Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000

NEXUS of Water and EnergyIssues, Trends, and Challenges

Toyota Sustainable Mobility Seminar- Sept. 22 – 25, 2008

John A. MersonSandia National Laboratories

Energy and Water are … Interdependent

Water for Energy

and

Energy for Water

Energy and Water are … Interdependent

Water for Energy

and

Energy for Water

Energy and power production require water:• Thermoelectric

cooling• Hydropower• Energy minerals

extraction/mining• Fuel Production

(fossil fuels, H2 , biofuels)

• Emission control

Water production, processing, distribution, and end-use require energy:• Pumping• Conveyance

and Transport• Treatment• Use conditioning• Surface and

Ground water

Water Withdrawal Trends by Sector Water Withdrawal Trends by Sector

[USGS, 2004]

Water Consumption by SectorWater Consumption by Sector

U.S. Freshwater Consumption, 100 Bgal/day

Livestock3.3%

Thermoelectric3.3%

Commercial1.2%

Domestic7.1%

Industrial3.3%

Mining1.2%Irrigation

80.6%

Energy accounts for 27 percent of non-agricultural fresh water consumption

[USGS, 1998]

Growing Limitations on Fresh Surface and Ground Water Availability

Growing Limitations on Fresh Surface and Ground Water Availability

• Little increase in surface water storage capacity since 1980

• Concerns over climate impacts on surface water supplies

• Many major ground water aquifers seeing reductions in water quality and yield

( Based on USGS WSP-2250 1984 and Alley 2007)

(Shannon 2007)

Growing Use of Non-traditional Water Resources Growing Use of Non-traditional Water Resources

• Desal growing at 10% per year, waste water reuse at 15% per year• Reuse not accounted for in USGS assessments• Non-traditional water use is energy intensive

(From EPA 2004, Water Reuse 2007, Mickley 2003)

0123

456789

10

Kw

h/m

^3

1 2 3 4 5Sea WaterRO

Today The Future

ConventionalTreatment

BrackishRO

BrackishNF

Power Requirements For Treating

(Einfeld 2007)

Most State Water Managers Expect Shortages Over The Next Decade Under Average

Conditions

Most State Water Managers Expect Shortages Over The Next Decade Under Average

Conditions

TX

CA

MT

AZ

ID

NV

NM

COIL

OR

UT

KS

WY

IANE

SD

MN

ND

OK

FL

WI

MO

AL

WA

GA

AR

LA

MI

IN

PA

NY

NC

MS

TN

KYVA

OH

SC

ME

WV

MI VTNH

MD

NJ

MACT

DE

RI

g

AK

AK

HI

HI

HI

HI

HI

shortageStatewideRegionalLocalNoneNo response or uncertain

Source: GAO 2003

Water challenges are nationwideWater challenges are nationwide

Projected Population Growth (2000-2020)Source: Campbell (2000)

50%

%

30%

30%

40%

10%

10%

30%

15%

5%

15%

20%

35%

20%

EPRI 2003

The U.S. will need 50% more electricity by 2035

The U.S. will need 50% more electricity by 2035

Source: DOE/EIA-0384(2004)

Projection:y = 67.05(x) - 130,700

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1945 1965 1985 2005 2025Year

Billio

n kW

h

~50% more electricity needed in

U.S. by 2035

• Most growth in water stressed regions

• Most new plants expected to use evaporative cooling

Growth in Thermoelectric Growth in Thermoelectric Power GenerationPower Generation

Source: NETL, 2004

Projected Thermoelectric Increases(Capacity in 2025 vs 1995)

Water Demands for Future Electric Power Development

Water Demands for Future Electric Power Development

• Water demands could almost triple from 1995 consumption for projected mix of plants and cooling

• Carbon emission requirements will increase water consumption by an additional 1-2 Bgal/day 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1995 2005 2015 2025 2035

Year

Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

( bill

ion

gallo

ns p

er d

ay)

Source: NETL 2006

Water Use and Consumption for Electric Power Generation

Water Use and Consumption for Electric Power Generation

Plant-type Cooling Process

Water Use Intensity (gal/MWhe )

Steam Condensing Other Uses

Withdrawal Consumption Consumption

Fossil/ biomass steam turbineOpen-loop 20,000–50,000 ~200-300

15-36Closed-loop 300–900 300–714

Nuclear steam turbine

Open-loop 25,000–60,000 ~40036

Closed-loop 800–1,100 ~720

Natural Gas Combined- Cycle

Open-loop 7,500–20,000 10010-20

Closed-loop 230 408

Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle Closed-loop 360-540 200-510 130

Carbon sequestration for fossil energy generation ~25% increase in water withdrawal and consumption

Geothermal Steam Closed-loop 2190 1640-1750 50

Concentrating Solar Closed-loop 850-1125 750-920 10-53

Wind and Solar Photovoltaic N/A 0 0 1

The U.S. will need 33% more Transportation Fuels by 2030

The U.S. will need 33% more Transportation Fuels by 2030

• Fuel use will increase despite gains in efficiency

• Current initiatives for domestic alternatives like oil shale and biofuels

• Major hydrogen use will be post 2030 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1960

1980

2000

2020

Year

Fuel

Dem

and

(mill

ion

barr

els

per d

ay)

Imports

Oil Shale

Biofuels

TraditionalSupplies

Emerging Water Demands for Alternative Fuels Development

Emerging Water Demands for Alternative Fuels Development

• Irrigation of even small percentage of biofuel acreage will increase water consumption by an additional 5 Bgal/day

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

1995 2005 2015 2025 2035

Year

Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(bill

ion

gallo

ns p

er d

ay)

Oil Shale

Biofuels

TraditionalRefining

Water Demand/Impact of Transportation Fuels

Fuel Type and

Process

Relationship to Water Quantity

Relationship to Water Quality

Water Consumption

† Ranges of water use per unit energy largely based on data taken from the Energy-Water Report to Congress (DOE, 2007)* Conservative estimates of water use intensity for irrigated feedstock production based on per-acre crop water demand and fuel yield‡ Estimates based on unvalidated projections for commercial processing; § Assuming rain-fed biomass feedstock production

Conventional Oil & Gas- Oil Refining

- NG extraction/Processing

Water needed to extract and refine;Water produced from extraction

Produced water generated from

extraction;Wastewater generated

from processing;

Biofuels- Grain Ethanol Processing

- Corn Irrigation for EtOH

- Biodiesel Processing

- Soy Irrigation for Biodiesel

Oil Shale- In situ retort- Ex situ retort

Oil Sands

Synthetic Fuels- Coal to Liquid (CTL)

- Hydrogen RE Electrolysis

- Hydrogen (NG Reforming)

Water needed to Extract / Refine

Water needed for growing

feedstock and for fuel processing;

Wastewater generated from processing;

Agricultural irrigation runoff and infiltration

contaminated with fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticide compounds

Wastewater generated; Leachate runoff

Water needed for synthesis and/or

steam reforming of natural gas (NG)

Wastewater generatedfrom coal mining and

CTL processing

Water needed to Extract / Refine

Wastewater generated;In-situ impact uncertain; Surface leachate runoff

Average gal water consumed per gal fuel

1 - 2.5

0.2

3 - 7~ 980*∼ 2

~ 6500*

1.2 - 2.3

2.1 - 5.2

2 - 6.9

0.9 - 2.7 ~ 3 ‡

6.4

Water for processing; Energy crop impacts on hydrologic flows

- Lignocellulosic Ethanoland other synthesized

Biomass to Liquid (BTL) fuels

Wastewater generated;Water quality benefits of perennial energy crops

~ 2 - 6 ‡§

∼ 2 - 6 ‡§

Fuel Type and

Process

Relationship to Water Quantity

Relationship to Water Quality

Water Consumption

† Ranges of water use per unit energy largely based on data taken from the Energy-Water Report to Congress (DOE, 2007)* Conservative estimates of water use intensity for irrigated feedstock production based on per-acre crop water demand and fuel yield‡ Estimates based on unvalidated projections for commercial processing; § Assuming rain-fed biomass feedstock production

Conventional Oil & Gas- Oil Refining

- NG extraction/Processing

Water needed to extract and refine;Water produced from extraction

Produced water generated from

extraction;Wastewater generated

from processing;

Biofuels- Grain Ethanol Processing

- Corn Irrigation for EtOH

- Biodiesel Processing

- Soy Irrigation for Biodiesel

Oil Shale- In situ retort- Ex situ retort

Oil Sands

Synthetic Fuels- Coal to Liquid (CTL)

- Hydrogen RE Electrolysis

- Hydrogen (NG Reforming)

Water needed to Extract / Refine

Water needed for growing

feedstock and for fuel processing;

Wastewater generated from processing;

Agricultural irrigation runoff and infiltration

contaminated with fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticide compounds

Wastewater generated; Leachate runoff

Water needed for synthesis and/or

steam reforming of natural gas (NG)

Wastewater generatedfrom coal mining and

CTL processing

Water needed to Extract / Refine

Wastewater generated;In-situ impact uncertain; Surface leachate runoff

Average gal water consumed per gal fuel

1 - 2.5

0.2

3 - 7~ 980*∼ 2

~ 6500*

1.2 - 2.3

2.1 - 5.2

2 - 6.9

0.9 - 2.7 ~ 3 ‡

6.4

Water for processing; Energy crop impacts on hydrologic flows

- Lignocellulosic Ethanoland other synthesized

Biomass to Liquid (BTL) fuels

Wastewater generated;Water quality benefits of perennial energy crops

~ 2 - 6 ‡§

∼ 2 - 6 ‡§

Projected Ethanol Production by FeedstockProjected Ethanol Production by Feedstock

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2006 2011 2016 2021 2026

Corn Grain Wood Residues Wheat Straw Corn Stover Ded. Energy Crop

Bill

ion

Gal

lons

(Ref: NRC, 2007)

Ethanol Production Growth and Feedstock Irrigation Issues

Ethanol Production Growth and Feedstock Irrigation Issues

Ref: Schnoor, ACS, 2008

• Irrigated corn requires 2000-4000 gal/bushel

• Move to cellulosic ethanol will move production south and east

• Amount of irrigation needed for fuel reliability of dedicated energy crops is uncertain

• Concerns over ethanol production plant impacts on groundwater quality and availability

Biomass and Water Use Impacts Will be Regional

Biomass and Water Use Impacts Will be Regional

Oil Shale development will be regional and impact water availability and quality

Oil Shale development will be regional and impact water availability and quality

• Reserves are in areas of limited water resources

• Water needed for retorting, steam flushing, and cooling up to 2-5 gallons per gallon of fuel

• Concerns over in situ migration of retort by- products and impact on ground water quality

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS