Next Generation Gasoline Development

PEMEX/IMP Technical Seminar

June 29, 2011

Company Confidential

Overview

The Gasoline Market

Industry Trends & Issues

Performance Parameters

Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG) Overview

What is DIG

The DIG market and growth expectations

Afton DIG test development and capabilities

Additive Direction

The Gasoline Petroleum Additives Market

Company Confidential

Emission Mandates

Energy Efficiency Mandates

Globalization of OEMs,

Suppliers, & Others

Technology Changing Consumer Behavior

KEY GLOBAL TRENDS

Drivers of Continued Industry Change

Crude Oil Prices Continue to Rise

Crude pricing is

driven by

Supply and demand

Global political issues

Speculation

Improved energy and

fuel efficiency

Reduces demand for

imported crude

Moderates impact of

pricing surges

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$)

Source: McGraw Hill, Federal Reserve, Bloomberg

Dramatic Growth in Vehicle Population and Fuel

Consumption

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1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Un

it (

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Motor Vehicle Population

Source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, 2010

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1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Co

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mp

tio

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milli

on

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Gasoline Consumption

Crowded Roads Call for Reduced Emissions and

Improved Efficiency

Energy efficiency polices

and vehicle technology are

being developed

Controls of traditional

pollutants and greenhouse

gases (GHG) are important

As the motor fleet expands,

greater volumes of cleaner-

burning transportation fuels

are needed

The #1 United States Driver

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45

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Miles P

er

Gallo

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US Corporate Average Fuel Economy Limit, mpg

Passenger Car

Combined Fleet

2025

62 mpg = ~ 145 gpm of CO2

Source: www.fueleconomy.gov, autotech daily

The MY2010 new vehicle fleet averaged

22.5 mpg or 395 gpm of CO2 per EPA

estimates of real world performance,

which it says are about 20 % lower than

certification test results.

35.5 mpg = ~ 250 gpm of CO2

CO2

Emissions

Fuel Differentiation

Regulations

• Alternate fuels

• CAFE

• Additive mandate – LAC & CARB

• Emissions

• Greenhouse gasses

• Competition

• Performance tests

Gasoline Market Drivers

How will we get there?

GM’s View Honda’s View

Source: API DAP presentations, JD Power

Adoption of High Efficiency Gasoline Engine

Technology Will Grow

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2005 2010 2015 2020

Perc

en

t N

ew

Veh

icle

Sale

s

EU

US

Japan

Designed to use high octane

fuel for optimal fuel efficiency

Operation on lower octane fuel

increased fuel consumption

Direct Injection Engine in

Gasoline Vehicles

1.6L Turbo

Direct Injection

Source: API/Martec, 2010

Weight Reduction and Smaller Engines

2012 Chevrolet Sonic

Engine: 1.8L DOHC I-4 or

1.4L Turbo DOHC I-4

Weight: ~ 2,400 lbs.

Source: GM Press Release

Gasoline Engines 2011 % of Total

< 3 cylinders 5,105,600 8.35

4 cylinders 45,683,100 74.72

5 cylinders 275,700 0.45

6 cylinders 7,445,400 12.18

8 cylinders 2,587,900 4.23

>10 cylinders 40,400 0.07

Total 61,138,100

Global Gasoline Engine Production Forecast

Source: IHS Automotive

Vehicle and engine weight reduction wherever possible

The EPA & CARB estimate that the proposed 62 mpg limit can be achieved by

reducing vehicle weight 14 – 26 % while increasing hybrid/EV market penetration

Decreases in engine displacement and number of cylinders are possible as vehicle

weight reduction occurs

Further decreases in engine weight are possible thru hollow frame cast iron blocks,

increased use of aluminum, and technology such as plasma-sprayed cylinders to

replace steel liners.

The new Chrysler Pentastar 3.6L is 94 lbs lighter than the 3.7L engine it replaces in

the Jeep Grand Cherokee.

Forecast Growth

Forecast Decline

Engine Technology – Near Term

Ford 3.5L EcoBoost engine

Fiat MultiAir engine.

Cylinder de-activation systems

Source: OEM websites

Federal-Mogul “EcoTough” Coated Piston

Turbocharging

In the US, Honeywell forecasts that more than 4 million vehicles will be

equipped with turbochargers by 2015, about four times as many as 2009.

Most gasoline direct injection engines will incorporate turbocharging as a

means of increasing horsepower without sacrificing fuel economy.

Source: Menda Automotive

Ways Automotive OEMs can Improve FE

Fuel Saving Technologies

http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090519/ANA02/905199971/1186

Technology Compared with% Improvement

in FE

Diesel engine Gasoline engine 25-30%

Gasoline direct injection

plus turbochargingMultiport fuel injection up to 12%

Dual-clutch transmission Automatic transmission up to 10%

Cylinder deactivation Using all 8 cylinders 7%

Continuously variable

valve timingFixed valve settings 5%

Stop-start system Idling 5%

5-speed transmission 4-speed 3-4%

DIG (Direct Injection Gasoline) Overview

Company Confidential

What is it?

Injects fuel directly into cylinder instead of intake port

Why?

Increases power, improves FE, and lowers exhaust emissions

How?

Evaporative cooling allows the compression ratio to be raised that provides greater thermodynamic efficiency

Improved mixture permits more aggressive ignition curves

http://autodeadline.com/detail?source=&mid=WKA2009011100154&mime=JPG

Ford Motor Company

What is DIG?

Other names for DIG

Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG) is a

powerful engine technology to

increase fuel economy

Also referred to Direct Injection Spark

Ignition (DISI), Gasoline Direct Injection

(GDI)

OEMs have their own designations

• Ford EcoBoost, Audi Fuel Straight Injection

(FSI), Mercedes-Benz Charge Gasoline

Injection (CGI), Porsche Direct Fuel Injection

(DFI), etc.

http://www.autoblog.com/2008/01/06/detroit-2008-ford-launches-ecoboost-gas-turbo-direct-injection/4

Ford Motor Company

Port Direct

Injector in

Intake Port

Injector in Combustion

Chamber

Port vs. Direct Fuel Injection

1. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123189601997879691.html?mod=googlenews_wsj – January 14, 2009

2. http://www.financialpost.com/news/story.html?id=1181813 - January 15, 2009

Future DIG market share

Future Production

DIG vehicles as a % of total

production based on 15

million produced per year 1

• 2009 = 4%

• 2010 = 7%

• 2011 = 16%

• 2012 = 27%

• 2013 = 33%

• 2014 = 34%

DIG vehicles in 2015 2

• 3.1 million per J.D. Power

DIG technical facts

Injectors work with higher pressures

~2,000 psi versus ~50 psi, i.e., power wash vs. garden hose

Fuel injected in a reduced amount of time

Conventional PFI have two rotations of the crankshaft to inject the

fuel. At 6,000 RPM, this is 20 milliseconds (ms).

DIG injection occurs in a portion of the intake stroke, i.e., 0.4-5 ms

to inject the fuel

More finely atomized

Direct injection fuel droplets are 1/5th the droplet size of PFI and

1/3rd the diameter of a human hair, i.e., 15 μm or 0.0006”

http://autospeed.com/cms/A_107830/article.html?popularArticle

Current DIG vehicles

A long list…growing longer…

Audi - A3, A4, A5, TT

BMW - 135i, 335i, 535xi, X5, X6, Z4, 750

Buick – LaCrosse, Enclave

Cadillac – CTS, SRX, STS

Chevrolet – Camaro, HHR SS, Equinox, Traverse, Malibu

Ferrari – F458, California

Ford – Flex, Taurus SHO, Focus, F150

GMC – Acadia, Terrain

Hyundai – Accent, Sonata, Veloster (2012)

Jaguar – XF, XJ, XK, XKR, XJ, XXR

Kia - Optima

Lamborghini – Gallardo LP560-4

Current DIG vehicles

…and longer…

Land Rover – LR4, Range Rover, Range Rover Sport

Lexus – IS250, GS350, IS350, IS-F, GS600hL, CT200h

Lincoln – MKS, MKT

Mazda - Mazdaspeed 3, CX-7

Mercedes-Benz

MINI – Cooper S, Cooper JCW

Nissan - Juke

Pontiac – Solstice GXP

Porsche – Boxster, Cayman, 911, 912

Rolls Royce - Phantom

VW – CC, Eos, GTI, Jetta, Passat, Tiguan CC

Benefits Challenges

DIG Opportunities

Developing a DIG engine test

Afton Confidential

Base fuel

Base fuel + PFI* only additive

Base fuel + additive optimized for PFI* & DIG

Both additives have excellent PFI engine IVD performance

% S

hif

t in

LT

FT

Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG) Performance

DIG Dirty-up / Clean-up Test

Dirty up with base fuel.

Clean up with additive use

Representative Vehicles

PFI

DIG

73% restoration

Mini Cooper DIG Vehicle – Injector clean-up

VAG DIG vehicle – Injector clean-up

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Test Time, hrs

VW Golf 1.4 TSI

55 % restoration

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Test Time, hrs

AUDI A4

47.5% restoration

Example Performance Benefit with Fully

Formulated Package

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Base fuel + Additive @ 2000km

To

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Nm

Torque (Power) increase Fuel consumption decrease

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Base fuel + Additive @ 2000km

Fue

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Clean-up based average emission reductions, %

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THC CO NOx

%

Afton DIG Test Protocol

Vehicles – 2008 Model Year

Pontiac Solstice GXP, VW GTI

Mileage Accumulation Dynamometers

48 hour duration

Fuel

Proprietary fuel formulated to mimic an EPA 65th percentile fuel

Able to rank the effectiveness of various chemistries

Determining fuel injector fouling

Track the increase in Long Term Fuel Trim (LTFT) via OBD-2

• LTFT is an ECM algorithm for adaptive fuel trim

– To compensate for the reduced flow through a plugged injector, the

injector must stay open for a longer time

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Test Time, hrs

2008 Pontiac Solstice Test Summary

08PS2-2

DIG Fuel Injector Fouling

Clean Injector Dirty Injector

2008 Pontiac Solstice GXP, 2.0L I-4

Visuals: Clean vs. Dirty Injectors

Direct Injection Gasoline Testing

Keep-Clean testing – 2008 Pontiac Solstice

Dramatically reduces the shift in LTFT (measure of injector

plugging)

66% Improvement

83% Improvement

Providing improved DIG performance

Direct Injection Gasoline Testing

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2008 VW Jetta 2008 Pontiac Solstice

Sh

ift

in L

TF

T%

Keep-Clean Testing

Additive A

DIG Additive

Summary

DIG is the future of engine technology

Better Fuel Economy is driving DIG demand

Many DIG vehicles on the road today

Exponential growth expected

DIG technology development is essential

Developed test cycle and program to evaluate GPA

Demonstration of Real World performance in DIG vehicles

Robust Performance in DIG Vehicles

DIG opportunity

Evidence of DIG deposit related problems in the field

Issues likely to grow as DIG continues to penetrate market

• Detergent additive system will be critical in controlling deposit forming

tendencies

• Higher additive treat rates may be necessary for optimal vehicle

performance

Muchas Gracias!!!

Preguntas???

Company Confidential