next generation gasoline developmentsource: api/martec, 2010 confidential and proprietary. this...
TRANSCRIPT
Next Generation Gasoline Development
Fuel Additives for Future Fuel and Vehicle Technologies
PEMEX/IMP Technical Seminar
July 11, 2012
Company Confidential
Presentation Overview
The Gasoline Market
Industry Trends & Issues
Performance Parameters
Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG) Overview
Defining DIG
The DIG market and growth expectations
DIG test development and capabilities
Additive Direction
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Fuel Additives Are Enabling An Evolution in Fuel and
Vehicle Technology
Emission control and energy conservation policies are
drivers for change in vehicle and fuel technology
Fuel additives enable the safe and efficient production,
transport and utilization of fuel
Fuel additives maintain optimal vehicle performance
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Current Drivers for Gasoline and Additives
Impact on Fuel Properties – Additives
Loss of Octane
Corrosion – Silver
Improved Stability
Fuel Change
Sulfur Reduction
Emissions Reduction
Reduce Sulfur/Sulfate Emissions
Exhaust Aftertreament Performance
Impact on Fuel Properties – Additives
Increase Octane
Corrosion Distribution Challenges
Fuel Change
Ethanol Blending
Emissions/Energy
Increase Fuel Volume
Reduce Petroleum
Dependence
Renewable Fuel
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Decisions for the Motor Industry:
How to Deliver Low Emissions and Low CO2 ( The Octane Challenge: Cameron And Associates)
Engine
Downsized
Direct
Injection
Turbocharged
or
Supercharged
Optimized for 98 RON -
Knock Sensored to run on
95 RON
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Evolving Engine Technology to Meet Emission and
Energy Needs Defines Additive Requirements
Technology Cleanliness Challenge for Fuel Additives
Precise A/F control Valves, injectors
Cam Phasing Valve, injector, intake
Variable Valve Lift Valve, injector, intake
Turbocharging Hotter engine, EGR, intake
Cylinder Deactivation Valve and injector
Variable Charge Motion Valves, intake system, charge motion device
Variable Compression Ratio Intake
Hybrids Valve, injector, intake
Gasoline Direct Injection Injectors
Diesel – HSDI Increased diesel use, injectors
Diesel – High Pressure Common Rail Injector coking, injector sticking
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Emission Mandates
Energy Efficiency Mandates
Globalization of OEMs,
Suppliers, & Others
Technology Changing Consumer Behavior
KEY GLOBAL TRENDS
Drivers of Continued Industry Change
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
March 5 New Product Launch
Branded Additive: Nitrogen Enriched
Marketing Message
“No other gasoline Protects Better”
“NEW Formula with 20% more cleaning agents than before!”
“Delivering (statistically) 0% Gunk = Unsurpassed engine protection”
Under the Nitrogen Enriched campaign and supported by Passionate Experts
Supported by 100 million dollar marketing campaign
Treat Rate: Calculated treat rates based on 20% more cleaning agent claim.
V-Power >6x LAC (previously 5x LAC). Regular is ~3x LAC (previously ~2.5x LAC)
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Branded Additive: Invigorate. Also market Amoco brand name for Premium
Marketing Message: Currently marketing “more miles per tank” fuel economy claim
supported by a 4 to 8 mile improvement (keep clean) over low detergent fuels
Relaunching Invigorate Q1 2012 supported by fuel rewards program
$500 million marketing campaign over next 2 years. Want to be #1 marketer east of Rockies
Treat Rate: Not Top Tier registered. BP offers Regular with Invigorate, Silver with
extra Invigorate and Amoco Ultimate with maximum Invigorate
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Marketing Message: Low price, high quality, members only
Treat Rate: 5x LAC (~2x Top Tier) at select locations in all grades
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Adoption of High Efficiency Gasoline Engine
Technology Continues to Grow
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2005 2010 2015 2020
Perc
en
t N
ew
Veh
icle
Sale
s
EU
US
Japan
Designed to use high octane
fuel for optimal fuel efficiency
Operation on lower octane fuel
increased fuel consumption
Direct Injection Engine in
Gasoline Vehicles
1.6L Turbo
Direct Injection
Source: API/Martec, 2010
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Nissan DIG Turbo (Nissan Pure Drive)
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Options for OEMs to Improve Fuel Economy
www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090519/ANA02/905199971/1186
TECHNOLOGY COMPARED WITH IMPROVEMENT IN FUEL
EFFICIENCY
Gasoline direct injection plus turbocharging
Multiport fuel injection up to 12%
Dual-clutch transmission Automatic transmission up to 10%
Cylinder deactivation Using all 8 cylinders 7%
Continuously variable valve timing
Fixed valve settings 5%
Hybrid electric Traditional 25 - 50%
Stop-start system Idling 5%
5+ speed transmission 4-speed 3 - 4%
Diesel engine Gasoline engine 25 - 30%
Different combinations of these technologies for different markets
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Direct Injection Gasoline Growth
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Direct Injection Gasoline
Fuel injected at high pressure directly into
cylinder instead of intake port
Improves Fuel Economy, Increases power,
lowers exhaust emissions
Increased air charge volume gives more
power.
Evaporative cooling allows the compression
ratio to be raised, providing a higher level of
thermodynamic efficiency
Improved knock resistance permits more
aggressive ignition curves
Source: Ford Motor Company
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Source: Tom McCarthy, “Ford’s Perspective on Future Engines and Their Fuels,” U. of Wisc. Engine Research Symposium, 2011.
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Used with permission from API
• Fuel/air mixed before entering cylinder
• Requires stoichiometric air:fuel mixture
• Efficient 3 way catalyst - low emissions
• Fuel/air mixed inside cylinder
• Increases power and improves FE
• NOX and particulate emissions can be
challenging
Port Fuel Injection Direct Injection
Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG)
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Wall-guided injection vs. Spray-guided injection
Wall-guided injection
Intake side mounted location
Cooler tip temperature
Less fuel impingement on spark plug
Higher spray impingement on cylinder
walls
Increased probability of oil dilution
Spray-guided injection
Centrally mounted location
Higher injector tip temperature
Higher ignition stability over the
engine operating map
High degree of mixture stratification
possible
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Direct Injection Combustion Modes
Homogenous Charge
Used in high-load operation
Stoichiometric air/fuel ratio
Fuel charge is uniform in the
combustion chamber
Stratified Charge
Used in part-load operation
Lean air/fuel ratio mixture
Fuel charge is locally rich at
the spark plug
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Benefits Challenges
DIG Opportunities
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
DIG Overview
DIG engines are liable to fuel related deposit formation
There is no industry accepted test for such deposits
PFI has ASTM D5598-01, ASTM D6421-99a and TOP TIER Fuel Injector Fouling
Initial Performance Standard
It cannot be assumed that additives suitable for PFI engines will protect DIG
engines
Need for a method to determine additive performance in DIG
SEM showed that a high LTFT does correlate with a heavily deposited fuel
injector and the deposits are stable
Further investigation showed highly deposited injectors slows the start of
injection and the effects the spray pattern
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Determining fuel injector fouling
Track the increase in Long Term Fuel Trim (LTFT) via OBD-2
• LTFT is an ECM algorithm for adaptive fuel trim
– To compensate for the reduced flow through a plugged injector, the
injector must stay open for a longer time
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Lon
g Te
rm F
ue
l Tri
m, %
Test Time, hrs
2008 Pontiac Solstice Test Summary
08PS2-2
DIG Fuel Injector Fouling
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Injector Photographs
New General Motors 2.0L Ecotec injector: X-Ray
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
SEM Photos
New injector
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Direct Injector Deposits
Base fuel
LTFT=18.7%
Afton additive
LTFT= 0%
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Direct Injection Gasoline Engines – Injector
Cleanliness
Direct injection gasoline (DIG)
engines have fuel introduced
directly to combustion chamber
Injectors can coke causing
injectors to open longer to inject
proper fuel amount
Coking can lead to loss of
power, higher emission and
reduced fuel efficiency
Properly designed fuel additives
required to control coking - 10
- 5
0
5
10
15
% C
han
ge in
Op
enin
g
Time
Base Fuel
Additized Fuel
Increased
Coking
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Base fuel
Base fuel + PFI* only additive
Base fuel + additive optimized for PFI* & DIG
Both additives have excellent PFI engine IVD performance
% S
hif
t in
LT
FT
Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG) Performance
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
DIG Dirty-up / Clean-up Test
Dirty up with base fuel.
Clean up with additive use
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
73% restoration
Mini Cooper DIG Vehicle – Injector clean-up
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
VAG DIG vehicle – Injector clean-up
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 20 40 60
LT
FT
, %
Test Time, hrs
VW Golf 1.4 TSI
55 % restoration
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 L
TF
T, %
Test Time, hrs
AUDI A4
47.5% restoration
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
LTFT response to a range of additives
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Additive “A” Treat Rate Effects
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Engine Designs and Cleanliness
Engine technologies changing
DISI, Downsizing, Pressure Charging etc
• More stress on fluids including fuel
Appetite for detergent chemistries is changing
Gasoline additives need to protect older PFI and latest DISI with one fuel.
Additives with good PFI performance may not protect DIG engines against
injector deposits.
Additive companies and Fuel Marketers must ensure that their
products support the introduction of new vehicle technologies
Afton has developed a proprietary test for DIG performance, and
which can be extended to represent a Clean Up test.
The test has the potential to be able to provide performance discrimination
that corresponds to in-service experience
The use of a performance additive package can provide improved
power and fuel efficiency in DIG engines
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Example Performance Benefit with Fully
Formulated Package
104
108
112
116
120
Base fuel + Additive @ 2000km
To
rqu
e,
Nm
Torque (Power) increase Fuel consumption decrease
6.9
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
Base fuel + Additive @ 2000km
Fue
l co
nsu
mp
tio
n, l
/100
km
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Direct Injection Gasoline Testing
Keep-Clean testing
Dramatically reduces the shift in LTFT (measure of injector
plugging)
66% Improvement
83% Improvement
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Providing improved DIG performance
Direct Injection Gasoline Testing
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
2008 VW Jetta 2008 Pontiac Solstice
Sh
ift
in L
TF
T%
Keep-Clean Testing
Additive A
DIG Additive
Company Confidential
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Key Point Summary
DIG is the future of engine technology
Better Fuel Economy is driving DIG demand
Many DIG vehicles on the road today
Exponential growth expected
DIG technology development is essential
DIG opportunity
Evidence of DIG deposit related problems in the field
Issues likely to grow as DIG continues to penetrate market
• Detergent additive system will be critical in controlling deposit forming
tendencies
• Detergent Chemistries respond differently
• Higher additive treat rates may be necessary for optimal vehicle
performance
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Key Point Summary con’t
Clean Fuel solutions are complicated and are exemplified by biofuels
Gasoline/ethanol blends are increasing and will vary in performance depending on the source of the ethanol
Emission control and energy conservation policies are drivers for change in vehicle and fuel technology
Fuel Additives enable the evolution of fuel and engine technology to meet these needs in a cost effective manor
Fuel additives provide means to effectively and efficiently modify fuel properties
Maintain optimal engine performance and reduce emissions
Higher additive treat rates may be necessary for optimal vehicle performance
Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Muchas Gracias!!!
Preguntas???
Ron Fricke
Fuels Technical Associate
(804) 788-5069
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