next new aba birds for florida & the gulf coast (pranty 1999)

A M E R I C A N B I R D I N G A S S O C I A T I O N V O L U M E 3 1 : N U M B E R 3 J U N E 1 9 9 9

Cover: Aplomado Falcon is featured

I 267

in two articles in this issue. Clay and Pat Sutton write about the River of Raptors in Veracruz (page 229), where Aplomado Falcon is currently a local resident. At one time this handsome falcon also inhabited the grass-yucca plains of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, as well as the yucca-covered sand ridges of the lower Texas coast, described by David Wilcove (page 224). The cover photograph of this species, taken upon the bird's release at Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge, Texas, was taken by Steve Bentsen in 1993. 283 The camera was a Nikon F4, Nikon 400mmlf3.5 lens, Fuji Velvia film, at 15032,

293 f5.6 at 11250 sec.

A Birding Perspective Editorial

Your Letters The Forgotten Grasslands A Birding Essay: Reflections on Southwestern Bird Life by David S. Wilcoue

River of Raptors Exploring and Enjoying Pronatura Veracruz's Raptor Conservation Project by Clay Sutton and Pafrici~z S l ~ f f o n

Rare, Local, Little-known, and Declining North American Breeders A Closer Look: Snowy Plover by Peter VI! C. Paton

The Next New ABA Birds Florida and Southeastern Gulf Coast by Bill Pranty

Answers to April Photo Quiz by Jinz Burns

Answers to the February Alternate Photo Quiz by Alvaro Jaramillo

Gleanings from the Technical Literature A Familiar Mystery-Polymorphisn~ and the White-throated Sparrow by Paul E. Woods

Building Birding Skills Rules to Bird By: Bergmann's Rule by Edward H. Burtt Jr.

An Aleutian Canada Goose Success Story by Nina Faust and Edgar Bailey

Tools of the Trade Meade ETX-A Questar for the Rest of Us? by Stephen Ingraham

Cats Indoors! Campaign Gathers Steam by Linda Winter

Book and Media Reviews The Joy of Birding A Eurasian Hobby More or Less by Arlene Koch

New Photo Quiz Advertiser Index: page 295 1

Florida and Southeastern Gulf Coast:

BILL PRANTY*

Third in u Mini-series of Seven

IF YOU ARE IN FLORIDA and the eastern Gulf Coast region looking for bird species never before seen in the ABA Area, you would most efficiently spend your time in just four sub-tropical Florida counties, one of those markedly better than the other three.

One of the regions in Don Roberson's 1988 Birding article included nearly all of Florida and extended west along the Gulf coast to about the Mississippi River delta, encompassing coastal portions of Alabama and Missis- sippi, and a coastal part of Louisiana.

South Florida was included by Roberson undoubtedly because of the area's proximity to the Baha- mas and Cuba, and the number of

1 Caribbean strays that already had been recorded from the region. Palm Beach County, Florida, is less than 60 miles from Grand Ba- hama Island, and the mainline Florida Keys are less than 100 miles from Cuba. Considering the

*85 15 Village Mill Row, Bayonet Point, Florida 34667-2662, [email protected]

I Next Birds: Some Background -1 Just over ten years ago Don Roberson of Pacific Grove, California, was asked to gather a panel of birding experts and ornithologists from around the US. and Canada to predict what species would be the next new birds recorded in North America. After some thoughtful balloting, the predictions appeared in the December 1988 Birding. Now, we have assembled seven new panels, one for each of the seven regions covered in 1988 (with only slight geographic alteration): southern Arizonalsouthwest- ern New Mexico, Florida and the southeastern Gulf Coast,Texas, western Alaska, northeastern North America (Newfoundland to Delaware Bay), Pacific pelagic (British I Columbia to California), and Atlantic pelagic (mainly associated with the Gulf Stream). Predictions again are being made as to what species might be considered most likely candidates to make an addition to the ABAArea list in the foreseeable future. Here is the third article in that mini-series, this one on Florida and the southeastern Gulf Coast. Previously covered regions in the mini-series are shown in pink in the map below.To check on more of the ground-rules for this seven-part mini-series, see the first installment in the December 1998 Birding (pp. 48449 I).

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FLORIDA A N D SOUTHEASTERN COAST

most likely new aba birds

FLORIDA AND SOUTHEASTERN GULF COAST REGION

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Sagra's Flycatcher was found at Orrville (not "Oroville" as in AOU 1998), Alabama, on 14 September 1963 (Miles 1967); Citrine Wagtail at Starkville, Mississippi, 31 Jan- uary-1 February 1992 (DeBene- dictis 1994); and Blue Bunting at Cameron Parish, Louisiana, 16 December 1979 (Cardiff and Rern- sen 1981). The Kelp Gull recorded at the Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana, in 1989 will be the first exception to the table if the species is accepted by the ABA Checklist Committee.

Only three of the 54 species se- lected by Roberson's panel were o Caribbean affinity, and only the Greater Antillean Pewee (= Cuban Pewee, Contopus caribaeus) made the Top 10 list. The two other

SIRDING, JUNE 199" ?

county is Broward). The remain- ing four species occurred else- where in Florida, two in the Pan- handle and two in the peninsula. Monroe County, which includes the western portion of Everglades National Park and nearly all of the Florida Keys, accounts for two-thirds of all species new to North America that were recorded first from this region.

No species have been reported first in North America from coastal portions of Alabama and Mississippi, or from the coastal portion of Louisiana east of the Mississippi River delta. Each of these states, however, has recorded a first North American record from outside the boundary of the region which we are discussing. La

distribution of Caribbean strays in North America, it might have been more efficient had only four southeastern counties in Florida been chosen for consideration in that article, rather than nearly the.entire state and portions of three other states.

Most of the "South Florida and Southeastern Gulf Coast" region that we are examining in this mini-series has no affinity to sub- tropical southeastern Florida. To illustrate this fact, the table lists the 25 species recorded in the region as first records for North America. Twenty-one of these occurred in three of the four counties that comprise southeastern Florida: Palm Beach, Miami- Dade, and Monroe (the fourth

Caribbean species mentioned were Pearly-eyed Thrasher and Greater Antillean Bullfinch. At least two other species considered to be potential North American strays by Roberson's panel-Bulwer's Petrel and Streaked Flycatcher-also might occur in the region.

On 11 March 1995, a Cuban Pewee was discovered by Brian Hope at Spanish River Park in

. Palm Beach County, Florida (Pran- , ty 1995). The bird remained : through at least 4 April 1995, and ! was well documented by pho-

tographs and audio- and video- - -

g; tapes. This was the first record for 1 . Cuban Pewee in North America,

although the species has not yet been added to the ABA Checklist.

Of the other four species men-

FLORIDA AND SOUTHEASTERN COAST

.

tioned by Roberson that might be found in the region, Pearly-eyed Thrasher has not been reported in North America. The three remain- ing species have all been reported in Florida, but none was recorded verifiably (i.e., photographed, tape-recorded, salvaged, or collected) using the criteria estab- lished by Robertson and Woolfenden (1992) and Stevenson and Anderson (1994), and none is on the Florida or ABA lists. The report of a Greater Antillean Bullfinch was clouded by the pos- sibility that the bird had escaped from captivity, but Robertson and Woolfenden consider the species to be "surely a plausible straggler to southern Florida."

For our current predictions, the

gion; 10 birders and ornithologists who live in the region were chosen to make the predictions. Eight of the panel members live in Florida, with the other two from Alabama and Louisiana, respectively From Alabama is Greg Jackson, Field Notes seasonal editor for the Cen- tral Southern Region and the bird- records compiler for Alabama. From Louisiana is David Muth, former longtime American Birds seasonal editor of the Central Southern Region, and a former member of the Louisiana Bird Records Committee. The Florida birders are Bruce Anderson, co- author of The Birdlife of Florida and past president of the Florida

247

most likely new aba birds

Ornithological Society (FOS); Lyn Atherton, former American B ids seasonal editor and past secretary of the FOS Records Committee; Wes Biggs, state coordinator of the Florida Breeding Bird Atlas (1986-

- 1991), and founder of Flor~da Na- 1 ture Tours; Bob Duncan, expert in I

birds of the Florida pmhandle re-

i gion, and author of T l ~ e Birds of E ~ c n n z b i ~ ~ , S'7;zt.~ Rosn, rind O h - loosn Colrirties, Florida; David Goodwin, longtime compiler of the St. Petersburg Christmas Bird Count and past president of FOS; Wayne Hoffnlan, until recently the ornithologist for the National Audubon Society's Tavernier field station; Bill Pranty, author of A Birder? Guide to Florida and state compiler of the FOS seasonal bird reports; and William B. Robertson [r., senior research scientist a t Ev- xglades National Park and author or co-author of dozens of publica- tions, including Florida Bird Species: A n Annotated List.

Twenty-six species were mentioned by this panel as having the potential to stray into the Florida and Gulf Coast region. Each species was ranked hierarchically according to its likelihood of oc- curring in the region.

Because Duncan, Jackson, and Muth live far from the southeastern Florida coast, they chose to list potential stragglers from Central and South America rather than from the Caribbean. Their choices differ significantly from those of the peninsular Florida birders. rhis adds a welcome flavor to the

rall list. Among the Central I South American candidates,

however, only the Piratic Flycatch- er made the Top Six List; the other

RED-LEGGEDTHRUSH

In order, the Top Six most likely additions to the ABA Checklist from the Florida and Gulf Coast region are the following: Cuban Emerald, Red-legged Thrush, Olive-capped Warbler, Bahama Yello\vthroat, Piratic Flycatcher, and Greater Antillean Bullfinch.

With the exception of the flycatcher, which is from tropical America, these species all occur cominoidy in the Bahama Islands, and some occur also in Cuba. Per- haps not surprisingly, published reports in Florida for all species but the flycatcher exist, but verifiable evidence is lacking in all cases.

Birders who wish to study potential West Indian strays have two widely available field guides at their disposal: Birds of the West lndies (Bond 1990) and A Guide to the Birds of the West lndies (Raf- faele et al. 1998), prefaced in Raf- faele (1998). Bond (1990) is smaller

BI .,,- HALL-. . I (i.e., it is a true "field" guide), costs less, and its illustrations focus solely on Caribbean species. But although Raffaele et al. (1998) costs more, many birders will pre- fer it over Bond (1990) because it contains range maps for all species and is current in terms of nomen- clature. (Raffaele et al. 1998, however, chose to use their own name -Crescent-eyed P e w e e f o r Cub- an Pewee, a decision sure to cause confusion.) A Birder3 Guide to the Bahama Islands, including Turks I 'I

I . and Caicos (White 1998b), prefaced in White (1998a), is an excel- lent reference for the Bahamas and includes many color photographs of the Bahamian specialties.

Again, some of the choices by Duncan, Jackson, and Muth are to be found in Hilty and Brown (1986) or Howell and Webb (1995) rather than in Bond, Raffaele et al., o r White.

BIRDING. JUNE 1999

Cuban Emerald (Chlorostilbon ricordii) Native to the northern Bahamas, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines, this species was by far the run-away winner, included in the lists of all seven birders from the Florida peninsula. It was the top choice of Anderson, Atherton, Biggs, Good- win, Pranty, and Robertson, and the second choice of Hoffman. It has been reported in Florida about 14 times, most recently in May 1991 at Everglades National Park, Miami-Dade County, when Atherton, Biggs, and others saw it, but it has yet to be documented verifiablp All seven panel members from peninsular Florida agreed that it is just a matter of time before this species is photographed or videotaped in the state.

The Cuban Emerald is slightly larger than a Ruby-throated Hum- mingbird, with a straight bill with a mostly reddish lower mandible. Males have an all-green body with white undertail coverts; females have grayish underparts. Both sexes have a small white postocu- lar spot (males) or stripe (females) and a long, deeply-forked tail, black in males or brownish in females. Brace's Emerald (C. bra- cei), which is known from a single specimen collected from New Providence Island in 1877 and pre- sumably is now extinct, may have been indistinguishable in the field from Cuban Emerald.

Red-legged Thrush (Turdus plumbeus) Native to the Bahamas, Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Puerto Rico, Hispan- iola, and other Caribbean islands, this species has been reported

FLORIDA AND SOUTHEASTERN COAST

March 1960 at Miami, Miami- Dade County, Florida. The ob- servers considered the bird to be an escapee, although no sourcc was mentioned. Robertson and Woolfenden (1992) considered such an assessment to be unneces- sary and cited the report of a pre- sumed vagrant at Grand Cayman Island. Pranty chose this species over other potential Caribbear strays such as West Indian Whistling-Duck, Cuban Grass quit, Cuban Bullfinch, and Greater Antillean Bullfinch ve- cause he felt that the thrush was least likely to be kept in captivity, and any verified Florida record was likely to be accepted as a gen- uine strap

The Red-legged Thrush is about the size of an American Robin. Birds from the Bahamas are a dark gray overall, with a black throat and a white chin. Birds from central and western Cuba have a dark- er chin and a reddish-brown belly In all races, the tail is black with large, white terminal-spots; tht soft parts (i.e., legs, bill, and 01

bital rings) are red.

Bahama Yellowthroa (Geothlypis rostrata)

"v Native to the northern Bahamas (Abaco, Andros, Cat Island, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, and New Providence), this species has produced.three North American reports, all from Florida. The first report: by Paul Sykes, was of a bird mist-netted at Loxahatchee NWR, Palm Beach County, on 19 October 1968 (Sykes 1974). It was examined briefly, then escaped before it could be documented fully The second report, from the west-

BRUCE HALLETT

ern Florida Panhandle on 8 Octo- ber 19-4. probably should be dis- counted until details are published. Dunn and Garrett (1997) mention an additional Florida report: remains of a bird found in the stomach of a tiger shark (!) captured off llelbourne Beach, Brevard County, on 11 May 1976.

Bahama Yellowthroat is slight larger than a Common Yellow- throat, with a longer, more robu

. bill and all-yellow underparts. The call note is a distinct tuck or chyimp that lacks the "sh or j qualities" of a Comnlon Yellow- throat (Dunn and Garrett 1997).

Olive-capped Warbler ; (Dendroica pityophila)

ests of Cuba, Grand Bahama, and This species is native to pine

Abaco. Robertson felt that the Lower Keys are the most spot for this species to sh

-

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most -'-

ely new aba birds

OLIVE-CAI

Florida, since the bird's pine forest habitat has been virtually elimi- nated from mainland southeastern Florida. The sole North American report is from atypical habitat (i.e., West Indian hardwood ham- mock) at Everglades National Park, Miami-Dade County, Flori- da, on 8 March 1991, a report not accepted by the FOS Records Committee.

Olive-capped Warbler is about the size of a Northern Parula, with dull bluish-gray upperparts, a brownish-olive cap, and two whitish wingbars. The yellow throat and breast are bordered by black. Belly and undertail coverts are dingy $ ; a Piratic ~'iwatcher rp .

Native from southern Mexico south to northern Argentina and southern Brazil. Northern populations of this species migrate south during northern winter, but southern populations migrate northward following breeding (our winter). This was Jackson's top choice, and Duncan's second. There are three recent reports of Piratic Flycatcher from North America: one from Rattlesnake Springs, New Mexico, in Septem- ber 1996, a second from Big Bend, Texas in April 1998, and the third, which actually occurred first, of a bird photographed at the Dry Tor- tugas National Park, Florida, on 15 March 1991, initially identified as a Variegated Flycatcher (Bradbury 1992) but recently re- identified as a Piratic Flycatcher (fide Bruce Anderson). However, the Piratic Flycatcher is not yet under consideration by the ABA Checklist Committee.

Piratic Flycatchers are smaller than Sulphur-bellied Flycatchers, with a much smaller bill, a dark mask and cap, whitish supercili- um, an unstreaked back, pale throat, blurry dusky streaking o r the chest and flanks, and a tail that lacks rusty color.

Greater Antillean Bullfinch (Loxigilla violacea) This species is native to the Ba- hamas, Hispaniola, and Jamaica. The sole North American report was of a male studied "as close as 10 feet for 20 minutes" by Cynthia Plockelman and A1 Liberman, two experienced Florida birders, at Hypoluxo Island, Palm Beach County, Florida, on 24 April 1977 (Kale 1977). This species was listed as an Honorable Mention by Roberson's (1988) panel.

Greater Antillean Bullfinch is slightly smaller than a Blue Gros- beak with a similar body shape and large conical bill. Plumage is black overall, with dull red eye- brows, throat, and undertail coverts.

The Blue-and-white Swallow and Pearly-eyed Thrasher received the same number of points from the panel as the Greater Antillean Bullfinch. However, the bullfinch was chosen by three panel members versus two each for the swallow and thrasher, so it was given a higher ranking.

Twenty honorable-mention species that did not make the Top six list were also chosen by one or more panel members. Ten of these received from two to six points each, while ten others received

BIRDING, JUNE 1999

only a single point each. T h o s e tha t received more than o n e point a r e mentioned below in greater detail. 1. Blue-and-white Swallow (Pygo-

chelidon cyanoleuca). A widespread species whose South Amer- ican, south-of-the-equator, populations are austral, northbound, migrants.

2. Pearly-eyed Thrasher (Margarops fuscatus). Widespread in the West Indies, and expanding its range in the Bahamas. Shows some tenden- cy for vagrant): with a report from New Providence Island. This species was also listed as an Hon- orable lMention in the original Roberson article (1988), which includes a photograph.

3. "Cuban Crab Hawk" (Btrteogallus /anthracinus] gundlachii). Con- sidered currently to be a race of the Common Black-Hawk but may soon be elevated to the level of a full species. Endemic to Cuba. Numerous reports and a few records of this species have occurred in ~Mia~ni-Dade and

FLORIDA A N D SOUTHEASTERN COAST

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Monroe counties, Florida-most identified as Great Black-Hawks (Buteogallus mrubitinga)-but their origins have been questioned (Robertson and \Voolfenden 1992, itevenson and Anderson 1994). jocial Flycatcher (Myiozetetes sinzilis). A common resident from coastal Mexico (north to southern Tamaulipas) south to Peru and Argentina. This was an "also ran" of Roberson's (1988) panel. This species has been reported from Texas. Streakcd Flycatcher (Myiody- nastes inaculatus). Another Hon- orable mention from Roberson (1988), including a photograph. There is a well-detailed report from St. George Island State Park, Franklin County, Florida, on 25 September 1995 (Dean and Sally Jue in Pranty 1996). There havc been othcr unverified reports from outsidc the Florida-Gulf region. White-throated Kingbird (Tyran- ntrs albogzilaris). A widespread austral migrant of South Amcrica (north to thc Guianas and south- . - 1 5 1 :

9 "

eastern Venezuela) that winters ir the Amazon basin. Alpine Swift (Apt~s ~7~1617). A highly migratory species native to southern Europe, Africa, and southwestern Asia. A vagrant to Barbados, St. Lucia, Guadeloupe. and Puerto Rico. Bulwer's Petrel (Bulweria bul- werii). This was ranked second most likely to occur by Roberson's (1988) panel. There are numerous North American reports, including two from Florida. One bird photographed off Monterey Bay, Monterey County, California, on 26 July 1998, followed shortly. thereafter by another photographed off North Carolina on S August 1998, will be the first S o r t h American records if accepted by the ABA Checklist Committee. (Given our panel rules, ho~vever, this species is legit- imate for our list, since it was not under co~isideration by the ABA Checklist Committee when the votes Ivere cast.) Plumheous Kite (Ictiileil pltrmbeL7). X spring and summer resident of Central and South America, north to southern Tamaulipas and south to nor ern Argentina.

10. Black-bellied Storm-Petrel (Fre- t .* R F , ~ ' E - gatta t ~ o ~ i i ~ ) . A seabird of soutli-' ' r. r :

* ern oceans that undergoes a northward post-breeding disper- , '.

sal in the Atlantic nearly to the . -, '

equator. The sole North Ameri- . . can report refers to seven speci- i2 ,3 . -?s-2. '

: * rnens collected a t St. Marks har- :.it f.5:

i2-u.f bor, Wakulla County, Florida, , &++-I *: around 1850 (Howell 1932). Based : , : ,: ' . . ! * on measurements taken by G.N.

i - * .. Lawrence, Bourne (1962 and 1964 . in Stevenson and Anderson 1994) ' '"1

i : i ; determined that the Florida speci- ,, . rnens ere of the Wh~te-bellied -,:&?; !* Storm-Petrel ( E grallaria), rather ,*,a$ <, than of E tropica. None of the -rj&<d

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presently, and neither species is on the ABA Checklist.

The following species all received one point each: Soft- plumaged Petrel (Pterodroma mol- lis), West Indian Whistling-Duck (Dendrocygna arborea), Gray Heron (Ardea cinerea), Violet Sabrewing (Campylopterus hemi- leucurus), Chestnut-collared Swift (Streptoprocne rutila), Gray- rumped Swift (Chaetura cinerei- ventris), Caribbean Martin (Progne dominicensis), Small- billed Elaenia (Elaenia pnrvi- rostris)-another "also ran" of Roberson's panel, Giant Kingbird (Tymnnus cubensis), and Cuban Bullfinch (Melopyrrha nigm).

Literature Cited American Birding Association. 1996. ABA

Checklist: Birds of the Continental United States and Canada. 5th ed. Colorado Springs.

American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. Check-list o f North American Birds. 7th ed. Washington, D.C.

Bond, J. 1990. Birds of the West Indies. 5th ed. Collins. London.

Bradbury, R.C. 1992. First Florida record of Variegated Flycatcher (Empidono- mus varius) at Garden Key, Dry Tortu- gas. Florida Field Naturalist 20: 4 2 4 .

Cardiff, S.W., and J.V. Remsen Jr. 1981. A Blue Bunting [Passerina (Cyanocomp- sa) parellina] record for the United States from Louisiana. Auk 98: 621-622.

DeBenedictis, PA. 1994.1994 ABA Check- list report. Birding 27:367-368.

Dunn, J., and K. Garrett. 1997. A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.

Hilty, S. J., and W.L. Brown. 1986. A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press.

Howell, A.H. 1932. Florida Bird Life. Coward-McCann, New York.

Howell, S.N.G., and S. Webb. 1995. A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford

University Press, New York. Kale, H.W. 11. 1977. Florida Region

[Spring 1977 report]. American Birds. 31: 988-992.

Miles, M.L. 1967. An addition to the avi- fauna of the United States: Myiarchus stolidus sagrae. Auk 84: 279.

Pranty, B., compiler. 1995. Florida Or- nithological Society Field Observa- tions Committee spring report: March-May 1995. Florida Field Natu- ralist 23: 99-108.

. 1996. Florida Ornithological So- ciety Field Observations Committee fall report: August-November 1995. Florida Field Naturalist 24: 48-59.

Raffaele, H.A. 1998. Bahamian and other West Indian birds. Birding 30: 208-211.

Raffaele, H.[A.], J. Wiley, 0. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. A Guide to the Birds o f the West Indies. Prince- ton University Press.

Roberson, D. 1988. The 10 most likely additions to the ABA Checklist. Birding 20(6): 353-363.

Robertson, W.B., Jr., and G.E. Woolfend- en. 1992. Florida Bird Species: An An- notated List. Special Publication No. 6. Florida Ornithological Society Gainesville.

Stevenson, H.M., and B.H. Anderson. 1994. The Birdlife of Florida. Universi- t y Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Sykes, I?W. 1974. First record of Bahama Yellowthroat in the United States. American Birds 28: 14-15.

White, A. W. 1998a. Birding Southern Abaco. Birding 30: 196-211.

. 1998b. A Birder's Guide to the Bahama Islands, including Turks and Caicos. American Birding Association, Colorado Springs.

Additional S~ecies

next new aba birds for florida & the gulf coast (pranty 1999)

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