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Hernando de Soto along the Mississippi River, 1541.
Contact and European Explorations1450–1730
Spanish, French, and English land in the Americas seeking wealth. They try to establish colonies in North America with varying success.
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Contact and European Explorations1450–1730
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
Spanish Explorations in North America
French Explorations in North America
Early English Colonies in North America
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Section 1
Spanish Explorations inNorth America Europeans, in their quest for better trade routes, land in the Americas.
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Why Exploration?
Spanish Explorations inNorth America
Renaissance Spurs Trade• European Renaissance, 1300s to 1600, boosts
interest in art, learning• Renaissance begins in Italy, changes learning,
religion, trade• Trade mainly between Europe and Asia; use
eastern land route• Merchants propose search for shorter, more
profitable sea route
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1
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Finding a Water Route to Asia
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1
An Accidental Discovery• Portuguese explorers try to sail around Africa to Asia • Vasco da Gama succeeds in 1497• Christopher Columbus thinks he can sail west
across Atlantic to Asia• Columbus finds Americas instead; Spain’s wealth,
power increase
Map
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Conquistadors• Conquistadors are conquerors, seek to take over
existing cultures• Do not want to live peacefully with natives; win with
better weapons• European diseases kill millions of Native Americans• Coronado, de Soto, Cabrillo expeditions each seek
“cities of gold”• Gold never found, treasure stolen from natives,
Spain grows richer• Other European nations begin exploring Americas
Spanish Explorers in the New World
Continued . . .
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1
Spanish Explorers in Florida• Juan Ponce de León on Columbus’s second
voyage, stays in Caribbean• Brutally conquers natives in Puerto Rico,
becomes governor• Explores Florida coasts, seeks “fountain of
youth,” never finds it• Discovers Gulf Stream—powerful ocean currents• Gulf Stream flows north along eastern U.S., then
east toward Europe• Spanish use Gulf Stream to speed journeys back
to Spain
continued Spanish Explorers in the New World
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Lucas Vásquez de Allyón• Vásquez de Allyón tries to set up Spanish settlement
on east coast• First attempt in North Carolina; swamp, insects send
him south• Establishes San Miguel Guadalupe settlement off
Georgia coast- lasts less than year; Vásquez de Allyón and most
settlers die - survivors leave for Hispaniola
Other Explorations in the Southeast
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Hernando De Soto in Georgia
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De Soto’s Route Through Georgia• Hernando de Soto enters southwest corner of
Georgia in 1540• Native Americans provide food; de Soto goes
northeast into Carolinas- first European expedition to cross
Appalachian Mountains• May have reentered Georgia into Chiefdom of
Coosa• Some historians disagree, believe de Soto went
straight to Alabama
Map
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De Soto’s Conflicts with Native Americans
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1
De Soto and the Coosa• De Soto cruel to Native Americans, captures
Coosa chief• Southeastern native groups angered, try to
destroy expedition• Massacre fails, 2,500–3,000 Native Americans
killed in attempt• De Soto heads west but dies soon after, possibly
from battle injuries
Continued . . .
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1
De Soto and the Coosa • Only 300 of de Soto’s men survive the expedition• Return to Spain penniless; no gold or riches
found in Southeast• Natives suspicious of Europeans after de Soto- blame explorers for exposure to European
diseases• Other Spanish explorers focus efforts in Mexico,
South America
continued De Soto’s Conflicts with Native Americans
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1
St. Augustine• 1565, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés tries to keep
French out of Florida• Defeats French, builds St. Augustine fort not far from
Georgia
A Spanish Colony
Spanish Missions in Georgia• Missions—small settlements built around
church—along Atlantic coast• Purposes: convert natives to Christianity, keep
French off coast• Guale mission district covers Outer Coastal
Plain, barrier islands• Spanish control coast and southern Georgia for
over 100 years
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Competition for Land• Spain controls much of Americas by 1700• Most successful in South America, Central America,
Mexico- Spain claims lands, fortunes of Aztec and Inca
empires• Other Europeans interested in wealth of new lands
Spanish Claims in the Americas
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The French try to establish colonies in what is now Georgia and nearby Florida, but are unsuccessful.
Section 2
French Explorations in North America
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Jean Ribault
French Explorations inNorth America
Early Settlers• France hopes to gain riches, freedom by peaceful
colonization• Sends Jean Ribault in 1562 to establish colony on
Atlantic coast- travels with Lieutenant René de Laudonnière,
150 settlers• Settlers are Huguenots—French Protestants
wanting religious freedom• Huguenots hope to bring religion to North America
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2
Continued . . .
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A Failed Attempt by Ribault• Ribault lands in Florida, goes north, builds fort in
South Carolina• Ribault, de Laudonnière must return to France for
supplies• French religious war prevents aid; Ribault asks
England for help• Queen Elizabeth jails Ribault until 1565; colonists
return to France
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continued Jean Ribault
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René de Laudonnière
Fort Caroline• René de Laudonnière, 304 Huguenots return to
Florida, 1564• Group builds Fort Caroline near present-day
Jacksonville• De Laudonnière friendly with natives until
supplies run out• Some colonists lose faith in leadership, turn to
piracy• De Laudonnière, colony wait for France to help
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France Abandons the Southeast
Conflict with Spain• Ribault released from prison, sent to rescue Fort
Caroline• Spain’s King Phillip II angered by French in
Florida territories- sends Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, warships to
defeat colony• 500 men destroy Fort Caroline; Ribault killed
- de Laudonnière wounded; escapes, writes history of event
- France ends colonization of southeastern North America
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French Claims
New France• English settle coast of North America; France
explores interior• By late 1600s French claim Ohio, Mississippi
valleys; Great Lakes• French Louisiana runs from Appalachians to
Rockies• New France colony has 80,000 people by 1760• French control most land in interior of North
America
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Section 3
Early English Colonies inNorth America The English have different plans for settlement that enable them to be successful in North America.
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Spain Loses Power
Early English Colonies inNorth America
Conflict between Spain and England• Catholic Spain, Protestant England clash over
religion• Spain attempts to remove England’s Queen
Elizabeth I• English navy defeats powerful Spanish Armada
(1588)- England remains Protestant, Spain no longer major power
• English challenges Spanish claims in North America
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3
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Conditions in England
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3
Colonies a Solution• Poor conditions in England: cities overcrowded,
food shortages• Colonization seen as solution to overcrowding,
boost to economy• Colonies become market for English exports;
provider of raw materials• England increases its trade, builds supply of gold• Transfer of wealth from colony to parent country
called mercantilism • Economic theory based on geographer Richard
Hakluyt’s ideas
Chart
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England’s First Attempts
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The Roanoke Colonies• Sir Walter Raleigh funds colony on Roanoke
Island, Virginia (1585)• Food supplies run out; survivors return to
England the next year• Second try at Roanoke colony in 1587; John
White named governor• White goes to England for supplies, returns in
1590; colonists gone• Few clues to their disappearance; historians have
theories:- colonists may have joined nearby tribes, or
relocated and died
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A Colony at Jamestown
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3
Financing a Colony• English learn that one person cannot finance
entire colony• Joint-stock companies formed to raise money
for projects- investors back company, receive stock shares,
split profits or losses• Virginia Companies of London, Plymouth obtain
charters in 1606- charters—written contracts giving holder rights
to set up colony
Continued . . .
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A Difficult First Year• Virginia Company of London sets up Jamestown
in 1607; 100 colonists• Climate, malaria, inefficiency take toll, 38 alive
January, 1608• John Smith has wall built around colony, trades
food with Powhatans • Colony survives, 800 more colonists arrive in
1609
continued A Colony at Jamestown
Continued . . .
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3
Image
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Tobacco Changes Jamestown• John Rolfe develops easy-growing tobacco;
popular in England• Virginia Company offers 50 acres to those who
can pay own passage• Indentured servants—sell labor to person who
pays their passage- work for set number of years, then free to set
up own farm or trade• First enslaved Africans brought to Jamestown
in 1619 • Population of colony 2,000 by 1621
continued A Colony at Jamestown
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Other Early English Colonies
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3
Southern Colonies fight Spanish• Carolina founded 1663, Charles Town (later
Charleston) in 1670• Charles Town becomes Huguenot refuge in 1685• English use trails through Georgia to raid Spanish
forts in Florida• Spanish attack Charles Town but are defeated,
retreat to Florida • Creek trade with English, fight tribes who side
with Spain
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The Yamasee War
SECTION
3
Unfair Trade Causes War• France, Spain lose power, England dominates
trade in colonies• English hold monopoly—control prices of all
goods, supplies • Native Americans cheated; Yamasee tribe leads
uprising (1715)• Other tribes join; traders killed; settlers flee to
Charles Town• English regroup, push Yamasee to Florida; Creek
retreat to Alabama
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Plans for a Georgia Colony
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3
Margravate of Azilia• English want Carolina plantations protected, fear
Spanish in Florida• Need to colonize land between Spanish Florida,
English Carolina• Scottish nobleman Sir Robert Montgomery
proposes colony• 1717, Margravate of Azilia colony planned in
present-day Georgia• Charter lost 3 years later; English wary of
dangers of settling land
Azilia Is Not Forgotten• By 1730, English government acts to create a
new colony at Azilia
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