next tuesday read article by anne treisman. orienting attention
Post on 19-Dec-2015
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![Page 1: Next Tuesday Read article by Anne Treisman. Orienting Attention](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d2d5503460f94a035a3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Next Tuesday
• Read article by Anne Treisman
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Orienting Attention
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Control of Attention
• Major Distinctions:
Voluntary Reflexive
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Control of Attention
• Major Distinctions:
Voluntary Reflexive
Overt Covert
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Voluntary Orienting
• Attention can be oriented covertly – a commonly used metaphor is “the spotlight of attention”
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Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
Subject presses a button as soon as x appears
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Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
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Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
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Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
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Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
X
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Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
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Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
That was a validly cued trial because the x appeared in the box that flashed
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Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
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Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
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Voluntary Orienting
• What is another way to make this paradigm a voluntary orienting paradigm?
Symbolic cues may orient attention towards another location.Stimulus cues orient attention to the stimulated location.
Symbolic Cue
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Reflexive Orienting
• Attention can be automatically “summoned” to a location at which an important event has occurred:
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Reflexive Orienting
• Attention can be automatically “summoned” to a location at which an important event has occurred:– Loud noise– Motion– New Object
• We call this attentional capture
Transients
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Reflexive Orienting
• The Posner cueing paradigm (with blinking boxes) confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting
… in what way?
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Reflexive Orienting
• The Posner cueing paradigm (with blinking boxes) confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting
• How could we change the Posner cueing paradigm to make it asses only reflexive orienting?
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Reflexive Orienting
• The Posner cueing paradigm (with blinking boxes) confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting
• How could we change the Posner cueing paradigm to make it asses only reflexive orienting?
• Make validity 50% (non-informative cue)
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Reflexive Orienting
• The Posner cueing paradigm (with blinking boxes) confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting
• How could we change the Posner cueing paradigm to make it asses only reflexive orienting?
• Make validity 50% (non-informative cue)
• Viewers are still faster and more accurate!
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Reflexive Orienting
• Can symbolic cues be reflexive?
Almost never but …
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Reflexive Orienting
• Can symbolic cues be reflexive?
Reflexive orienting to direction of eye gaze
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Reflexive Orienting
• Potential cues for Reflexive Orienting– Loud noise– Motion– New Object
• New Objects are powerful attention grabbers!
Transients
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New Objects Capture Attention
IS THERE AN “H”?
Initial scene viewed for several hundred ms
Yantis & Jonides (1990): New-Object Paradigm
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New Objects Capture Attention
New scene: search for target letter
IS THERE AN “H”?
Yantis & Jonides (1990): New-Object Paradigm
H may be revealed from an 8 or may appear as a new object
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Reflexive Orienting
• Steven Yantis and colleagues– Result:
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Reflexive Orienting
• Steven Yantis and colleagues– Result:
Targets are found faster when they are “new objects” than when they are revealed from “old” objects
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Reflexive Orienting
• Steven Yantis and colleagues– Interpretation:
The visual system prioritizes in dealing with visual objects - relatively recent objects are “flagged” while older objects are disregarded
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Attention and Consciousness
• The attention orienting mechanism can be confused leading to something called “change blindness”
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Attention and Consciousness