newfoundland. introduction to newfoundland and labrador 1.basic facts 2.ethnic groups 3.general...

29
Newfoundland Newfoundland

Upload: kaelyn-tripp

Post on 16-Dec-2015

222 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

NewfoundlandNewfoundland

Page 2: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador

1. Basic Facts

2. Ethnic groups

3. General linguistic information

4. French minority

5. Minority language preservation

Page 3: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

Newfoundland and LabradorNewfoundland and Labrador10th province of the Canadian confederation – since 31.3.194910th province of the Canadian confederation – since 31.3.1949

Page 4: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

Facts about Newfoundland and Labrador

• Official languages: None

• Capital: St. John`s

• Largest city: St. John`s

• Population (2001): 533,800

• Density: 1.43/km²

Page 5: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

Ethnic GroupsEthnic GroupsEthnic Origin Population Percent

Canadian 271,345 53.41

Englisch 200,120 39.39

Irish 100,260 19.73

Scottish 30,295 5.96

French 27,785 5.47

North American Indian

16,030 3.16

Inuit 7,445 1.47

German 6,275 1.24

Métis 6,120 1.20

Welsh 2,790 0.55

Page 6: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

Newfoundland and Labrador

• Nowadays Newfoundland/Labrador is from a linguistic

perspective the most homogeneous area of Canada

• The majority of Newfoundlanders call English as their sole

mother tongue (98 per cent; 1991)

• Newfoundland/Labrador has a rich linguistic history, since it

was one of the earliest areas of the New World to be

discovered

• However, most of the languages have totally disappeared

Page 7: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

• Although in-migration peaked in the first half of the 19th

century, its effects have been minimal:

• According to the 1991 census, over 92 per cent of

residents were born within the province;

• Fewer than 2 per cent were born outside Canada, the

majority from these being from the United States or

Britain

Newfoundland and Labrador

Page 8: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

French minorityFrench minority

There are three distinct groups of French-language origin currently found in the province:

1st group:

- located in and near the city St. John`s

- Consists of approximately 1,000 francophones

- Is primarily Québécois, but also contains French speakers from

Europe and St-Pierre/Miquelon

- Many work for the federal government, as well as the school and

university system

Page 9: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

French minorityFrench minority

2nd group:

- Located in the Wabush area of western Labrador, where the

earliest francophones arrived in the late 1950s to work in the

developing iron or ore industry

- Is also primarily of Québécois origin

- In 1971, over 2,000 people (approximately 11 per cent of the

population of western Labrador) were francophone

- In 1986 however, after a downturn in the minig industry, the

French-speaking population had decreased by approximately two

thirds.

Page 10: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

French minorityFrench minority

3rd group:

- Located in the southwestern part of the island of Newfoundland,

in the area of Port-au-Port peninsula and St. Georg`s Bay

- The first French speakers of Newfoundland settled this area at

the end of the 18th century

- By 1850, the population of this area was 80 per cent French

Page 11: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

French minorityFrench minority

• The 20th century proved a period of major cultural and linguistic

assimilation for the French speakers of Newfoundland`s west coast.

• This was reinforced – at least until 1970 – by the lack of minority-

language rights.

• While the church had attempted to provide French-speaking priests

throughout the 19th century, this ceased after 1928.

• Schooling was provided exclusively in English and punishment was

meted out to students using French at school

Page 12: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

French in French in Stephenville (3Stephenville (3rdrd group) group)

• The decline of French language and culture accelerated after 1940 with

the construction of an American air force base near Stephenville (the

largest of the francophone west-coast communities)• The employment opportunities offered by the base drew a large

number of English-speaking Newfoundlanders to the area• Newfoundland`s confederation with Canada 1949 did nothing to curb

the assimilation process

• By the mid 1970`s no resident of Stephenville under the age of 50 spoke

French as mother tongue.

Page 13: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

French French minority preservationminority preservation

• By the beginning of the 1970`s emerged the availability of government

support for French minority groups:

• Several francophone associations were founded.• They play an important role in fostering linguistic and cultural

identity.• In 1974 French-language television was introduced from Montreal.• In 1975 a bilingual school was established in the village of Cap-St-

Georgs.• More recent developments, in at least some of the Port-au-Port

communities, have included bilingual postal services and a French-

language community television channel.

Page 14: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

Minority language preservation

• The province of Newfoundland and Labrador has no official policy • The only minority whose linguistic rights are governed by legislation are

Newfoundland French:• Article 23 of Canada`s Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees

French-language education for children of Canadian cities whose

mother tongue is French, at least where numbers are sufficient to

warrant this.• Minority languages, whether of aboriginal or European origin, are

seriously threatened.

Page 15: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

Newfoundland EnglishNewfoundland English

Page 16: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

• It is the name for several dialects of English specific to the province of Newfoundland and Labrador

• For speakers of American English, Newfoundland English is among the most difficult ones to understand

• Heaviest speakers of this dialect live outport communities, generations are losing their roots

• Only 25% of youth speak their accent fluently• 56% speak their accent “ when they are angry or annoyed”• 92% of the older generation speak their accent fluently • Separate dialects developed because of the history

Newfoundland was one of the first areas to be settled (1600), mostly by North American English speakers 

• The peak was around 1800, most immigrants stayed isolated on their island, allowing the dialects to develop independent of that on the

North American continent

Newfoundland English

Page 17: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

Phonological and grammatical Phonological and grammatical featuresfeatures

• Newfoundland English differs from Canadian English in vowel pronunciation

fear/ fair are homophones

• Morphology and Syntax

Newfoundlanders use the word bes [“bıs”]

The rock normally bes under water

’’Bes’’ is a carryover of the Irish Gaelic grammar

• Preservation of archaic adverbial-intensifiers

That play was right boring

• Loss of dental fricatives ( voiced and voiceless “th”-sounds)

• Usually replaced by closest voiced or voiceless alveolar stop t/d

Page 18: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

• 3rd person singular inflection• generalized to a present tense maker

I likes, you (ye) likes...• avoiding of the verb “to be” (influenced from Irish, don´t have ‘‘to have‘‘

per se)• past participle formed by using “after” instead of “have”

i´m telling after him to stop• rounding of long “i”

Mike= Moike

Other ExpressionsOther ExpressionsWhadd ´ya at? = What are you at

Stay where you´re to ´til I comes where you´re at= wait there for me

What´s on the go?= what´s going on

Page 19: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

Greatest distinction between Newfoundland English and Canadian English is vocabulary includes Inuit and first nations words: Tabanask= kind of sled

Archaic English words no longer found in other dialects pook = a mound of hay

Created words to describe things unique for Newfoundland stun breeze = wind of at least 20 knots ( 37 km/h)

Words having undergone a semantic shift rind = bark of tree

Words which origins are unknown diddies = nightmare

Page 20: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

Newfoundland Irish EnglishNewfoundland Irish English

Page 21: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

Newfoundland Irish EnglishNewfoundland Irish English

• Irish English has been derived from the south-east of Ireland and has

almost been isolated from other forms of English in North America until the

middle of the 20th century.• First Irishmen in the 17th century, they came for fishing in the summer• By the 1830’s number of Irish settlers by 38.000• Name of Newfoundland from the Irish “Talamh an Éisc” → “Ground of fish”• Main settlement: St. John’s• The Irish had to adapt to the more progressed and socially superior

English settlers• Segregation of Irish and English. Irish → southern shore, parts of

Conception Bay

Page 22: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

Term of “Anglo-Irish” (→ English form of Irish ‘Anglo’ as a modifier to the head ‘Irish’),

Term “Hiberno-English” (→ derived from Latin ‘Hibernia’, a term for ‘Ireland’ and ‘English’), most common and neutral term is “Irish English”

Page 23: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

The position of Irish:The position of Irish: Irish influence is based on two aspects:

 1)      before English was transported to Newfoundland

2)      the influence of Irish on English at the new location

Irish loans:

Hangashore → useless individual (derived from Irish ainniseoir → mean person)

Sleeveen → rascal

Pishogue → superstition

Crubeen → cooked pig’s food

Direct influence:

Because the quantity of Irish speakers is not very high and the sociolinguistic position of Irish would have been as low as in Ireland otherwise

The originally Irish characteristic of English speech in the Irish communities on Newfoundland has been intensified through members of religious orders who has been sent to Newfoundland as teachers.

Page 24: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

Irish influence on phonology and Irish influence on phonology and morphology:morphology:

Loss of initial /h/:

For the Irish-derived population the status of word-initial /h-/ is always pronounced in contrast to the English-derived population of Newfoundland.

 

It is not only an established phoneme, but also an important morphological function in the language: it indicates the third person possessive feminine:

 

a h-iníon → her daughter, a iníon → his daughter, a n-iníon → their daughter

 

Ambi-dental fricatives:

Lack of ambi-dental fricatives in the THINK and THIS lexical set:

 

think [tink] and this [dis]

 

These have been plosivised, or rather were transported to Newfoundland as stops to begin with.

Page 25: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

Stress patterns:• A prominent feature of Newfoundland English is the final stress in an

accumulation of words.• Affected are proper names in local pronunciation, like:• Newfound/land, Labra/dor and Carbo/near• In Ireland there is also a stress at the end of words, which probably

can be traced to the influence of Anglo-Norman. • The final stress pattern may also go back to the non-English influence,

for instance the many names of French, Spanish or Portuguese origin in Newfoundland.

 Morphological features:• There is a special form for the second person plural pronoun ye to

distinguish from the second person singular form you → ubiquitous in Irish-derived Newfoundland English

• In Irish English exists a negative form of must with epistemic sense. Other varieties of English the epistemic negative is expressed by can.

→ Example:

a. He must be Scottish.

b. He mustn’t be Scottish. Irish-English

c. He can’t be Scottish. Non-Irish-English

Page 26: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

The Syntax of Newfoundland English and Irish English

1) Perfective with ‘after’:

 

Use of the adverb after followed by an –ing verb form:

 

She’s after breaking the bowl.

Michael was after crashing the car.

 

2) Resultative perfective:

 

This kind of perfective stresses the result of an action, therefore it is found with transitive verbs:

 

I have the door painted.

Page 27: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

3) The habitual aspect:

An habitual for the verb be is found with do or with an inflectional –s on the

verb stem: 

a. He does be tired after work.

b. They bees out fishin’ of a Saturday. 

Irish: habitual do is less common than generalised –s, but more common than inflected be.

Newfoundland English: do habitual only exists for be.

4) The suffixial –s:

Suffixial –s quite common thoughout the verb paradigm with all pronominal

subjects.

→ example: 

They owns the whole road.

Sandra Clarke: The use of inflectional –s is not categorical, but a matter of

likelihood.

Page 28: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

ReferencesReferences

Page 29: Newfoundland. Introduction to Newfoundland and Labrador 1.Basic Facts 2.Ethnic groups 3.General linguistic information 4.French minority 5.Minority language

ReferencesReferences• http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo26b.htm 01.07.06• Language in Newfoundland by Sandra Clarke• http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador 01.07.06• The Atlantic edge from Raymond Hickey