies to establish themselves in many of the industr iespreviously dominated by companies from developed nations. Asia became one of the largest

sources of automobiles, machinery, audio equipment and other electronics.

At the end of 1997, Thailand was hit by currency speculators, and the value of the Baht alongwith its annual growth rate fell dramatically. Soon af ter, the cr isis spread to Indonesia,Malaysia, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and many other Asian economies, resulting in

great economic damage on the affected countr ies (Japan largely escaped the cr isis). In fact,some of the economies, most notably those of Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea actuallycontracted. This later would be known as the Asian financial crisis. By 1999, most countr ies hadalready recovered from the cr isis.

In 2004, par ts of Sumatra and South Asia were severely damaged by an eart hquake and t he

subsequent t sunami. The natural disaster wiped out huge amounts of infrastructure throughout the affected area and displaced millions.

[edit ] Future

Asia's large economic dispar ities are a source of major continuing tension in the region.[ci tat ion n eeded ]

While global economic powers Chin a, Japan , In d i a, and Sout h Korea continue power ingthrough, and In d on esi a, Malaysi a, Phi li ppin es, Thai lan d , Laos, Cambod i a and Vi et n am have entered

the path to long-term growth, regions r ight next to these countr ies are in need of severeassistance.

Given the large number cheap and amply available labor in the region, par ticular ly in Chin a and In d i a, where large workforces provide an economical advantage over other countr ies, ther ising standard of living will eventually lead to a slow-down. Asia is also r iddled withpolitical problems that threaten not just the economies, but the general stability of the region



and world. The nuclear neighbors²Pakistan and India²constantly pose a threat to eachother, causing their governments to heavily invest inmilitary spending.

Military intervention by the United States in Iraq and

ghanistan has also inflamed extremismand resulted in several terrorist attacks in a number of Asian countries. Another impendingcrisis is the depletion of oil reserves in the Middle East. Most of these economies have

traditionally been over-dependent on oil and have had difficulty establishing another pillar intheir economies.

Yet another potential global danger posed by the economy of Asia is the growingaccumulation of oreign exchange reserves. The countries/regions with the largest foreignreserves are mostly in Asia - China (Mainland - $2,454 billion & Hong Kong - $245 billion,June 2010), Japan ($1,019 billion, June 2009), R ussia ($456 billion, April 2010), India ($284billion, July 2010), Taiwan ($372 billion, September 2010), the R epublic of Korea ($286billion, July 2010), ingapore ($206 billion, July 2010). This increasingly means that theinterchangeability of the Euro, USD, and GBP are heavily influenced by Asian central banks. Some economists in the western countries see this as a bad thing, prompting their respectivegovernments to take action.

The economies of Asia are expected to be unequally divided for a long period of time. ast

sian nations such as economic leaders China, Japan and South Korea will continue toflourish. Japanese products such as ony and Hitachi are commanding premium prices in thewestern world. South Korean conglomerates amsung and

G are respectively the second andfifth largest in Asia in terms of annual revenues. These two rivaling countries are expected tobe joined by new economic competitors such as China and India. On the other hand, the

Middle ast and a few parts of outh ast

sia are will be in a state of trouble.

According to the World Bank, China may become the largest economy in the world sometimebetween 2020 and 2030. 6]

[ed

] A

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c # u"

$ ri%

by GDP

Main article: Lis t o&

'

si a ( count ) i es by 0

1

2

This is a list of Asian countries sorted by their 2009 gross domestic product at market or government official exchange rates (nominal GDP) and PPP map is for year 2009. 2009figures are estimates. Data produced by theInternational Monetary Fund as of October 2009.

Country o 3

territory

GDP nominal

millions of USD

GDP PPP

millions of USD

GDP PPP per capita

USD Lo

4 5 tion

Asia 246 077

166 774

Afghanistan 116 709 216 388 760 7 outh Asia

Armenia 86 683 166 057 46 916 Wes8

As9 @

Azerbaijan 466 378 746 856 86 634 Wes8

As9 @



Bahrain 21A 236 27A 014 34A 662 WesB

AsC D

Bangladesh 84A 196 226A 205 1A 398 South Asia

Bhutan 1A 389 3A 490 5A 312 South Asia

Brunei 14A 553 19A 716 50A 198 Southeast Asia

Burma 26A 205 67A 963 1A 156 Southeast Asia

Cambodia 11A 250 28A 461 2A 082 Southeast Asia

China (PRC) 4A 911A 000 8A 767A 000 6A 546 E ast Asia

Cyprus 24A 922 22A 721 29A 853 WesB

AsC D

E ast Timor 499 2A

522 2A

368 Southeast Asia

Georgia 12A 864 21A 424 4A 869 WesB

As C D

Hong F

ong 210G 730 301G 300 42G 574 East Asia

India 1G 243G 000 3G 298G 000 2G 930 South Asia

Indonesia 511G 765 909G 729 4G 150 Southeast Asia

Iran 390G 757 827G 058 12G 500 WesH

As I P

Iraq 68G 553 114G 151 3G 655 WesH

AsI P

Israel 215G 727 202G 562 28G 473 WesH

As I P

Q apan 5G 073G 000 4G 141G 000 32G 817 East Asia

Q ordan 21G 225 32G 416 5G 661 WesH

AsI P

R azakhstan 135G 601 177G 835 11G 434 Central Asia

North R orea 27G 820 40G 000 1G 800 East Asia

South R orea 800G 300 1G 343G 000 27G 791 East Asia

R uwait 114G 878 137G 450 38G 875 WesH

AsI P



Kyrgyzstan 5S 050 11S 604 2S 184 Central Asia

Laos 5S 374 13S 310 2S 127 Southeast Asia

Lebanon 32S 660 53S 818 11S 752 WesT

AsU V

Ma W a X 21Y 700 18Y 140 59Y 451 East Asia

Malaysia 221Y 606 383Y 388 14Y 081 Southeast Asia

Maldives 1Y 261 1Y 713 4Y 967 South Asia

Mongolia 4Y 212 10Y 480 3Y 567 East Asia

Nepal 12Y 283 31Y 634 1Y 144 South Asia

Oman 59Y 946 68Y 331 24Y 674 Wes ̀

As a b

c akistan 164Y 557 422Y 392 2Y 624 South Asia

c apua New Guinea 8Y 092 13Y 064 2Y 108 Southeast Asia

c hilippines 166Y 909 317Y 964 3Y 515 Southeast Asia

d atar 102Y 302 94Y 404 86Y 008 Wes ̀

As a b

Russia

1Y 255Y 000 2Y 126Y 000 15Y 039 North Asia

Saudi Arabia 469Y 426 592Y 886 23Y 814 Wes ̀

Asa b

Singapore 181Y 939 239Y 146 51Y 226 Southeast Asia

Sri Lanka 39Y 604 92Y 168 4Y 589 South Asia

Syria 55Y 024 94Y 563 4Y 756 Wes ̀

Asa b

Taiwan (ROC) 379Y 400 693Y 200 29Y 829 East Asia

Tajikistan 5Y 135 13Y 062 2Y 022 Central Asia

Thailand 273Y 313 547Y 060 8Y 239 Southeast Asia

Turkey 729Y 983 874Y 212 11Y 400 Wes ̀

As a b



[edit ] Ar

b L

gu

The Arab League is an association of Arab countries in Africa and Asia. The Arab League facilitates political, economic, cultural, scientific and social programs designed to promotethe interests of its member states.

[edit ] C

w j k ll

h

f I

d j p j

d j

l

Sl

k

l

j m

F n o

of the Commonwe o n th of Inde endent States

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a confederation consisting of 12 of the 15states of the former Soviet Union, both Asian and European, (the exceptions being the three

Baltic states). Although the CIS has few supranational powers, it is more than a purelysymbolic organization and possesses coordinating powers in the realm of trade, finance,lawmaking and security. The most significant issue for the CIS is the establishment of a full-fledged free trade zone / economic union between the member states, to be launched in 2005. It has also promoted cooperation on democratisation and cross-border crime prevention.

[edit ] S

u h A i A

ci i

f

r R gi

l C

p r i

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAAR C) is an association of 8 countries of South Asia, namely Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, akistan, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan. These countries comprise an area of 5 130 746 km and a fifth of the population of the world.

SAAR C encourages cooperation in agriculture, rural development, science and technology,culture, health, population control, narcotics control and anti-terrorism.

[edit ] South Asia Free Trade Agreement (proposed)

The South Asia Free Trade Agreement is an agreement reached at the 12th South Asian Association

for Regional Cooperation summit. It creates a framework for the creation of a free trade zone

covering 1.6 billion people in India,

akistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan and theMaldives.

[edit ] Currz {

cy

This artic | e } s f actual accuracy may b ~ comp omis ~ d b ~ caus ~ of out-of-dat ~ info mation.

Please help improve the article by updating it. There may be additional information on the

talk page. (January 2010)

Below is a list of the urren ies of Asia, including all fully Asian states plus R ussia, withexchange rates between each currency and both theEuro and US Dollars as of 9 December 2004.



Count y Cu ncy wo th in u o wo th in USD Central bank

Afghanistan Afghani 0.0171287 0.0228157

Bahrain Bahraini

Dinar

1.99136 2.65957 Central Bank

of Bahrain

Bangladesh Taka 0.0167723 Bangladesh

Bank

Bhutan Ngultrum 0.0170095 0.0226630

Brunei Brunei

Dollar

0.455736 0.606944

Brunei

Currency and

Monetary

Board

Cambodia Riel 0.000305774 0.000260068

National

Bank of Cambodia

China

y Mainland

y Hong Kong

y Macau

Renminbi

Hong Kong

Dollar

Macanese

Pataca

0.09

0.11

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.13

eople's Bank

of China

Hong Kong

Monetary

Authority

Monetary

Authority of

Macao

Taiwan New Taiwan

Dollar

0.0233412 0.0310945

Central Bank

of the

Republic of

China

Timor-Leste US Dollar 0.750803 1

India Indian

Rupee

.0175701 .0253710 Reserve Bank

of India

Indonesia Rupiah 0.0000819210 0.000109059 Bank

Indonesia

Iran Iranian Rial 0.0000847274 0.000112852 Central Bank

of Iran

Iraq Iraqi Dinar 0.000513340 0.000683737 Central Bank

of Iraq



Israel Sheqel 0.172654 0.229975 Bank of Israel

apan Yen 0.00718413 0.00956539 Bank of

apan

ordan

Jordanian

Dinar 1.06031 1

.41243

Kazakhstan Tenge 0.00576997 0.00768610 National

Bank of

Kazakhstan

North Korea North

Korean Won

0.341229 0.454545

South Korea South

Korean Won

0.000711045 0.000947424 Bank of

Korea

Kuwait Kuwaiti

Dinar

2.54691 3.39425 Central Bank

of Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan Kyrgy stani

Som

0.0181059 0.0241177

Laos Kip 0.0000692876 0.0000922935

Lebanon Lebanese

Pound

0.000495695 0.000659979

Malaysia Ringgit 0.197525 0.263219 Bank Negara

Malaysia

Maldives Rufiyah 0.0637958 0.0849618

Mongolia Tugrik 0.000618514 0.000823723

Myanmar Kyat 0.135242 0.180112

Nepal Nepalese

Rupee

0.0105153 0.0140041 Nepal Rastra

Bank

Oman Omani Rial 1.95241 2.60077

akistan Pakistani

Rupee

0.0124665 0.0166064 State Bank of

akistan

alestine Sheqel 0.17 0.23 Bank of Israel



(Israeli)

Philippines Philippine

Peso

0.0133941 0.0178531 Bangko

Sentral ng

Pilipinas

atar Qatari Riyal

0.206213 0.274786

Russia Russian

Ruble

0.0267806 0.0356723

Central Bank

of the

Russian

Federation

Saudi Arabia Saudi Riyal 0.200178 0.266660

Singapore Singapore

Dollar

0.455762 0.607083 Monetary

Authority of

Singapore

Sri Lanka Sri Lankan

Rupee

0.00715451 0.00953107 Central Bank

of Sri Lanka

Syria Syrian

Pound

0.0143770 0.0191527

Tajikistan Tajikistani

Somoni

0.269553 0.359066

Thailand Baht

0.0189565 0.0252245 Bank of

Thailand

Turkmenistan Manat 0.000144365 0.000192306

United Arab Emirates United Arab

Emirates

dirham

0.204394 0.272301

Central Bank

of the United

Arab

Emirates

Uzbekistan Uzbekistani

Som

0.000715188 0.000952628

Vietnam ong 0.0000476064 0.0000634115

Yemen Yemeni Rial 0.00409130 0.00544959

T able correct as of 9 December 2004 (see [1] for latest)



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Asia is by a considerable margin the largest continent in the world, and is rich in naturalresources. The vast expanse of the former Soviet Union, particularly that of Russia, contains a

huge variety of metals, such as gold, iron, lead, titanium, uranium, and zinc. These metals aremined, but inefficiently due to continued use of poorly maintained, obsolete machinery leftover from the communist era. Nevertheless, profits are high due to a commodity price boom in2003/2004 caused largely by increased demand in China. Oil is Southwest Asia's mostimportant natural resource. Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Kuwait are rich in oil reserves and havebenefited from recent oil price escalations.

Asia is home to some four billion people, and thus has a well established tradition inagriculture. High productivity in agriculture, especially of rice, allows high population densityof many countries such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, southern China, Cambodia, India, andVietnam. Agriculture constitutes a high portion of land usage in warm and humid areas of Asia. Many hillsides are farmed in a terrace method to boost arable land. The mainagricultural products in Asia include rice and wheat. Opium is one of major cash crops inCentral and Southeast Asia, particularly in Afghanistan, though its production is prohibitedeverywhere. Forestry is extensive throughout Asia except Southwest and Central Asia, withmany of the items of furniture sold in the developed nations made out of Asian timber . Fishing is a major source of food, particularly in Japan.

[edit ] S

c

d

ry S

c

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The manufacturing sector in Asia has traditionally been strongest in the East region-particularly in China, Taiwan, � apan, South Korea and Singapore. The industry varies frommanufacturing cheap low value goods such as toys to high-tech added value goods such as

computers,CD

players, Games consoles, mobile phones and cars. Major Asian manufacturingcompanies are mostly based in either South Korea or � apan. They include Samsung, Hyundai, LG,and Kia from South Korea, and Sony, Toyota, Toshiba, and Honda from � apan. Many developed-nation firms from Europe, North America, � apan and South Korea have significant operations inthe developing Asia to take avantage of the abundant supply of cheap labor . One of the major employers in manufacturing in Asia is the textile industry. Much of the world's supply of clothing and footwear now originates in Southeast Asia and South Asia, particularly inVietnam, China, India, Thailand, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Indonesia.

[edit ] T�

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A view of the Tidel Park in Chennai. Software industries of late, have been outsourced to Asian cities

as such for good infrastructure, efficient man-power & cheap labour.

Asia has seven impor tant f inancial centers, located in Dubai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Hong Kong,Shanghai, Singapore and Tokyo. India has been one of the greatest benef iciar ies of the economicboom. The country has emerged as one of the wor ld's largest expor ters of sof tware and other

information technology related services. Wor ld class Indian sof tware giants such as Infosys,HCL, Wipro, Mahindra Satyam and TCS have emerged as the wor ld's most sought af ter serviceproviders. Call centers are also becoming major employers in India and Philippines due to theavailability of many well educated English speakers. Here again India holds close to 60% of the trade share. The r ise of the Business Process � utsourcing (BPO) industry has seen the r iseof India and China as the other f inancial centers. Exper ts believe that the current center of f inancial activity is moving toward "Chindia" - a name used for jointly referr ing to China andIndia - with Shanghai and Mumbai, Bangalore becoming major f inancial hubs in their own r ight. Other growing technological and f inancial hubs include Dhaka (Bangladesh), Chennai (India),New Delhi (India), Pune (India), Hyderabad (India), Shenzhen (China), Kolkata (India), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Karachi (Pak istan), Lahore (Pak istan), Manila (Philippines) and Bangkok (Thailand).

Economy of Asia

During 2008 unless otherwise stated

Population: 4 billion (60%)

GDP (PPP) (US$):US$24.077

trillion (2009)

GDP (Currency) (US$):$16.774 trillion

(2009)

GDP/capita (PPP) (US$): $7,041 (2009)

GDP/capita (Currency)(US$):

$4,629 (2009)

Annual growth of

per capita GDP:7.5% (2010)



Income of top 10%:

Millionaires (US$): 3 million (0.06%)

Unemployment: 3.8% (2010 est.)

Estimated female

income:

*Most numbers are from the IMF. All GDP figures

are in US$.

See also: Economy of the world Economy of

Africa Economy of Asia Economy of

Europe Economy of North America

Economy of

ceania Economy of South

America

Urbanization involves excessively forceful impact on habitat s, often including t heir extinction and replacement wit h

artificial st ructures. These t ransformations disrupt flow pat hs of energy, water and matter, wit hin and between adjacent

ecosystems, re-directing t hem into unsustainable, human-originated t racks. These t ransformations pose major ecological consequences for ecosystems functioning. Changes of hydrological, biogeochemical and ecological processes

in catchment s are reflected in f reshwaters - t he receivers of deregulated, ext reme runoff s and accelerated flow of

matter f rom disrupted natural cycles. Additionally, degradation of water habitat s handicaps t heir resilience - t he abilit y

to maintain oscillations wit hin boundaries defined by steady state. Consequently, ecosystems functions and abilit y to

provide services may be permanently amended.

Organizing t he flow pat hs pursuing rules governing natural ecosystems in some part s of t he cit y catchment s, may

compensate effect s of t heir degradation in ot hers. Reduction of impact s, such as minimizing pollution or water

detention, toget her wit h rehabilitation of f reshwater habitat s are t he foremost and fundamental conditions. It is also

necessary to take measures toward augmenting absorb ing capacit y of ecosystems.

"Urban aquatic habitats in integrated urban water management" Activit y aims in improving knowledge and

met hodological base for t he integration of urban aquatic habitat s and water based amenities into urban water

development and management st rategies. It also test s t he proposed approaches in t he set of selected case studies

addressing various water related issues all over t he world.

Urbanization process is a domain of developing count ries. One of t he result s of t he ext remely high densities of fast-

growing populations is "wild development", leading to such negative social and ecological effect s as: formation and

growt h of slums and intense pressure on t he environment and it s resources (e.g., water and space).

At t he same time, an inverse process, so called sub-urbanization, take place and has an important meaning in highly

developed count ries. Disperse of t he human population to t he cities' out skirt s and surrounding lands result s wit h

increase of t he ant ropopression on expanding ext ra-municipal areas, changes in t he st ructure of t he space organization,

increased pressure on water resources and green areas. The final effect of t his process is formation of so calledMegalopolis, e.g. BosWash, where t he area of approx. 146 t housand km2 is inhabited by a population of above 45

millions.



Several water related problems, such as: modification of microclimate, changed environmental conditions for water

cycling in landscape, reduced capacit y for water retention t hus increased vulnerabilit y to ext reme event s (e.g., long-lasting drought s and ext reme floods) and deteriorated qualit y of water resources are become burning issues and

challenges in t he new global u rbanized world. Rapid development of landscape an housing often result wit h physical

modification of habitat s, which often result s wit h degradation of t he abilit y of ecosystems to maintain t heirs st ructures

and properties, t hus providing ecosystem services.

The World in XX and XXI century have witnessed rap id urbanization:

y The global proportion of urban population increased f rom a mere 13% (220 million) in 1900 to 29% (732million) in 1950 and, according to t he 2005 Revision of World Urbanization P rospect s

(htt p://www .un.org/esa/), reached 49% (3.2 billion) in 2005.

y Over half of t he world's population will live in cities by year 2010, a large part in an increasing number of mega-cities.

y Since t he world is projected to continue to urbanize, 60% of t he global population is expected to live in cities

by 2030.

y The rising number of urban dwellers give t he best indication of t he scale of t hese unprecedented t rends: According to t he latest United Nations population projections, 4.9 billion people are expected to be urban

dwellers in 2030 - http://esa.un.org/unpp/

United Nations, DESA, Population Division.World Urbanization P rospect s: The 2005 Revision

http://esa.un.org/unpp/

MEGA-CITIES

Among t he six most populous mega-cities in the world in 2005 - Tokyo, Ciudad de México (Mexico Cit y), New York-

Newark, Sao Paulo, Mumbai (Bombay) and Delhi - Ciudad de México (Mexico Cit y), Mumbai (Bombay) and Delhi had

annual population growt h rates above 2.4%. Compared to 1950, t he population of Delhi in 2005 was about 11 times

larger; t hat of Sao Paulo was 8 times larger, and t hat of Ciudad de México (Mexico Cit y) was almost 7 times larger.1

In t he future, t he growt h of t he major mega -cities is projected to slow down, bot h in t he more as well as less developed regions. However, t here will be more variation in growth rates in less developed regions. For example, It

is anticipated t hat Mumbai (Bombay) and Delhi will be growing faster t han Ciudad de México (Mexico Cit y) and Sao

Paulo. Bot h Tokyo and New York-Newark will experience very low population growt h, resulting in t he v irtual stagnation

of t heir population size.



New York Cit y and surrounding area

http://www.yp.com/cities/images/265px-Ny.terra.600p ix.jpg

SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED CITIES

The example of a medium-size city - the City of Lodz, Poland.

The majorit y of t he urban population of almost every count ry lives in

small and medium -sized cities. In 2005, 51.5% of t he urban

population lived in cities wit h less t han half a million resident s. That

proportion is projected to decrease to 50.5% by 2015.

The majorit y or urban dwellers in bot h more and less developed

regions resided in small and medium-sized cities in 2005: 53.4% in

more developed regions and 50.7% in less developed regions.

SLUMS

The growt h of slums in t he last 15 years has been unprecedented.

In 1990, t he World was inhabited by almost 715 million of slum

dwellers. The slums population had increased to 912 million by 2000

and to approximately 998 million by today. UN-HABITAT

(http://www.unhabitat.org/) estimates t hat if current t rends

continue, it will reach 1.4 billion by 2020.

A slum dweller may only have 5 to 10 lit res per day at his or her

disposal. A middle- or high-income household in t he same cit y,

however, may use some 50 to 150 lit res per day, if not more.

UN Millennium Development Goals

(http://www.un .org/millenniumgoals) call for achievingsignificant improvement in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers,

by 2020.



Resources:

1. Millennium Development Goals Report 2006 - http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

2. Human Development Report 2006 - http://hdr.undp.org

3. World Urbanization P rospect s: The 2005 Revision- http://esa.un .org/unpp/

4.

United Nations Human Settlement s P rogramme - http://www.unhabitat.org/

5. New York Cit y and surrounding area http://www.yp.com/cities/images/265px-Ny.terra.600pix.jpg

WATER CYCLE IN URBAN AREAS

WATER IN LANDSCAPE

Combined effect s of urbanization, indust rialization, and population growt h greatly modif y landscapes and t hus t he

continuous circulation of water wit hin catchment s and t he Eart h's hydrosphere - the hydrological cycle.

The hydrological cycle cont rol several processes in t he landscape (e.g., t ransport of pollutant s, water chemist ry, pattern

of nut rient fluxes, erosion, surface and groundwater levels), and t hus some of t he ecosystems features (e.g., rate of

productivit y, decomposition) and processes (e.g., rate and pat hways of matter circulation). Functioning of ecologicalprocesses in t he whole catchment depends on t he water cycle reflect s in t he qualit y of aquatic habitat s and ecological

stabilit y of t heir ecosystems.

URBAN DEVELOPMENT SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGES THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE..

The main changes of t he physical pat hways of t he water cycles due to urbanization include:

y removal of natural vegetation drainage patterns;

y loss of natural depressions which temporarily store surface water;

y loss of rainfall absorb ing capacit y of soil;

y creation of impervious areas (e.g., rooftops, roads, park ing lot s, sidewalks, driveways)

y provision of man-made drainage systems (e.g., storm sewers, channels, detention ponds).

Therefore, alt hough t he hydrological cycle consist s of t he same element s, t heir proportions in urban area are

significantly different :

y interception of rainfall is reduced due to removal of t rees;

y precipitation is usually higher t han in rural areas;

y evapot ransp iration is much lower;

y surface run-off is much larger;

y ground-water run-off , infilt ration and recharge is small;

y water storage is much lower;

y runoff volumes and peak flows in rivers are higher;

y f requency of surface runoff is increased.

Urban development significantly increases t he amount of storm water and t he f requency of ext reme hydrological event s

experienced by t heC

it y's catchment s. T

he increased runoff causes more intense local flooding, w

hile droug

ht s duringdry weat her are deeper and longer.

Runoff amount s t ypically for 10-20% of t he average annual rainfall in rural areas.

In urban areas, where surfaces are highly impervious, t yp ical runoff volumes range between 60-70% of t he average

annual rainfall.



These changes impact st rongly water habitat s: increased discharges erodes st ream beds and banks, export s high

concent rations of pollution into t he rivers, wetlands and reservoirs, destabilizes ecological processes, handicap

ecological stabilit y of ecosystems. All t his not only reduce aest hetic values of t he cit y, but also rest rict provision of

ecosystem services and causes water-related problems to t he urban population, related to flood risk, water supp ly,

drainage, wastewater collection and management .

GREEN SPACE IN CITIES AND THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

Cities expansion usually reduce green spaces areas. The satellite pictures show t he overall look on two big urban areas: Brasilia and Beijing, and t he changes wit hin greens peace areas which accrued during a decade (green colour).

Brasilia, Brazil 1989 and 1999

Beijing, China 1992 and 2001



In some cites however, green space covers larger areas t han built and paved spaces. In Vienna, only 32.8% of t he cit y

is classified as built-up, whilst green spaces cover 48.8% of t he cit y's surface area when farmland and woodlands ont he urban f ringe are included. Similarly, two t hirds of Oslo's surface area consist s of woodlands and farmland. In ot her

cities, t he proportionate cover of green spaces can be considerably lower. According to land use statistics, t he

proportionate cover of green spaces is below 40% in Munich. However, t he figures are difficult to compare as t he

proportionate cover of green space varies depending on how much of t he surrounding count rys ide is incorporated

wit hin t he municipal boundaries.

Percent of green urban area wit hin t he total urbanised area (based on data f rom: EEA, 2002),

.

ap2 1l t d .com/CO TC 11/comp.ht m

Development of green areas in cities mitigate t he negative impact on t he hydrological cycle and improve t he qualit y of

t he environment and qualit y of life in cities. Increased water retentiveness of catchment s improves flood protection, qualit y of water, environment and aquatic ecosystems. Open water spaces and green areas improves microclimate

providing better environment for people, increasing population healt h, providing recreational spaces.

Referenc es:

Water Resources of t he United States ttp://wat er.usgs.gov/

Environmental Scence Publisher for Everybody Round t he Eart h ttp://www.at mosp ere.mpg.de/enid /3rx.ht ml

Designe Cent re for American Urban Landscape

http://www.designc ent er.umn.ed u

Greenst ructures and Urban Planning

http://www.map2 1l t d .com/CO TC 11/comp.ht m

URBAN AQUATIC HABITATS

Aquatic habitat s are water bodies supporting aquatic life. Increased temperatures of effluent s, greater discharges of

water, pollutant s and waste, and changes in water bodies morphology impact all t he basic habitat s characteristics and

affect t he performance of associated biological communities. Impacted ecosystems lose t heir resistance to t heescalating st resses as well as t he resilience allowing t hem to adapt to changing conditions. Water st ress imposes losses

of , and t rade-off s between, services and t heir different beneficiaries and stakeholders. Considering t he growing water

use and wastewater production, t he need for t radeoff s between meeting t he demands of urban population and t hose of

aquatic habitat s will be even more challenging in t he future (Maksimovic and Tejada-Guibert 2001; Marsalek et al. 2006).

Urban aquatic habitat s include urban st reams, canals, rivers, ponds, impoundment s, reservoirs and lakes and ot her

water bodies. The main aquatic habitat characteristics, fall into five groups: (a) flow regime, (b) phys ical habitat

st ructure, (c) chemical variables (water qualit y), (d) energy (food) sources, and (e) biotic interactions, (Yoder, 1989).



use, reuse, and sustainable integration of different component s of urban river systems, including t hose of technical and

natural character (Pinkham, 2004; Zalewski, 2006). This tendency creates opportunities for changing attitude to UAHs, and t heir use for concurrently improving efficiency of urban water management and t he qualit y of human life in cities

(Zalewski and Wagner, 2006).

Restoration, preservation, rehabilitation or remediation?

Among several approach

es to urban aquatich

abitat s, t h

e following are usually considered:

y Restoration - is a process which ideally br ings a degraded river back to it s original conditions. It includes

restoring water qualit y, sediment and flow regime, channel morphology, communities of native aquatic plant s and animals, and adjacent riparian lands. The goal of restoration is impossible to achieve in urban

watercourses. Re-establishing t he historical, original state would require replication of t he original conditions,

which no longer exist , and are not even well known.

y Preservation - preservation of aquatic habitat s state and biodivers it y is a realistic goal, when t he urbanisationimpact on ecosystems is not severe. This ideal situation generally occurs in peri-urban areas, where

urbanisation has not yet fully invaded t he surrounding landscapes and where indust rial or agriculturalactivities are limited (Lafont et al. 2006).

y Rehabilitation - is a less ambitious but more realistic aim. It enhances or re-establishes lost or diminished

biotic functions of ecosystems t hat can pers ist in it wit hout attempt s to restore pristine conditions. It improves

t he most important aspect s of aquatic environment and creates habitat s resembling it s original conditions.

y Remediation - is an approach app lied in t hose cases where environmental changes are irreversible and

catchment conditions no longer support aquatic ecosystem functioning. T

he remediation goal is to improveecological conditions of t he aquatic ecosystem , which may not lead to a state resembling t he original state of

t he st ream. It means t hat after t he r emediation process we can obtain a new ecosystem , different f rom t he

original one (Lovett and Edgar, 2002).

Criteria for making a decision should balance potential increase of ecological benefit s (and possibly of human well-being)

and spatial, demographic, and economic limitations toget her wit h economic gains and losses.

Resources:

Breil, P., Marsalek, J., Wagner, I., Dog se, P. 2007. Int roduction to Urban Aquatic Habitat s Management . In Wagner, I. ,

Marshalek, J. and Breil, P. (eds). Aquatic Habitat s in Sustainable Urban Water Management : Science, Policy and Practice.

Taylor and Francis/Balkema: Leiden .

Pinkham, R., 2004. 21st Century Water Systems: Scenarios, Visions, and Drivers.

http://www.rmi .org/images/other/Water/W99-21_21CentWaterSys.pdf. Rocky Mountain Institute, Snowmass, Colorado

Lafont , M., Vivier, A., Nogueira, S., Namour, P. & Breil, P. 2006. Surface and hyporheic Oligochaete assemblages in a

French suburban st ream. Hydrobiologia 564: 183-193.

Lovett , S. and Edgar, B. 2002. 'Planning for river restoration', Fact Sheet 9, Land & Water Aust ralia, Canberra

Zalewsk i, M. 2006. Ecohydrology - an interdisciplinary tool for integrated protection and management of water bodies.

Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 158/4, p:613-622

Zalewsk i M. & Wagner I. 2006. Ecohydrology - t he use of water and ecosystem processes for healt hy urban

environment s. Aquatic Habitat s in Integrated Urban Water Management . Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology. Vol. 5. No 4,

263-268

Ecohydrology for Urban Aquatic Habitat s From t he point of view of environmental science, urban environment can be

considered as a highly condensed ant hropogenic system , which is organised for efficient flow of water, matter, energy

and information. This ext remely productive "organism" can efficiently provide t he services required by t he societ y such

as safe drinking water and efficient sewerage, which is very important due to very high population densit y. However,

increase of societ y's education and environmental awareness rises also t he public demand for improvement of t he

qualit y of life. Therefore ot her expectations, depending to a great extent on proper ecosystem functioning, appear. These include ecosystem services such as t hose determining human safet y (e.g., mitigation of floods), healt h (e.g.,

water qualit y improvement by self-purification, clean air), as well as t hose fulfilling materialistic and sp iritual aspirations



- high qualit y living space, recreational areas and aest hetic values. The services depend to a great extent on t he

functioning of aquatic ecosystems and t heir abilit y to cope wit h high impact s, determined among ot hers by t he size anddist ribution of "green areas". However low availabilit y and high pr ices of land in cites make maximising environmental

amenities at low management a real challenge for any societ y. Therefore one of t he alternative solutions is increasing

t he absorb ing capacit y of ecosystems, in order to improve t heir abilit y for coping wit h t he highly condensed human

impact s in urban areas. The met hods for achieving t his are implicitly provided by t he main principle of ecohydrology (Zalewski et al., 1997), which postulates to "use ecosystem properties as a management tool" for enhancement t he

efficiency of some regulatory processes. The solutions have to be synergistically integrated into t he cit y "system" by

t heir harmonisation wit h engineering solutions.

Ecohydrology is a scientific concept , which quantifies and explains relationships between hydrological processes and

biotic dynamics at a catchment scale, and is app lied to solving environmental problems (e.g., Zalewski 2006). It has

been defined as a sub-discipline of hydrology focused on ecological aspect s of t he water cycle. This concept is basedupon t he assumption t hat sustainable development of water resources is dependent on t he abilit y to restore and

maintain t he evolutionarily established processes of water and nut rient circulation and energy flows at t he catchment

scale.

Ecohyd rology for the urban environment

The expression a "green cit y" is synonymous wit h t he notion of a healt hy urban environment wit h a high qualit y of life.

Moreover, it implicitly means t hat a significant part of t he urbanised space is covered by semi-natural terrest rial and

aquatic ecosystems. Freshwater and terrest rial ecosystems have an excellent potential for moderation and cont rol of

t he water cycle and pollution t hat should be considered while management plans are being developed. Such areas in

cities provide citizens not only wit h regulatory ecosystem services, but also ae st hetic, cultural and recreational values. However first and foremost improve human healt h in direct and indirect ways. There is growing evidence t hat higher and more stable moisture of t he cit y air reduces t he amount of dust which in turn reduces ast hma, allergies and ot her

related diseases. Also t he opportunities for recreation in green areas are important for t he proper physical and

psychological regeneration of inhabitant s.

Rehabilitation of a municipal river: an example of possible multidimensional benefit s for t he urban environment and t he

societ y

Well-managed water habitat s are visually t he most att ractive element s of modern cities landscapes, and are usually

considered by cit y planners as "axes" or "nucleii" around which individual green areas and urbanised spaces are

functionally organised (e.g., Day et al., 2005; Tezer, 2005; Braioni et al., 2006). They improve t he qualit y of life and

human healt h and accelerate t he cit y development , by att racting creative and innovative leaders.

Resources:

y Zalewski M., Wagner I. 2007. Ecohydrology of Urban Aquatic Ecosystems for Healt hy Cities In: Wagner, I. ,

Marshalek, J. and Breil, P. (eds). Aquatic Habitat s in Sustainable Urban Water Management : Science, Policy

and Practice. Taylor and Francis/Balkema: Leiden.



y Braioni M.G., Braioni A., Salmoiraghi G., 2006. A model for t he integrated management of river ecosystems. Verh. Internat .Verein. Limnol., 29 (4): 2115-2123.

y Day, E., Ractliffe, G. and Wood, J. 2005. An audit of t he ecological implications of remediation, management

and conservation or urban aquatic habitat s in Cape Town, Sout h Af rica, wit h reference to t heir social and

ecological context s. Ecohydrology and hydrobiology. Vol 5:4.

y Tezer, A. 2005. "The Urban Biosphere Reserve (UBR) concept for sustainable use and protection of urban

aquatic habitat s: case of t he Omerli Watershed, Istanbul" Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp.

309-320.

y Zalewski, M. 2006. Ecohydrology - an interdisciplinary tool for integrated protection and management of water

bodies. Arch. Hydrobiol. Supp l. 158/4, p:613-622

y Zalewski, M., Janauer, G.A. & Jolankai, G. 1997. Ecohydrology. A new paradigm for t he sustainable use of

aquatic resources. UNESCO IHP Technical Document in Hydrology No. 7.; IHP - V Project s 2.3/2.4, UNESCO

Paris, 60 pp.

No. : 7

Name of activity: Urban aquatic habitats in integrated urban water management

Objective: Improved knowledge and methodological base for the integration of

urban aquatic habitats and water based amenities into urban water development and management strategies. Testing of methodologies in

selected case studies.

Descr iption: y Methodological development of socio-ecological indices for environmental health and water interactions in different environments towards creation of healthy urban aquatic habitats

y Environment fr iendly urban water system analysis, design andmanagement, tak ing in consideration habitat issues,

geomorphology / wetlands in urban areasy Quantif ication, character isation innovation of amenities

corr idors and buffer zones under par ticular bio-climate and bio-

geographic condition (eco-regions) including remediationscenar io for recreation in urban areas.

y Development of urban water amenities systems (urban ponds

and lakes, enclosed water bodies, coastal areas); y Performance of source control, urban amenity and urban

ecological habitats systems under specif ic climate conditions(HT, ASA, CC and TC)

Expected results: Guidelines for planning and management of urban aquatic habitats andwater amenities as a par t of regional and local economic development.

Benef iciary groups: Member countr ies, water and environment professional, urban andenvironmental planners

Expected executingand suppor ting

par tners:MAB, UNEP, SCOPE

Proposedco-ordinator /focal

(co-ordinator - pending), Dreiseitl (member ), P. Dogse (member ), J. Celecia (member )



point:

No. : 1

Name of activity:Data requirements management for integrated urban water

management

Objective: Reliability and availability of data is a prerequisite for quality urbanwater analysis of performance planning of rehabilitation andmanagement. The project will result in a consistent methodology for datagather ing, processing, and quantif ication of uncer tainty andapplication under specif ic climate conditions.

Descr iption: y Assessment of requirements of natural, climate,

infrastructure, urban water balance (spatial and temporal distr ibution) social and economic data for integrated urbanwater management

y Development of urban water information system (includingwater withdrawals and consumption, impacts, descr iptors of

receiving water and their ecosystem) y Establishment data structure for special utilisation: resources

assessment and quantif ication, planning, modelling,managing under specif ic climates: humid tropics, ar id and

semi-ar id, cold and temperate (HT, ASA, CC and TC).

Implementationstrategy:

Interactions with data providers and data users. Systematicgather ing of selected representative data sets and links with HELPprogramme to be encouraged

Implementationmechanism:

Workshop on data needs, reliability and availabilityLinks with 2K2C project (new generation models) On site workshop on the applicability management tools developedfor urban planners & urban water specialist in a specif ic givengeographical region.

Expected results: Manual of urban water data management Selected samples of data under specif ic climate conditions

Benef iciary groups: Urban water researchers, urban planners, water and urban water environmental professionals, local governments, sof twaredevelopers

Expected executing andsuppor ting par tners:

WWAP, MAB, UNCHS (Habitat), FRIEND, WMO, WHO, MOST,Member countr ies (National IHP Committees), R CUMW Tehran

Duration/schedule: --




point:

J. Niemczynowicz (co-ordinator ), J.L.B. Krajewsk i (member )and L. Fuchs (member )

Financial implications:

No. : 2

Name of activity: Processes and interactions in the urban water cycle

Objective: y Improved understanding of processes that take place in urbanenvironment, and of the interactions of natural suburban,rural and urban environments for the successful analysis,planning, development and management of urban water systems

y Development of the innovative analytical tools to address the

problems of spatial, temporal var iabilityy Assessment of the potential effects of climate var iations and

changes on urban water systems

Descr iption: y Quantif ication of the impr int of human activities on urbanhydrological cycle and its interaction with the environment under present and future conditions,

y Urban water and soil interface: development of theunderstanding of water and soil relation, with par ticular reference to soil erosion, soil pollution and land subsidence

y Hydrological, ecological, biological and chemical processes

in urban water environment for sustainable cities of thefuture

y Assessment of the impact of urban development, land useand socio-economic changes on availability of water supply,aquatic chemistry, (anthropogenic) pollution, soil erosionand sedimentation and natural habitat availability anddiversity

Implementation

strategy:--


--

Expected results: Manual of water and environment sensitive urban development

Benef iciary groups: Urban planners and urban water managers

Expected executing and IAHS, MAB, BAC, WWC, FRIEND, HELP, IAH, IOC, UNEP-



suppor ting par tners: GPA, IHP National Committees, RUCMW Tehran



point:J. Marsalek (Co-ordinator ), A. Malmquist (member )

Financial implications: --

No. : 3

Name of activity: Towards sustainable urban groundwater management

Objective: Enhanced understanding of the role and the interactions of

groundwater in the urban environment for sustainable integratedstrategies

Descr iption: Evaluation and fur ther development, including analysis of casestudies, of approaches for the assessment of groundwater quantity(spatial and temporal distr ibution), quality (including pollution andcontamination), susceptibility to over-exploitation and control of pollution sourcesSpecif ic issues which will be addressed are:

y Changes in water balance due to urbanisation: storm water recharge,

leakage from drain water, sewer and wastewater inf iltrationand exf iltration

y Groundwater interaction with soil water zone (includingurban agr iculture and forestry)

y Groundwater /surface water (including mar ine water ) interaction

y Management-of groundwater table dynamics (raising andlower ing)


y Identif ication of key issues of urban groundwater y Designing analytic framework to get the specif ic models in

implementationy Capacity building/awareness raising


Workshops, development of analytic tools and case studies; regional studies (including cooperation R CUWM-Tehran); training andawareness-raising activities.



Expected results: y New modelling, planning and management toolsy Guideline on urban groundwater management including use

of analytic tools,

y Training and awareness r ising mater ial for urban planners andmanagers, water managers and public at large on urbangroundwater

Benef iciary groups: Urban water research and professional community in the areas facinggroundwater problems; public at large.


par tners:IAH,IOC, IAHR, BAC, JIIHP, IGCP



point:

D. Pokrajac (co-ordinator ), K inzelbach (member ), Ken Howard(IAH ± Commission on Groundwater in Urban Areas)


No. : 4

Name of activity:Integrated urban water system interactions:

Complementarity among urban water services

Objective: Expanded knowledge base related to the interactions of man-madesystems in the urban environment and development applicable toolsand approaches for analysis such as:

y Mutual interactions of UW systems (water supply, wastewater and stormwater drainage and their effects on the systems¶ performance

y Wastewater design tools, integrating wastewater reuse andsolid waste

y Evaluation tools/models for new technologies combiningwastewater, solid waste, with resources socio-economic,health, reliability, eff iciency etc.

Descr iption: Development of approaches for urban water management under present and future development and climate var iation scenar ios:

y Better management of water supply: water demand (water quality, quantity and distr ibution), water conservation,impacts of climate change



y Sustainable development and guidelines for new alternativewater supply based on alternative and non conventional water resources such as stormwater harvesting, recycling and reuse

y Coping with climate change effects on f lood, extremes eventsand human health

y Assessment of the impact of urbanisation on wastewater

management y Wastewater management interaction with solid waste

management and air pollution, division point and non point source pollution

y Assessment of urban streams, r ivers, ponds, lakes, wetlandsand reservoir systems and their impact on sustainable water supply

y Cr iter ia for combined and separate urban sewer systems indeveloping countr ies

y Wastewater deign in household, separation and pollutant control

y R isk analysis for design under specif ic climates (cold, ar idand semi-ar id, humid tropics and temperate) and developingcountr ies with economic constraints

y Development of methodologies for integrated catchment management compr ising urban centres


Multidisciplinary work ing group


Seminar on integrated urban water system interaction. The seminar will focus on evaluation tools for urban water and waste interactions,

as well as wastewater separation and pollution control in households. Document tools (paper and computer models)

Expected results: Planning guidelines and toll k its for selecting future technology for urban water supply and sanitation (sof tware basis)

Benef iciary groups: Water and environment professionals (Professional NGOs)


par tners:

IWA, MAB, National IHP Committees, COST, at Regional level R CUWM Tehran

Duration/schedule: 5 years


point:

Mogens Henze (co-ordinator ), Peter Steen Mikkelsen (Technical University of Danemark ), Niels Thygesen (Danish UniversityConsor tium for Env. and Devt. of Urban Areas and industry, AhmadAbr ishamchi, Massoud Tajr ishi (Shar if Univ. of Tech. Iran). Other potential par ticipants: Ralf Otterpohl (Hamburg Technical University) and Takashi Asano (UC Davis).




No. : 5

Name of activity:Integrated urban water modelling and management under

specif ic climates: humid tropics(HT), arid and semiarid climates

(ASA), cold climates (CC) and temperate climates (TC)

Objective: Strengthening the analytical framework for integrated urban water management under specif ic climates, with special focus ondeveloping countr ies

Descr iption: y Development of methodologies for evaluation of models for analysis of performance: formulation and quantif ication of performance indicators, optimisation by tak ing account economic evaluation

y Development of analytic framework for urban, per i-urbanand rural water interactions under specif ic climates

y Development of tools for holistic modelling and operational management of water based systems

y Sensitivity and parameter analysis for hydrological modelling under specif ic climate conditions

y Environmental impact assessment of separate urban water components

y Environmental impact under integrated effects of UrbanWater Systems


--


Ser ies of selected case studies in specif ic climate conditions ± co-ordinated by IRTCUD / CUW units and other UNESCO regional centresOrganisation of workshop

Expected results: Guidelines, modelling tools and teaching mater ials

Benef iciary groups: Water and environment professional, professional NGOs


IWA, MAB, HELP, ESCAP



Car los Tucci (co-ordinator ), Ahmad Abr ishamchi, S. SimonovicIRTCUD / CUW network: Norway, Yugoslavia, Egypt and



point: R CUWM -Tehran Regional Center for Urban Water Management. Other potential par ticipant: Jay Lund (UC Davis).

Financial implications: --

No. : 6

Name of activity: Urban water security, human health and disaster prevention

Objective: Provide cr iter ia and problem solving approaches to enhance water related secur ity in the urban environment under present day andfuture emerging threats

Descr iption:y

Identif ication and quantif ication of the key aspects affectingwater secur ity in citiesy Outbreaks (water quality jeopardising) in dr ink ing water

distr ibution system, technologies for safe dr ink ing water (modelling & management)

y Urban water system and health hazards ± identif ication of secur ity aspects of water resources management andassessment of impacts of biotic (microbiological) andabiotic pollution (heavy metals) on human health

y Methodological development of socio-ecological indices for environmental health and water interactions in urban area

y Assessment of societal impacts (i.e. population, economic,

health, secur ity issues) of future imbalances in the global distr ibution of water supply and use in conjunction withTheme 1

y Identif ication of causes, analysis, mapping and mitigation of natural disasters (f loods, landslides, deliberate disasters-sabotage) affecting urban water services.


Development and testing of tools for health and secur ity r isk reduction under var ious climate, economic and social conditions.

Implementation

mechanism: Problem identif ication, implementation of the developed tools.

Expected results: Regional repor ts (joint product with WHO/other international par tners), problem solving and awareness raising tools

Benef iciary groups: General public, NGOs work ing in public health domain,

Expected executing and WHO, MOST, UNDP, ISDR, IGCP, BAC, ESCAP, WB,



suppor ting par tners: UNU/INWEH, R CUWM Tehran



point:Ivanildo Hespanhol (Brazil) , Tuula Tuhkanen (Finland)


No. : 8

Name of activity:

Socio-economic and institutional aspects in urban water

management

Objective: Expand capabilities of urban water decision-makers, planners andmanagers by advising appropr iate strategies for urban water management tak ing into account social and institutional aspects.

Descr iption: Development of sound strategies for realising sustainable water useto ensure service equity and alleviate pover ty consider ing:

y Issues linked to assessing safe water as a human r ight y Socio-economic study on water service and consumptiony Development of public awareness on urban water

management y Community par ticipation in water project y Water and ethicsy Water conf licts related to urban water development and usey Integrated water and land-use policies to combat man-

induced deter ioration of the environment y Institutional development and par ticipatory process for

decision mak ing in management urban water systemy Communications between water specialist, politicians and

communities to strengthen public par ticipation in UWM y Legal aspect: evaluation of trends in water regulation

Implementation

strategy:

Establishment of appropr iate guidelines and dissemination to

stakeholders, including the use of mass media on the role of water in the society and point out r isks connected to water shor tage.


Cooperation with R CUWM in Tehran and international NGOs onorganization a regional workshop for city and regional planners andvar ious cities on urban water management in coastal megacities of developing countr ies.



Expected results: Guidelines and appropr iate strategies for urban water management

Benef iciary groups: Member countr ies, water and environment professionals anddecision makers on urban development, urban water managers, andthe public at large


MOST, UNDP, Habitat, HELP, MAB, WWAP, IOC, CSI,Development Agencies (DFID, OEDC), IsoCaRP and ISSC,international NGOs (IULA/Metropolis, OVPM...)



point:

Br igitte Colin, Jan Lundqvist, Rebekah Brown, Poul Harremoes, at regional level R CUWM-Tehran.


No. : 9

Name of activity: Urban water education, training and technology transfer

Objective: Strengthening the ways and means of providing urban water education and training. The new paradigm in integrated urban water management requires top-level decision-makers, urban water andenvironmental professionals to have access to up-to-date knowledge

and technologies. The project will compile the existing and createnew training tools, including the providing of basic management knowledge for municipal professionals

Descr iption: y Strengthening of the global network of urban water centres

y Development of research and training method in cooperationwith Delf t, IRTCUD/CUW, Regional centres: Tehran, KualaLumpur, Cairo, Por to Alegre, Belgrade, Trondheim, UNU

y Integration, customisation and production of new tools andtraining on use of new tools

y Application of the tools in target or iented training actions,TETT, IAHR /IWA

y Continuing education and training for selected target groups

Implementation

strategy:--


Ser ies of training courses and awareness raising actions (includingbr ief ing sessions for top-level decision-makers).



Expected results: Consolidated sets of training tools tested and applied in selectedcourses at various levels

Beneficiary groups: Member countries, water and environment professional

Expected executing

and supportingpartners:

IHE - Delft, IR TCUD/CUW, R egional centres: Tehran, Kuala

Lumpur, Cairo, Porto Alegre, Belgrade, Trondheim, Sofia, , UNU,UNICEF, UNEP-IETC, WET, WB

Duration/schedule: 6 years

Proposedco-ordinator/focal

point:

Cedo Maksimovic, Jonathan Parkinson, UNU, IHE, et regional levelR CUWM-Tehran

Financialimplications:

Current Population of India in 2010 is ar ound 1,150,000,000 (1.15 billion) people. Currently, India is second largest country in the world af ter China in terms of population. By 2030, the population of India will be largest in

the world estimated to be ar ound 1.53 billion. There has been rapid increase in Indian population in the last 60

years. Population of India at the time of Independencewas only 350 million. So Indian Population has increased

more than three times.

Current Population of India in 2010:

Current Population of India in 2010 - 1,150,000,000 (1.15 billion)

Population of India in 1947 was - 350 million

Demographi s of AsiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Map of countries by population density (See List o countries by population density.)



The Demographi s of Asia refers to the human population of Asia. The continent covers29.4% of the Earth's land area and has a population of almost 4 billion - accounting for about56% of the world population. Together,China's and India's populations are estimated to bearound 2.5 billion people.

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si an coun t ³ i es by popul at i on

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Economically, most of Asia is traditionally considered part of the "Second World", with thesignificant exception of the industrialized "First World" nations of ¹ apan, South Korea and Turkey. Asian nations in the G20 major economies are China, India, Indonesia, ¹ apan, Russia, Saudi Arabia,South Korea and Turkey. Of these, R ussia and Japan are also in the G8, and additionally Chinaand India in the G8+5.

Six Asian countries / regions are on the IMF advanced economy list: South Korea Hong Kong º China Israel Taiwan ¹ apan Singapore.

The Human Development Index is mostly in the "medium" range of 0.5-0.8, with 13 countries inthe "high" range:



[edit ] high» ¼

½

HDI¼

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HDI

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2005 data

(publishÀ

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ChanÁ À

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HiÂ

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1 (0) Japan 0.953

2 (0) Taiwan 0.943

3 (0) Israel 0

.

932

4 (0) Singapore 0.922

5 (0) South Korea 0.921

6 (1) Brunei 0.894

7 (1) Kuwait 0.891

8 (4) Ã atar 0.875

9 (10) United Arab

Emirates 0.868

10 (2) Bahrain 0.866

11 (2) Oman 0.814

12 (15) Saudi Arabia 0.812

13 (2) Malaysia 0.811

14 (2) Russia 0.802

[edit ] Ä

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1 (0) Yemen 0.508

2 (0) East Timor 0.514

3 (0) Papua NewGuinea 0.530

4 (0) Nepal 0.534

5 (0) Bangladesh 0.547

6 (1) Pakistan 0.551

7 (1) Bhutan 0.579

8 (1) Myanmar 0.583

9 (1) Cambodia 0.598

10 (2) Laos 0.601

[edit ] Í Î h

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Main article: Ethnic groups of Asia

F urther information: Asi an peopl e

Cen tral Asi an peopl es : Turkic peoples



East Asian peoples:

y List of Chinese ethnic groups (historical), Sino-Tibetan peoples, Japanese people, Koreans

y Northern Asia: List of indigenous peoples of Russia: Indigenous peoples of Siberia; Finno-Ugric

peoples

y Ethnic groups of South Asia: Ethnic groups of India, Ethnic groups in Pakistan, Dravidians,

Indo-Aryans, Munda people

y Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia: List of ethnic groups in Cambodia, ethnic groups in Indonesia,

List of ethnic groups in Laos, Ethnic groups of the Philippines, List of ethnic groups in Vietnam;

Austronesian peoples, Tai peoples

y Ethnic groups of the Middle East: Peoples of the Caucasus (transcontinental), Ethnic

minorities in Iran, Ethnic minorities in Iraq; Semites, Iranian peoples, Turkmen, Turks

[edit ] SÒ Ò Ó

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Õ

y Missing women of Asia

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y World Population: Major Trends

List of Asian ountries population

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article does not cite any ref erences or sources.

Please help improve this article by adding citations toreliable sources. Unsourced

material may be challenged and removed. ( F ebruary 2010)

This article Ü s f actual accuracy may be compromised because of out-of-date information.

Please help improve the article by updating it. There may be additional information on the

talk page. ( F ebruary 2010)

This is a list of Asian countries by population. It is sourced from the global list of countries by

population as of December 2007.

A part of Kazakhstan which lie within Europe is included here. Cyprus, on the other hand, isnormally included in Europe for political and cultural reasons, and is therefore excluded fromthis list, although it is traditionally considered part of Asia geographically.



Pos Country Population

- Asia 3,776,000,000

1 People's Republic of China [1] 1,322,597,000

2 India 1,131,043,000

3 Indonesia 231,627,000

4 Pakistan 161,998,000

5 Bangladesh 158,665,000

6 Japan 127,718,000

7 Philippines 88,706,300

8 Vietnam 87,375,000

9 Iran 71,208,000

10 Thailand 62,828,706

11 Myanmar 48,798,000

12 South Korea 48,512,000

13 Iraq 28,993,000

14 Nepal 28,196,000

15 Malaysia 27,544,000

16 Uzbekistan 27,372,000

17 Afghanistan 27,145,000

18 Saudi Arabia 24,735,000

19 North Korea 23,790,000

20 Republic of China (Taiwan) 22,935,000

21 Syria 22,198,110[2]



22 Yemen 20,727,063

23 Sri Lanka 19,299,000

24 Kazakhstan 15,422,000

25 Cambodia 14,444,000

26 Israel 7,208,520

27 Hong Kong Ý China 7,206,000

28 Tajikistan 6,736,000

29 Jordan 5,924,000

30 Laos 5,859,000

31 Kyrgyzstan 5,317,000

32 Turkmenistan 4,965,000

33 Singapore 4,436,000

34 United Arab Emirates 4,380,000

35 Lebanon 4,099,000

36 Palestinian Authority 4,017,000

37 Kuwait 2,851,000

38 Mongolia 2,629,000

39 Oman 2,595,000

40 East Timor 1,155,000

41 Þ

atar 841,000

42 Bahrain 753,000

43 Bhutan 658,000

44 Macau, China 481,000



45 Brunei 390,000

46 Maldives 306,000

[edit ]

Environment - current issues

This entry lists the most pressing and important environmental problems. The following

terms and abbreviations are used throughout the entry: A idifi ation - the lowering of soil and water pH due to acid precipitation and

deposition usually through precipitation; this process disrupts ecosystem nutrient flowsand may kill freshwater fish and plants dependent on more neutral or alkaline conditions

(see acid rain). A id rain - characterized as containing harmful levels of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen

oxide; acid rain is damaging and potentially deadly to the earth's fragile ecosystems;

acidity is measured using the pH scale where 7 is neutral, values greater than 7 areconsidered alkaline, and values below 5.6 are considered acid precipitation; note- a pHof 2.4 (the acidity of vinegar ) has been measured in rainfall in New England.

Aerosol - a collection of airborne particles dispersed in a gas, smoke, or fog. Afforestation - converting a bare or agricultural space by planting trees and plants;reforestation involves replanting trees on areas that have been cut or destroyed by fire. As estos - a naturally occurring soft fibrous mineral commonly used in fireproofingmaterials and considered to be highly carcinogenic in particulate form. Biodiversit - also biological diversity; the relative number of species, diverse in formand function, at the genetic, organism, community, and ecosystem level; loss of biodiversity reduces an ecosystem's ability to recover from natural or man-induceddisruption.

Bio-indi ators - a plant or animal species whose presence, abundance, and health revealthe general condition of its habitat.

Biomass - the total weight or volume of living matter in a given area or volume. Car on le - the term used to describe the exchange of carbon (in various forms, e.g.,as carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere, and geologicaldeposits. Cat hments - assemblages used to capture and retain rainwater and runoff; an importanwater management technique in areas with limited freshwater resources, such asGibraltar . DDT (di hloro-diphen l-tri hloro-ethane - a colorless, odorless insecticide that hastoxic effects on most animals; the use of DDT was banned in the US in 1972. Defoliants - chemicals which cause plants to lose their leaves artificially; often used in

agricultural practices for weed control, and may have detrimental impacts on human andecosystem health. Deforestation - the destruction of vast areas of forest (e.g., unsustainable forestrypractices, agricultural and range land clearing, and the over exploitation of woodproducts for use as fuel) without planting new growth. Desertifi ation - the spread of desert-like conditions in arid or semi-arid areas, due toovergrazing, loss of agriculturally productive soils, or climate change. Dredging - the practice of deepening an existing waterway; also, a technique used for collecting bottom-dwelling marine organisms (e.g., shellfish) or harvesting coral, often



causing signif icant destruction of reef and ocean-f loor ecosystems. Drift-net f ishing - done with a net, miles in extent, that is generally anchored to a boat

and lef t to f loat with the tide; of ten results in an over harvesting and waste of largepopulations of non-commercial mar ine species (by-catch) by its effect of "sweeping the

ocean clean." Ecosystems - ecological units compr ised of complex communities of organisms and

their specif ic environments. Eff luents - waste mater ials, such as smoke, sewage, or industr ial waste which arereleased into the environment, subsequently polluting it. Endangered species - a species that is threatened with extinction either by direct hunting or habitat destruction. Freshwater - water with very low soluble mineral content; sources include lakes,streams, r ivers, glaciers, and underground aquifers. Greenhouse gas - a gas that "traps" infrared radiation in the lower atmosphere causingsurface warming; water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane,hydrof luorocarbons, and ozone are the pr imary greenhouse gases in the Ear th's

atmosphere. Groundwater - water sources found below the surface of the ear th of ten in naturally

occurr ing reservoirs in permeable rock strata; the source for wells and natural spr ings. Highlands Water Project - a ser ies of dams constructed jointly by Lesotho and South

Afr ica to redirect Lesotho's abundant water supply into a rapidly growing area in SouthAfr ica; while it is the largest infrastructure project in southern Afr ica, it is also the most

costly and controversial; objections to the project include claims that it forces peoplefrom their homes, submerges farmlands, and squanders economic resources.

Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) - represents the roughly 150,000 Inuits of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Russia in international environmental issues; a General Assembly convenes every three years to determine the focus of the ICC; the most current concerns are long-range transpor t of pollutants, sustainable development, andclimate change. Metallurgical plants - industr ies which specialize in the science, technology, andprocessing of metals; these plants produce highly concentrated and toxic wastes whichcan contr ibute to pollution of ground water and air when not proper ly disposed. Noxious substances - injur ious, very harmful to living beings. Overgrazing - the grazing of animals on plant mater ial faster than it can naturallyregrow leading to the permanent loss of plant cover, a common effect of too manyanimals grazing limited range land.

Ozone shield - a layer of the atmosphere composed of ozone gas (O3) that residesapproximately 25 miles above the Ear th's surface and absorbs solar ultraviolet radiationthat can be harmful to living organisms. Poaching - the illegal k illing of animals or f ish, a great concern with respect toendangered or threatened species.

Pollution - the contamination of a healthy environment by man-made waste. Potable water - water that is dr inkable, safe to be consumed. Salination - the process through which fresh (dr inkable) water becomes salt

(undr inkable) water ; hence, desalination is the reverse process; also involves theaccumulation of salts in topsoil caused by evaporation of excessive irr igation water, aprocess that can eventually render soil incapable of suppor ting crops. Siltation - occurs when water channels and reservoirs become clotted with silt and mud,a side effect of deforestation and soil erosion. Slash-and-burn agriculture - a rotating cultivation technique in which trees are cut



down and burned in order to clear land for temporary agr iculture; the land is used until its productivity declines at which point a new plot is selected and the process repeats;

this practice is sustainable while population levels are low and time is permitted for regrowth of natural vegetation; conversely, where these conditions do not exist, the

practice can have disastrous consequences for the environment. Soil degradation - damage to the land's productive capacity because of poor agr icultural

practices such as the excessive use of pesticides or fer tilizers, soil compaction fromheavy equipment, or erosion of topsoil, eventually resulting in reduced ability toproduce agr icultural products. Soil erosion - the removal of soil by the action of water or wind, compounded by poor agr icultural practices, deforestation, overgrazing, and deser tif ication. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation - a por tion of the electromagnetic energy emitted by the sunand naturally f iltered in the upper atmosphere by the ozone layer ; UV radiation can beharmful to living organisms and has been linked to increasing rates of sk in cancer inhumans. Waterborne diseases - those in which bacter ia survive in, and are transmitted through,

water ; always a ser ious threat in areas with an untreated water supply.

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