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Paper: Cilllia 3-D Printed Micro-pillar

Structures for Surface Texture,Actuation, and Sensing

Video: Cilllia 3-D Printed Micro-pillar

Structures for Surface Texture,

Actuation, and Sensing

Jifei Ou

Tangible Media Group

Need hair? Press printWith fur, brushes, and bristles, Media Labs technique opens new frontier

in 3-D printing.

These days, it may seem as if 3-D printers can spit out just about anything,

from a full-sized sports car, to edible food, to human skin. But some things

have defied the technology, including hair, fur, and other dense arrays of

extremely fine features, which require a huge amount of computational time

and power to first design, then print.

Now researchers in MITs Media Lab have found a way to bypass a major

design step in 3-D printing, to quickly and efficiently model and print

thousands of hair-like structures. Instead of using conventional computer-aided

design (CAD) software to draw thousands of individual hairs on a computer

a step that would take hours to compute the team built a new software

platform, called Cilllia, that lets users define the angle, thickness, density, and

height of thousands of hairs, in just a few minutes.

Jennifer Chu | MIT News Office

June 16, 2016Press Inquiries
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Media Lab

School of Architecture and Planning

ARCHIVES

First-ever 3-D

printed robots

made of both

solids and liquids

3-D Printing 101

Customizing 3-D

printing

MultiFab 3-D

prints a record

10 materials at

once, no

Using the new software, the researchers designed arrays of hair-like structures

with a resolution of 50 microns about the width of a human hair. Playing with

various dimensions, they designed and then printed arrays ranging from

coarse bristles to fine fur, onto flat and also curved surfaces, using a

conventional 3-D printer. They presented a paper detailing the results at the

Association for Computing Machinerys CHI Conference on Human Factors in

Computing Systems in May.

\
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assembly

required

Tough biogel

structures

produced by 3-D

printing

Affordable

precision printing

for pros

The researchers attached the 3-D printed hairs to a ring. (Courtesy of the researchers)

Could the technology be used to print wigs and hair extensions? Possibly, say

the researchers. But thats not their end goal. Instead, theyre seeing how 3-D-

printed hair could perform useful tasks such as sensing, adhesion, and

actuation.

To demonstrate adhesion, the team printed arrays that act as Velcro-like bristle

pads. Depending on the angle of the bristles, the pads can stick to each other

with varying forces. For sensing, the researchers printed a small furry rabbit

figure, equipped with LED lights that light up when a person strokes the rabbit

in certain directions.

And to see whether 3-D-printed hair can help actuate, or move objects, the

team fabricated a weight-sorting table made from panels of printed hair with

specified angles and heights. As a small vibration source shook the panels,

the hairs were able to move coins across the table, sorting them based on

the coins weight and the vibration frequency.

Jifei Ou, a graduate student in media arts and sciences, says the work is

inspired by hair-like structures in nature, which provide benefits such as
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warmth, in the case of human hair, and movement, in the case of cilia, which

help remove dust from the lungs.

Its very inspiring to see how these structures occur in nature and how they

can achieve different functions, Ou says. Were just trying to think how can

we fully utilize the potential of 3-D printing, and create new functional materials

whose properties are easily tunable and controllable.

Ou is lead author on the paper, which also includes graduate students

Gershon Dublon and Chin-Yi Cheng; Felix Heibeck, a former research

assistant; Hiroshi Ishii, the Jerome B. Wiesner Professor in media arts and

sciences; and Karl Willis of Addimation, Inc.

A software challenge

The resolution of todays 3-D printers is already pretty high, Ou says. But

were not using [3-D printing] to the best of its capabilities.

The team looked for things to print that would test the technologys limits. Hair,

as it turns out, was the perfect subject.

[Hair] comes with a challenge that is not on the hardware, but on the software

side, Ou says.
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The 3-D printed hairs act like Velcro. (Courtesy of the researchers)

To 3-D-print hair using existing software, designers would have to model hair

in CAD, drawing out each individual strand, then feed the drawing through a

slicer program that represents each hairs contour as a mesh of tiny triangles.

The program would then create horizontal cross sections of the triangle mesh,

and translate each cross section into pixels, or a bitmap, that a printer could

then print out, layer by layer.


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Ou says designing a stamp-sized array of 6,000 hairs using this process

would take several hours to process.

If you were to load this file into a normal slicing program, it would crash the

program, he says.

Hair pixels

To design hair, the researchers chose to do away with CAD modeling entirely.

Instead, they built a new software platform to model first a single hair and then

an array of hairs, and finally to print arrays on both flat and curved surfaces.

The researchers modeled a single hair by representing an elongated cone as a

stack of fewer and fewer pixels, from the base to the top. To change the hairs

dimensions, such as its height, angle, and width, they simply changed the

arrangement of pixels in the cone.

To scale up to thousands of hairs on a flat surface, Ou and his team used

Photoshop to generate a color mapping technique. They used three colors

red, green, and blue to represent three hair parameters height, width, and

angle. For example, to make a circular patch of hair with taller strands around


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the rim, they drew a red circle and changed the color gradient in such a way

that darker hues of red appeared around the circles rim, denoting taller hairs.

They then developed an algorithm to quickly translate the color map into a

model of a hair array, which they then fed to a 3-D printer.

Using these techniques, the team printed pads of Velcro-like bristles, and

paintbrushes with varying textures and densities.

Vibrations cause a piece of metal to move across the 3-D printed hairs. (Courtesy of the researchers)


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Fuzzing drawing

Printing hair on curved surfaces proved trickier. To do this, the team first

imported a CAD drawing of a curved surface, such as a small rabbit, then fed

the model through a slicing program to generate a triangle mesh of the rabbitshape. They then developed an algorithm to locate the center of each triangles

base, then virtually drew a line out, perpendicular to the triangles base, to

represent a single hair. Doing this for every triangle in the mesh created a

dense array of hairs running perpendicular to the rabbits curved surface.

The researchers then used their color mapping techniques to quicklycustomize the rabbit hairs thickness and stiffness.

With our method, everything becomes smooth and fast, Ou says. Previously

it was virtually impossible, because whos going to take a whole day to render

a whole furry rabbit, and then take another day to make it printable?

Among other applications, Ou says 3-D-printed hair may be used in interactive

toys. To demonstrate, his team inserted an LED light into the fuzzy printed

rabbit, along with a small microphone that senses vibrations. With this setup,

the bunny turns green when it is petted in the correct way, and red when it is

not.


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Topics:

The ability to fabricate customized hair-like structures not only expands the

library of 3-D-printable shapes, but also enables us to design alternative

actuators and sensors, the authors conclude in their paper. 3-D-printed hair

can be used for designing everyday interactive objects.

Kelly Schaefer, a designer at IDEO, a design consulting firm, says this type of

work expands the possibilities of 3-D printing as an industry because of the

new applications it suggests.

Perhaps more inspiring than any single output from this team is the idea of

rethinking the 3-D printing process itself and the purpose of 3-D printed

objects, says Schaefer, who was not involved in the research. The Cilllia

team has challenged some of the current constraints of 3-D printing

processes, which makes me wonder what other constraints can be challenged

and potentially eliminated.

3-D printing 3-D Computer modeling

Computer science and technology Design Media Lab

Research Software School of Architecture and Planning
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MIT NEWSJune 17, 2016

Eye-tracking for all

Crowd-sourced data yields

system that determines where

mobile-device users are

looking.

LIGO: We did it again

Signal was produced by two

black holes colliding 1.4

billion light years away.
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LATEST MIT NEWS

Why do women leave

engineering?

Study: Group dynamics of

teamwork and internships determany women in the profession.

Democracy now

Political scientist Evan Lieberman

studies ethnic identity and African

politics.

AROUND CAMPUS

A smart water grid for

the Indus Basin

IN THE MEDIA

A new study co-authored by

MIT Prof. Susan Silbey

examines why female

students leave the field of

engineering. When the

researchers analyzed "more

than 40 engineering

students twice-monthly

diaries, they found that

female students often felt

marginalized during group

Need hair? Press printWith fur, brushes, and bristles, Media Labs technique

opens new frontier in 3-D printing.

Standing with Orlando

Hundreds gather to mourn

Orlando shooting victims,

reflect on gun violence and

bigotry.

For the second time,

scientists have detected

gravitational waves produced

by the collision of two black

holes, reports Irene Klotz for

Reuters. We are starting to

get a glimpse of the kind ofnew astrophysical information

that can only come from

gravitational-wave detectors,

says David Shoemaker, who

leads Advanced LIGO.

ac v es ns e g er
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New solar absorber could

improve efficiency of solar

thermal technology

Masdar Institute-MIT team develops

device that harnesses more

sunlight, enhancing eff iciency of

heat production.

Letter regarding vigil for

Orlando shooting victims

Energy storage for

renewables can be a good

investment today, study

findsSystems that bank energy can add

value to solar and wind projects.

New approach to

microlasers

Eight from MIT

awarded 2016

Fulbright grants

Air quality sensors

track pollution

ac v es, ns e g er

reports.

Boston Globereporter

Bryan Marquard writes

about the life and work of

Prof. Emerita Suzanne

Corkin, who was widely

known for her work with the

famous amnesiac Henry

Molaison. Brenda Milner, aneuroscientist at McGill

University, noted that

Corkins painstaking

attention to detail and her

enormous enthusiasm it s

a very nice combination,

and she showed that

always.

In an article for New

T h i f h l ki ,
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Technique for phase locking

arrays of t iny lasers could lead to

terahertz security scanners.

Researchers find a way to extend life and

improve performance of fuel cell electrodes

Surface treatment greatly reduces degradation of catalyst

material.

ADVISORY

Portuguese

entrepreneurs

participate in MIT's

International Workshop

on Innovating

WEDNESDAY: LIGO,

Virgo scientists

discuss continued

search for gravitationalwaves at AAS meeting

Featured video: The

MIT Telephone

writes that for the second

time the Laser

Interferometer Gravitational

Wave Observatory (LIGO)

has detected gravitational

waves. This gives us

confidence, says MIT

research scientist Salvatore

Vitale. It was not just a

lucky accident. Seeing a

second one tells us clearly

that there is a population of

black holes there.

Scientists have observed a

second pair of black holes

colliding using the twin

detectors of the Laser

Interferometer Gravitational

Wave Observatory (LIGO),

reports Dennis Overbye for

The New York Times.

Overbye writes that LIGO

provides a way of hearing

the universe instead of just

looking at it.

B
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Banquet

Department of

Mechanical

Engineering wins New

England Emmy Awardfor Hope

Regenerated

Boston Globereporter Eric

Moskowitz writes that

scientists have been able

to detect gravitational

waves for the second time.

Its a wondrous thing,

said David Shoemaker, who

leads the MIT lab that

helped build the detectors.

Three months apart, 1.4

billion years ago, these two

events happened at two

different places in the sky.

Ryan Mandelbaum of

Popular Sciencespeaks

with David Shoemaker, who

leads MITs LIGO Lab and

Advanced LIGO, about the

second successful

detection of gravitational

waves. "Its wonderful," says

Shoemaker "Its so
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Shoemaker. "Its so

different from the first one

... but its importance is no

less."

Jarrod Goentzel and Fredrik

Eng Larsson of the Center

for Transportation and

Logistics write for The Wall

Street Journalthat

companies seeking greatersupply chain visibility must

quantify the benefits of

such information. They write

that to make a clear case

for investment in visibility

systems, companies must

focus on the tools that

transform data intostructural improvements.

READ MORE
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