neyrey - the sociology of secrecy

7/24/2019 Neyrey - The Sociology of Secrecy

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THE SOCIOLOGY OF SECRECY

AND THE FOURTH GOSPELJerome H. Neyrey

University of Notre DmeNov. !"# !$$%

1.0 A Taste for Secrecy

1.1 Outright Secrecy

1.1.1 Hiding

1.1.2 Lying

1.1.3 Evasive Speech

1.1.4 eception1.2 !"n the #no$%&OT in the #no$!

1.3 Ho$ oes One 'et to #no$(

1.3.1

State)ent%*isunderstanding%+,arificat

ion -*aye/

1.3.2 evea,ers

1.3.3 'ossip &et$or

1.3.4 Asides and ootnotes

1.3. orensic Ea)ination of

Testi)ony

1.4 5hy Are So)e !&OT in the #no$!(1. "rony

1.6 A)iguity

1.7 5ho #no$s Everything(

2.0 The Socio,ogy of Secrecy

2.1 Secrecy efined

2.2 The Secrecy 8rocess

2.3 The unctions of Secrecy

2.3.1 *anifest and Latent Secrecy

2.3.2 Etra9group and "ntra9group

Secrecy

2.4 5ho #no$s 5hat( 5hen(2.4.1 5ho #no$s(

2.4.2 5ho #no$s 5hat(

2.4.3 5hen "s "t #no$n(

2. Secret Societies

3.0 The ourth 'ospe, and the Socio,ogy of Secrecy

3.1 Secrecy 8rocess and :ohn

3.1.1 Secrecy; +ontro,,ing "nfor)ation

3.1.2 Entrusted isc,osure -< gossip

net$or/

3.1.3 Espionage; iscovering Secrets

3.1.4 Eva,uation of Espionage3.2 Secrecy and ifferentiation of +haracters


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3.2.1 Outsiders; !&ot in the #no$!

3.2.2 "nsiders; !&ot in the #no$!

3.2.3 "nsiders; egrees of =eing !"n the

#no$!

3.3 Secrecy and Scrutiny of :esus> 5ords

3.4 unctions of Secrecy

1.0 A Taste for Secrecy

&'(tmnn on)e remr*e+ t,t in t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e( Jes's reve(s t,t ,e is t,e reve(er#

't not m'), e(se /&'(tmnn 0. Yet 1informtion )ontro(1 emer2es s )entr(-,enomenon in t,is +o)'ment n+ -rovi+es si2nifi)nt )('es o't t,e so)i( +ynmi)s

of t,e )omm'nity for 3,i), it 3s 3ritten. 1Informtion )ontro(1 is so)i(4s)ien)e

(e( 3,i), +es)ries t,e -ro)ess 3,erey se)rets# -rivte informtion# n+ t,e (i*e res,re+ 3it, some# 't not 3it, ot,ers. 1In no so)iety +o in+ivi+'(s tret (( ot,ers 3it,)om-(ete )n+or1 /Tefft 5$0.

Un(i*e t,e Syno-ti) 2os-e(s# Jo,n +oes not )ontin )ommissionin2 y Jes's to ,is+is)i-(es to 12o m*e +is)i-(es of (( ntions# te),in2 t,em to oserve (( t,t I ,ve

)ommn+e+ yo'1 /6tt 789!$0. Informtion from n+ o't Jes's# 3,en it is s-re+# is))om-(is,e+ t,ro'2, 12ossi- net3or*1 to se(e)t in+ivi+'(s /Neyrey !$$%0. An+

(t,o'2, Jes's +e)(res efore one of ,is :'+2es# 1I ,ve (3ys t'2,t in syn2o2'esn+ in t,e tem-(e. . .I ,ve si+ not,in2 in se)ret1 /Jo,n !897;0# t,t ,r+(y e


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!.! Outright Secrecy

!.!.! Hiding. On o))sion# Jes's 1,i+es ,imse(f.1 After reve(in2 2ret reve(tions in89" n+ "8# Jes's 1,i+ ,imse(f1 s ,is enemies too* '- stones to t,ro3 t ,im /89"$0. A

strte2i) move# no +o't# 't one fr'2,t 3it, mi2'ity 3,en )om-re+ 3it, Jes'sBreve(tion to t,e )ro3+ in !797>45" n+ ,is s'se'ent 1,i+in2 ,imse(f from t,em1

/!7950 3,en t,ere 3s no +et, t,ret. He 3rne+ ,is '+ien)e# 1T,e (i2,t is 3it, yo' (itt(e (on2er. @(* 3,i(e yo' ,ve t,e (i2,t1 /!795"0. &'t t,e (i2,t +oes not (st (on2# for

13,en Jes's ,+ si+ t,is# ,e +e-rte+ n+ ,i+ ,imse(f from t,em1 /!7950. Ot,er),r)ters (i*e3ise 1,i+e1 t,emse(ves9 Ni)o+em's )omes se)ret(y to Jes's t ni2,t to

voi+ +ete)tion /597? !$95$? +e Jon2e 0? ot,ers ttr)te+ to Jes's +is2'ise+ t,eirffi(ition /!79%7? !$9580. 6oreover# 3,en J'+s s*s 1@,y is it t,t yo' 3i(( mnifest

yo'rse(f to 's n+ not to t,e 3or(+1 /!%9770# ,is remr* im-(ies t,t Jes's is reve(in2somet,in2 to t,em# 't ,i+in2 it from ot,ers. &esi+es e9!4

$# Jes's --ers to (ie to ,is 'ne(ievin2 rot,ers9 1I m not 2oin2 to t,is fest1 />980.Hvin2 si+ t,is# 1He (so 3ent '-. . .not -'(i)(y# 't in -rivte1 />9!;0. Lyin2 in t,e

&i(e s,o'(+ not strt(e 's fter t,e -ioneerin2 3or* of Jo,n Pi(), /Listenin20. T,ose3,o re+ t,e Jo,nnine 2os-e( n+ (etters 3ere 'ite fmi(ir 3it, ))'stions of (yin2

/! Jo,n 797!# 7>? %9!0.

!.!.5 Evasive Speech. @,en t,e -rents of t,e mn orn (in+ re interro2te+# t,ey

)*no3(e+2e t,t t,ey 1*no31 some t,in2s n+ 1+o not *no31 ot,ers /$97!0. T,e 't,orinter-rets t,eir s-ee), s -'r-osef'( evsion9 1His -rents si+ t,is e)'se t,ey fere+

t,e Je3s1 /$9770.

!.!.% eception. Jes'sB enemies re )onvin)e+ t,t ,e is +e)eiver 3,o intention((y

(e+s t,e -eo-(e stry. @,i(e some ,n2 on Jes's 3or+s# ot,ers re )onvin)e+ t,t 1,eis (e+in2 t,e -eo-(e stry1 /-(ni# >9!70. @,en t,e so(+iers sent o't to --re,en+ ,im

ret'rn 3it, -rise of ,is 3or+s# t,e P,risees )ite t,is s not,er e9%>0.

!.7 !"n the #no$%&OT in the #no$.!T,ro'2,o't t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e(# 3e re en+(ess(y

to(+ o't -eo-(e 3,o +o not *no3 im-ortnt informtion o't Jes's# e2innin2 3it,t,e &-tier /!95!# 550. T,ere --ers to e no -rti)'(r sti2m tt),e+ to -eo-(e t t,e

e2innin2 of stories 3,o re 1not in t,e *no3#1 -rovi+e+ t,t y t,e storyBs en+ t,ey re

1in t,e *no3.1 &'t 3e fre'ent(y fin+ -eo-(e +ivi+e+ into -o(rities in terms of1*no3in21 n+ 1not *no3in2# -ttern 3,i), -rovi+es t,e re+ers 3it, )riterion for

:'+2in2 t,ese nrrtive ),r)ters. For e


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f'n)tion in t,ree 3ys9 /!0 insi+ers# 3,o re 1in t,e *no3#1 re se-rte+ from o'tsi+ers#

3,o re 1not in t,e *no31? /70 some )(im to e 1in t,e *no3#1 't t,eir *no3(e+2e iserroneo's# t,'s -rovin2 t,em to e o'tsi+ers? /50 t,e informtion most ,i2,(y v('e+ is

))'rte *no3(e+2e of 3,en)e Jes's )omes n+ 3,it,er ,e 2oes /Neyrey Jn 5? ot,er0.

Peo-(e re2'(r(y s* 'estions of Jes's. T,ose 3,o 'estion -res'm(y re 1not in t,e

*no3.1 Yet not (( 'estions re ns3ere+# so t,t some remin 1not in t,e *no31 /59"4!;? Neyrey III0# 3,i(e ot,ers 2et stri2,t ns3ers /!9!$475? $9745? !5975470.

!.5 Ho$ oes One 'et to #no$(P't most sim-(y# in t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e( one nee+s toe to(+ or (e+ to t,e tr't,. J'st s (( 1-o3er1 is 2iven from ove /!$9!!0# so too is

1*no3(e+2e.1 T,e nrrtive -tterns +es)riin2 ,o3 one 2ets to *no3 re ot, n'mero'sn+ intri)te.

!.! State)ent%*isunderstanding%+,arification -*aye/. Re+ers of t,e Fo'rt,Gos-e( re 'i)*(y intro+')te+ to t,e e

8958 895$ 895$4%;

89%! 89%! 89%74%>

89"! 89"74"5 89"%4""

89" 89"> 89"8

!!975 !!97% !!97"47

!797> !797$ !795;

!597> !597$ !595!45"

!%9% !%9" !%9

!%9> !%98 !%9$4!!

!97"478 !97$45; !95!457


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Jes's sttes somet,in2# 3,i), invri(y is mis'n+erstoo+# fter 3,i), ,e )(rifies ,is

mis'n+erstoo+ remr*. Sometimes t,e -ttern in+i)tes -ro2ressive reve(tion of se)retsn+ so res'(ts in t,e -erson on)e 1not in t,e *no31 re)eivin2 ),risto-,ny /%970 or

s-e)i( informtion /!!9!54!" 7"470. &'t t,e )onverse (so o))'rs9 some3,o mis'n+erstn+ Jes'sBsttement never )ome 1into t,e *no31 or never ,ve t,eir

'estions ns3ere+# n+ so re )onfirme+ s o'tsi+ers 3,o re 1not in t,e *no31 /5954!;? 9%!4%8? 897!45;0. T,'s Jes'sB)(rifi)tions my e eit,er reve(tions or vei(s# 't in

(( )ses t,ey re vint2e 1informtion )ontro(.1

!.7 evea,ers. A(t,o'2, Go+ remins +ire)t(y 1'n*no3n1 y (( 't Jes's# for 1no one

,s ever seen Go+1 /!9!8? "95>? 9%0# nevert,e(ess Go+ reve(s se)rets to se(e)t -eo-(e#s'), s Jo,n t,e &-tier /!95! n+ 550 n+ Jes's /!9!8? 595745%0. T,ey in t'rn

)omm'ni)te t,is *no3(e+2e to se(e)t +is)i-(es.

Jes's is t,e reve(er -r e0# ,is 1ret,ren1 /7;9!$47!0# T,oms /7;9747$0# t,e +is)i-(es

fis,in2 /7!9%4># !70# n+ Peter /7!9!"4!$0. Jes's# moreover# reve(s t,e se)ret menin2 ofevents to t,e inner )ir)(e /$97450# i+entifies ,is tritor to ,is most intimte sso)ite

/!5975470# te((s on(y ,is +is)i-(es o't 1,is 3y1 /!%9%4? Se2ovi rti)(e0 n+ o'tGo+ /!%9>4!!0. To 6ry 62+(ene Jes's reve(s t,e '(timte se)ret 3,i), is to e

s,re+ on(y 3it, t,e inner )ir)(e# 1my ret,ren#1 /7;9!>0. Fin((y# 3e note t,t Jes'sm*es n'mer of -ro-,e)ies# 't on(y to se(e)t +is)i-(es /!5958? !8984$0? t,ey my not

e 'n+erstoo+ t first /79!$0 't event'((y )ome to (i2,t /797!477? !79!74!0.

!.5 'ossip &et$or. no3(e+2e int ,e Fo'rt, Gos-e( is (3ys me+ite+ to ot,ers n+

t,'s )ontro((e+. Some )ome to *no3 e)'se t,ey re 1t'2,t y Go+1 /9%"0? ot,ers reen(i2,tene+ y t,e 1s-irit of tr't,1 /!%97? !9!54!%0. Sti(( ot,ers ,ve Jes's s reve(er

n+ )te),ist. Yet t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e( )ontins )'rio's -ttern# 3,i), in so)io(o2i)(:r2on my e (e((e+ t,e 12ossi- net3or*1 /Neyrey @ron20. In me+i4(ess 3or(+# t,e

or+inry mens of informtion +issemintion is or( )omm'ni)tion /see !895%0. &'t 3es,o'(+ not im2ine t,t every one te((s (( t,ey *no3 to everyo+y. Distin)tive -tterns

of )omm'ni)tion )n e +is)overe+# s'), t,t on(y )ertin -ersons te(( se(e)t ot,erssome of 3,t t,ey *no3.

T,e e2innin2 n+ en+in2 of t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e( i(('strte t,e 12ossi- net3or*1 or t,e)ontro((e+ f(o3 of informtion. At t,e e2innin2# one +is)i-(e te((s not,er o't Jes's

/!95"4"!? Neyrey Revo(t0? t,e -erson informe+ is eit,er *in to or vi((2e nei2,or oft,e informer. T,e informtion is not to(+ to (( in t,e mr*et-()e. At t,e en+ of t,e story#

6ry 62+(ene t*es s-e)ifi) 3or+ to se(e)t -eo-(e# 1Go to Bmy ret,renB n+ sy tot,em...1 /7;9!>0? (ter t,ese 1ret,ren1 te(( T,oms o't Jes's /7;97%0. @it,in t,ese

frmin2 events# t,e Smritn 3omn te((s on(y ,er vi((2ers o't Jes's /%97845;0?6rt, n+ 6ry te(( Jes's o't Lr's /!!950? 6rt, te((s 6ry t,t Jes's s'mmons

,er /!!?780? t,e Gree*s 3,o 3is, to see Jes's first te(( P,i(i-# 3,o t,en te((s An+re3#3,o t,en (e+s t,em to Jes's /!797!4770. 6ry 62+(ene te((s t,e +is)i-(es of t,e

em-ty tom /7;970 n+ t,e &e(ove+ Dis)i-(e te((s Peter t,t t,e fi2're on t,e s,ore is


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1t,e Lor+1 /7!9>0. T,'s# 3,tever e(se 3e m*e of t,is -ttern# informtion o't Jes's

or from ,im is (3ys ),nne(e+ to ot,ers t,ro'2, se(e)t n+ restri)te+ net3or*.

!.% Asides and ootnotes. If ),r)ters in t,e 2os-e( reve( informtion to ot,ers# t,e

re+ers /or ,erers0 re trete+ y t,e 't,or to s-e)i( informtion not *no3n to t,enrrtive ),r)ters. &esi+es t,e trns(tion of )ertin Semiti) terms into Gree* /!958#

%!# %7? %97"? "97? $9>? !$9!5# !>? 7;9!0# 3e re 2iven 1footnotes1 n+ 1si+es1/OBRo'r*e0. As Tenny ,s s,o3n# some of t,ese inform t,e re+er of /!0 times n+

-()es /9%? >97? $9!%? !;977475? !!9!>0# /70 )'stoms /%9$? !$9%;0# /50 re)o((e)tions of t,e+is)i-(es /7977? !79!0# /%0 e


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3s. As D'*e remr*s# 1T,e eirn 3ore ms* of 2oo+3i(( 3,i), )on)e(e+ enmity. He

3s 2rinnin2 fo97;? 89%8# "7? !;97;0

4 ot,er /89%!? $9!# 7%? !895;0

5. S'22estions of e(ief />97# %>4%8# "7? $97>0

". Un)ons)io's -ro-,e)y n+ testmony /79!;? >954%# 5"45? 8977? !!9%8# %$4";? !79!$0.

T,ro'2, t,e 'se of irony# t,e 't,or )ontro(s informtion. T,e 't,or *no3s more t,n

t,e ),r)ters in t,e nrrtive? ,e re(


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+es-ite Jes'sB rtion(ition for ,is e,vior />97!4750. In t,e f)e of t,is mi2'ity#

Jes's +emn+s t,t ,is )riti)s not 1:'+2e ))or+in2 to --ern)es1 />97%? see 89!"0.

Jes's remins mi2'o's to t,e )ro3+s. On mny o))sions 3e re to(+ t,t t,ey 3ere

+ivi+e+ over ,im# some ))(imin2 ,im n+ ot,ers +eno'n)in2 ,im />9!74!5# 7> n+ 5!#%;4%!? $9!4!># 7845%? !;9!$47!? !!95"? !797$0. He is not# ,o3ever# mi2'o's to some#

3,o t,in* t,t t,ey ,ve 'nms*e+ ,is +e)e-tion />957# %>4%80.

6ny -eo-(e in t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e( 1t,in* t,ey *no31 /+o*e0 somet,in2. T,e +is)i-(es#

3,o re insi+ers# 1t,in*1 t,ey *no3 3,t Jes's mens 3,en ,e si+ 1Lr's is s(ee-1/!!9!!4!50? some 1t,in*1 t,ey *no3 3,y J'+s (eves t,e s'--er /!597$0? 6ry

62+(ene 1t,in*s1 t,t s,e sees 2r+ener esi+e t,e tom /7;9!"0. In e), )se t,ese-eo-(e re mist*en y --ern)es. T,ey mi2,t t*e Jes'sB 3or+s too (iter((y n+ miss

t,e se)ret inner menin2? it seems tr+ition( t,t +is)i-(es not re)o2nie t,e risen Jes's#

even t,o'2, t,ey (oo* ri2,t t ,im. Ho3 im-ortnt# t,en# is t,e re-ort t,t one s-e)i(+is)i-(e sees t,ro'2, --ern)es n+ re)o2nies Jes's /7!9>0. On t,e ot,er ,n+# Jes's)riti)ies t,e 3y o'tsi+ers 1t,in*19 t,ey ser), t,e s)ri-t'res n+ 1t,in*1 t,ey re

fin+in2 (ife /"95$0? t,ey 1t,in*1 t,t 6oses 3i(( (3ys e t,eir +vo)te /"9%"0? t,ey1t,in*1 t,t y *i((in2 Jes'sB +is)i-(es t,ey 3i(( ,onor Go+ /!970. A--ern)es# t,en# re

+e)eivin2? one )nnot te(( oo* y its )over or -ersons y t,e )(ot,es t,ey 3er.

In 3or(+ of mi2'ity n+ --ern)es# 3e re 'r2e+ to e


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s=min9 !7955? !8957? 7!9!$

-,nero9 79!!? >%? $95? !>9? 7!9!# !%

6oreover# Jes's )ontro(s 3,o 2ets 3,t informtion. To ,is +is)i-(es ,e mnifests ,is2(ory? to s-e)i( insi+ers ,e -re+i)ts t,eir f't're? to ,is inner )ir)(e ,e reve(s Go+Bs

nme? to ,is e(ove+ intimte ,e im-rts se)ret? n+ to )(ose fo((o3er ,e s,o3s ,is,n+s n+ si+e. He my 1te((1 t,in2s to t,e 3or(+ n+ to o'tsi+ers /ei-on0# 't im-ortntinformtion is (3ys )ontro((e+. On(y se(e)t -eo-(e re)eive s-e)i( informtion n+

*no3(e+2e.

Yet t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e( insists t,t Jes's is ot, t,e most *no3(e+2e(e ),r)ter in t,enrrtive n+ (so reve(er. A(t,o'2, no one ,s seen Go+ /!9!8? "95>? 9%0# Jes's

,s. T,e 3or(+ ,s not *no3n Go+# 't 1I ,ve *no3n yo'1 /!>97"0. @e re to(+ t,t

Go+ ,s s,o3e+ Jes's (( t,t Go+ +oes /"9!$47;0? Go+ ,s t'2,t ,im /89780. One oft,e *ey t,in2s t,t Jes's m*es *no3n is Go+Bs 1nme#1 1I A61 /Neyrey# I+eo(0. &'t ,e)ontro(s 3,o *no3s t,e 1nme1? not ((# 't on(y t,e inner )ir)(e of ,is +is)i-(es *no3 itor --re)ite it /!>9# !7# 70.

One t,in2 is )ertin9 Jes's 1*no3s (( t,in2s1 /!95;0. He )(ims to e 'ni'e(y

*no3(e+2e(e e)'se ,e )omes 1from ove1 /595!4570 n+ is 1not of t,is 3or(+1/897%0. Hen)e ,e *no3s s-irit'( t,in2s# not f(es,(y one n+ ,e is -rivy to ,even(y

t,in2s# not ert,(y ones. He *no3s# moreover# t,t ,e 1)me from Go+ n+ 3s 2oin2 toGo+1 /!5950? ,e *no3s 13,en)e ,e )me n+ 3,it,er ,e 2oes#1 t,e most im-ortnt

*no3(e+2e in t,e 2os-e(. F'rt,ermore# ,e *no3s t,e i+entity of ,is etryer /9>;4>!?!59!84!$# 7! n+ 747>0. &y ,is -ro-,e)ies# ,e +emonstrtes t,t ,e even *no3s t,e

f't're.

T,is sme Jes's# moreover# 2ives informtion to ot,ers# (eit in )ontro((e+ mo+e. He

,s 1m+e Go+ *no3n1 /!9!80. To ,is +is)i-(es ,e ,s 12iven t,e 3or+s 3,i), yo'2ve me1 /!>98# !%0. Peo-(e re2'(r(y s* ,im to 1s,o3 's1 somet,in2# -er,-s 1t,e

Ft,er1 /!%984$0 or (e2itimtin2 si2n /79!80. In+ee+ ,e +oes 1s,o31 mny t,in2s913or*s1 to o'tsi+ers /!;9570 or 1,is ,n+s n+ ,is feet1 to insi+ers /7;97;0. Yet

informtion is (3ys )ontro((e+.

Not every one in f)t ))e-ts ,is testimony or 2rees 3it, ,is inter-rettion of events

n+ so e)omes *no3(e+2e(e. As 3e s3 ove# t,e e0 n+ t,t Peter 1(oves ,im1 /7!9!"4!>0.

Yet e)'se ,e )n re+ ,erts# ,e )n +ete)t se)rets# +e)e-tion# (yin2# -(ottin2 n+ t,e(i*e. Er(y in t,e 2os-e( t,e nrrtor te((s 's t,t Jes's ,s t,is -o3er n+ informtion?

t,e si2nifi)nt -ositionin2 of t,e remr* so)i(ies re+ers to its im-ortn)e. Jes's +i+


10/34

not tr'st ,imse(f 3it, -eo-(e# 1e)'se ,e *ne3 (( men. . .,e ,imse(f *ne3 3,t 3s in

mn1 /797%47"0. T,'s 3,en ,e te((s -eo-(e 3it, 3,om ,e is +is-'tin29

I *no3 t,t yo' +o not ,ve t,e (ove of Go+ in yo' /"9%70.

Yo' see* me# not e)'se yo' s3 si2ns# 't e)'se yo' te yo'r fi(( of t,e (oves /970.

Jes's *ne3 from t,e first 3,o t,ose 3ere t,t +i+ not e(ieve /9%0.

Yo' +o not *no3 ,im MGo+ />9780.

Yo' *no3 neit,er me nor my Ft,er /89!$0.

6y 3or+s fin+ no -()e in yo' /895>0.

@,y +o yo' not 'n+erstn+ It is e)'se yo' )nnot er to ,er my 3or+.

Yo' re of yo'r ft,er t,e +evi( /89%54%%0.

&y re+in2 t,eir ,erts# Jes's *no3s 3,o re insi+ers or o'tsi+ers# or 3,o fei2ns interestor e(ief in ,im# or 3,o is sim-(y evi(. In t,e so)io(o2y of 3it),)rft ))'stion

/Do'2(sNeyrey# P'(0# t,is ty-e of s-e)i( *no3(e+2e is e


11/34

T,e ,istory of se)re)y in nti'ity ,s een +es)rie+ in Dvorni*Bs T,e Ori2ins of

Inte((i2en)e Servi)es /!$>%0. It e? !$";0. Re)ent(y Simme(Bs 3or* ,s een

2iven ne3 ttention y so)io(o2ists 3,o e9!0. Fmi(ies +o not 3nt t,eirs'(es# emrrssments# intim)ies# -rivte inter)tions or finn)es +is)'sse+ o'tsi+e

t,eir ,o'ses? (i*e3ise 3it, 2ro'-s# or2nitions n+ 2overnments. T,ey (( -r)ti)e

some form of informtion )ontro(# 3,et,er t,ey se it on t,e ri2,t to -riv)y# t,e nt'reof inter-erson( re(tions or t,e -o(iti)s of 'siness n+ +ministrtion. A(( en22e insome form of 1se)'rity#1 t,t is# informtion )ontro(# n+ ,en)e se)re)y.


12/34

@it,in fmi(ies# 2ro'-s# or2nitions or 2overnments# )ertin -eo-(e re -rivy to 3,t

is 3it,,e(+ from ot,ers. In f)t# 3,o *no3s 3,t my serve s n in+e< of stt's orrn*in2 3it,in 2ro'-. &'t not everyo+y *no3s (( t,in2s. T,'s se)rets re entr'ste+

to some# not ot,ers. T,e ot,ers my or my not *no3 t,t t,ere re se)rets 3it,,e(+from t,em. Hen)e# 3e fin+ 3it,in 2overnments t,e 'se of +e2rees of )(ssifie+

informtion# (e(s s'), s 1for yo'r eyes on(y#1 n+ t,e (i*e. Nevert,e(ess# t,ere ten+sto e n inner )ir)(e 3,i), is 1in t,e *no3.1

T,is imme+ite(y rises t,e iss'e of some sort of 1se)'rity system1 in terms of 3,o )nor s,o'(+ e entr'ste+ 3it, se)rets. It is *no3n f)t t,t 2ro'- memers 3,o +eve(o-

on+s of m't'( (oy(ty -ose (ess se)'rity ris* t,n t,ose of (o3 mor(e. Nevert,e(ess#2ro'-s ten+ to +eve(o- se)'rity systems to se)'re t,eir se)rets# sim-(y e)'se not ((

2ro'- memers )n e )o'nte+ on to ,ve ,i2,(y +eve(o-e+ on+s of m't'( (oy(ty.S'), systems )n in)('+e n'mer of ste-s in se)'rin2 its se)rets# s'), s9 /0 re'ire+

(oy(ty tests for o(+ n+ ne3 memers# /0 tot( oe+ien)e to t,e 2ro'- t t,e e


13/34

If se)re)y is n +-tive strte2y or mens to ttin )ertin en+s in t,e )o'rse of so)i(

inter)tion /Tefft 5"0# t,en 3e mi2,t in'ire o't t,e vrio's f'n)tions it )n -(y. First#(et 's +istin2'is, manifestn+ latentse)re)y /Tefft %0.

7.5.! *anifest and Latent Secrecy.Manifestse)re)y +es)ries t,e form( n+ overtf'n)tion of )ertin so)ieties or 2ro'-s to ,i+e )eremonies# rites# informtion# n+ t,e (i*e

from t,e )'rio's n+ -er,-s +n2ero's eyes of ot,ers. In )ontrst# latentse)re)y mye -r)ti)e+ y 2ro'-s s t,e ++ition( n+ 'ninten+e+ )onse'en)es of )ertin

str')t'r( rrn2ements# s'), s )overin2 '- 'ninten+e+ )tions.

7.5.7 Etra9group and "ntra9group Secrecy. O'r ttention fo)'ses -rimri(y on t,e

s-e)ifi) f'n)tions of mnifest se)re)y. An+ ,ere 3e +istin2'is, t,e f'n)tions of extra-groupse)re)y from intra-groupse)re)y /&rn+t !7"47>0.Extra-groupse)re)y my e

-r)ti)e+ for 22ressive or +efensive -'r-oses /Tefft 50.Aggressivese)re)y# 3,i),

Tefft :'+2es is est 'n+erstoo+ 'n+er t,e r'ri) of 1)onf(i)t t,eory1 /Tefft %$450#+es)ries )tions n+ strte2y 'se+ y (ientive se)ret 2ro'-s to or2nie -o(iti)(ree((ion or -rovi+e se)ret (e+ers,i- for revo('tionry or2nitions. Gro'-s s':e)t to

)oer)ion y more -o3erf'( 2ro'-s +e( 3it, t,eir nt2onists y tryin2 to e'(ie-o3er y ,i+in2 informtion or reso'r)es. A(ternte(y# 2ro'-s often

em-(oy defensive se)re)y strte2y to -rote)t t,emse(ves. Se)ret so)ieties s'), s t,e# 3,i), re in )(ose ))or+ 3it, t,e v('es of t,e +ominnt so)iety# em-(oy se)re)y

to +is2'ise i((e2( )tivities. A(ientive 2ro'-s# ,o3ever# 3,i), re emtt(e+ minorities3it,in (r2er ,osti(e so)iety# 'se se)re)y to es)-e -erse)'tion or +estr')tion /Tefft

57%? &rn+t !5!0. One so)io(o2ist s'22ests t,t 1t,e more intense t,e )onf(i)t t,e 2reter

efforts to )on)e( informtion from nt2onists1 /Tefft "!0. T,'s extra-groupse)re)y isem-(oye+ in n tmos-,ere of fer or +istr'st /Eri)*son n+ F(ynn 7"74"%0.

Intra-groupse)re)y my e em-(oye+ for vriety of -'r-oses /Tefft "!4"50. It my

-rove si2nifi)nt for 2ro'- formtion# in t,t some 2ro'-s form for t,e overt -'r-ose ofen22in2 in )overt )tions# s'), s se)ret so)ieties. Li*e3ise# se)re)y ot, sets '- 2ro'-

o'n+ries n+# 3,en +efen+e+# mintins t,em. T,ose 1in t,e *no31 +istin2'is,t,emse(ves from t,ose 1not in t,e *no31? n+ t,e very -ro)ess of 2'r+in2 t,is

+istin)tion )ontri'tes to 2ro'- )o,esiveness. T,is is often )((e+ t,e 1s'-erioritysyn+rome.1 Intern( se)re)y 3it,in 2ro'-s# 3,erey on(y se(e)t memers *no3 )ertin

informtion# serves to )ontro( ))ess to rn*# stt's n+ -o(iti)( -o3er. 1E(+ers1 or1e;9 ? in tefft 55;0.

7.% 5ho #no$s 5hat( 5hen(


14/34

7.%.! 5ho #no$s E(iet, &rn+tBs st'+y of se)re)y in t,e Tos P'e(o offers

s'22estive )('es to t,e f'n)tion of se)re)y 3it,in ,ierr),i)( 2ro'- /!7"45%0. As most-eo-(e ,ve oserve+# informtion is restri)te+ even 3it,in )(ose4*nit 2ro'-s? not ((

-eo-(e *no3 everyt,in2. If 3e ttem-t to -(ot o't stt's n+ ro(e 3it,in 2ro'-# $ho*no3s somet,in2 )n often serve s n in+e< of -'(i) stn+in2. T,ose

1not in t,e *no3#1 even 3it,in t,e 2ro'-# my e s-o'ses ro'2,t in y e4>80. Dis)i-(in r)ni


15/34

An)ients )(er(y 'n+erstoo+ t,t t,e (ife )y)(e of ,'mns )onsiste+ of st2es /see

P,i(o# C,er. !!%0 3it, vrio's *no3(e+2es n+ e,viors --ro-rite to e), st2e/P,i(o# L.A.III.!"$0. F'rt,ermore# n)ient e+')tion itse(f )onsiste+ of 2r+e+ mstery of

*no3(e+2e+. T,'s# -eo-(e re rn*e+ n+ )(ssifie+ in terms of t,eir st2e of (ife n+ its--ro-rite *no3(e+2e /see ! Cor 59!470.

T,'s# 3,en 3e investi2te 2ro'- or sift t,ro'2, informtion o't t,em in +o)'ments#3e my 2in vit( )('es s to t,e ro(es n+ stt'ses of its memers y ttem-tin2 to

ns3er t,e 'estions9 3,o *no3 3,t n+ 3,en

5.; :ohn>s 'ospe, and the Socio,ogy of Secrecy

In t,e e2innin2 of t,is st'+y# 3e en'merte+ n'mer of -tterns 3,i), re2'(r(y--er in t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e( )on)ernin29 /0 (yin2# +e)e-tion n+ evsion# /0 ,i+in2#

eit,er onese(f or informtion# /)0 se)ret n+ -'(i) trnsmission of informtion# /+0mis'n+erstn+in2s# mi2'ity n+ +o'(e4menin2 3or+s# /e0 -eo-(e 1in t,e *no3not in

t,e *no3#1 n+ resons for 3,y -eo-(e *no3+o not *no3 3,t t,ey *no3# /f0 irony# n+/20 Jes'sBs -erfe)t *no3(e+2e9 *no3(e+2e of ,is fore*no3(e+2e n+ *no3(e+2e of

,'mn ,erts# (( of 3,i), re se)rets to (( ot,er -eo-(e. T,is is -rim f)ie evi+en)e of systemti) -ttern of 1informtion )ontro(1 or se)re)y. @e rief(y s*et),e+ t,e

so)io(o2y of se)re)y# nme(y# t,e mo+e( of ,o3 se)re)y 3or*s n+ 3,t )om-rises it. It

remins for 's to e


16/34

it is 3,o si+ to yo' BGive me to +rin*#B yo' 3o'(+ ,ve s*e+ ,im. . .1 /%9!;0. As s,e is

entr'ste+ 3it, more se)rets# s,e +oes s* 1Give me t,is 3ter1 /%9!"0 n+ s,e re)eivesremr*(e informtion /%97;47%0# even C,risto-,ny of Jes's s t,e 6essi, /%970.

T,e mn orn (in+ (i*e3ise re)eives s-e)i( e-i-,ny y Jes's s 3e(( s n ns3erto ,is 'estion o't 1@,o is ,e1 /$950. 6rt,# 3,o (on2 3it, 6ry n+ Lr's re

1e(ove+ +is)i-(es#1 re)eives very s-e)i( informtion o't Jes's s 1t,e Res'rre)tionn+ t,e Life1 /!!97"0.

Se(e)t +is)i-(es en:oy Jes'sB s-e)i(# -rivte +is)(os're of se)rets in ),s !54!># t,e LstDis)o'rse /'r et).0. A )t(o2'e of t,e se)rets entr'ste+ in)('+es9 /!0 t,e menin2 of

t,e foot3s,in2 /!59!74!>0# /70 *no3(e+2e of t,e tritor /!597%470# /50 informtiono't 3,ere Jes's is 2oin2 /!%9!4>0# /%0 i+entifi)tion of ,is re-()ement /6rtyn0# 3,o

3i(( +is)(ose sti(( more )ontro((e+ informtion /!%970# /"0 fore)sts of f't're ,r+ times/!"9!84!$? !9!4%# 5!4550# /0 e


17/34

4 egkathimi/L'*e 7;97;0

4pareisaktos/G( 79%0

4 katopteu/katopts

4skpiazomai/skopos/diaskopiazomai

7. Trap@ +atch

4 agreu/6r* !79!50

+,everness@ +raftiness

4panourgos/panourgia

4 dolos

5. eport@ =etray@ Act as Traitor

4paradidos/paradidmi

In ++ition# t,ere re mny terms for /0 'estionin2 /eromai! exereein! exetaz!

anakrin! erta/dierta! pynthanomai0# /70 investi2tin2 /exetaz! anazte! anakrin!skope/diaskope! ereuna/diexereuna! akri"o/diakri"o! mikrologeomai0# n+ /50

in'ire /exeta! zte! eromai! munthanomai! erta0. @e *no3 of )'rio's -eo-(e/philopeuths/philopeustos! lichnos! periergos0 n+ 'syo+ies /allotriepiskopos# ! Peter%9!"0 n+ 2ossi-s /phlyaros# ! Tim "9!50. F'rt,ermore# t,e or+inry semnti) forms of

s*in2 'estions to 2et informtion s,o'(+ e in)('+e+# 3,et,er t,is is +one inform((yor y :'+i)i( o+y or y s-ies.

In ,is G((i) @rs# J'(i's Cesr i+entifies ,ost of fi2'res 3,o f'n)tion in ,ise0. His movements#t,en# re )ref'((y monitore+.

In t,eir ser), for informtion o't Jes's# vrio's -eo-(e s* ,im 'estions +ire)t(y ors* 'estions o't ,im from ot,ers. As &r')e 6(in ,s r2'e+# 'estions in n

,onor4s,me so)iety re often ),((en2in2 /NT@ 0? 'estions# t,en# 3,i(e t,ey see*


18/34

ns3ers n+ informtion# re fr from ein2 ne'tr( in intent. It is sim-(y n interestin2

f)t t,t in t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e( t,e term for s*in2 'estions / erta0 o))'rs t,ree timemore fre'ent(y t,n t,e )omine+ instn)es of it in t,e Syno-ti)s# n in+i)tion t,t

1s*in2 'estions1 in t,is 2os-e( is si2nifi)nt fet're.

Yet in ++ition to t,e ovio's ver erta# t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e( )ontins n e(orte series

of 'estions s*e+ in some form of t,e interro2tive t#s# $dia% t#n+ps. For -'r-oses ofn(ysis# (et 's systemti)((y e0# 1@,t 'siness is t,is of

yo'rs1 /79%? 7!9774750# -,rse 3,i), +istn)es t,t -erson from Jes'sB se)ret -(nsn+ -'r-oses. Ot,ers ),((en2e Jes'sB (e2itimtion n+ +emn+ 1@,t si2n +o yo' 2ive

/79!8? 95;0. Sti(( ot,ers s* 1@,t re 3e to +o1 in re2r+ to Jes's# 't not in frien+(ymnner /978? !!9%>0. F)ts o't Jes's re re'este+# eit,er ,o3 ,e ,e(e+ /$970 or

3,t )rime ,e ((e2e+(y )ommitte+ /!897$# 5"0. Fin((y# 3e (ern of in'iry into ,is3or+s# 1@,t +oes ,e men1 44 y foe />950 n+ frien+ /!9!>4!80.

@,y @,t motive Investi2tions often in)('+e in'iry into t,e resons 3,y somet,in2is +one. For e9%"0. An+ t,e mn orn (in+ sr)sti)((y s*s t,e

P,risees 3,o *ee- in'irin2 o't Jes's 1@,y +o yo' 3nt to ,er it 2in Do yo'too 3nt to e)ome ,is +is)i-(es1 /$97>0. F'rt,ermore# -eo-(e +ire)t(y s* Jes's

13,y1 'estions9 1@,y )nnot I fo((o3 yo' no31 /!595>0 n+ 1@,y is it t,t yo' 3i((mnifest yo'rse(f to 's n+ not to t,e 3or(+1 /!%9770. 6oreover# Jes's ,imse(f s*s

frien+s n+ foes 3,y t,ey +o 3,t t,ey +o9 1@,y +o yo' see* to *i(( me1 />9!$0? 1@,y+onBt yo' 'n+erstn+1 /89%50? 1@,y +onBt yo' e(ieve1 /89%0? 1@,y +o yo' stri*e

me1 /!89750? 1@,y re yo' 3ee-in21 /7;9!"0. See (so %97> n+ !79".


19/34

@,ere A +is)i-(e s*s Jes's -re2nnt 'estion9 1@,ere +o yo' remin1 /!9580. T,is

+is)i-(e 1)me n+ s31 /!95$0# 1remine+1 3it, Jes's n+ -res'm(y (erne+ m'),o't ,im# 't it 3s ,i2,(y )ontro((e+ informtion in ,i2,(y )ontro((e+ )onte0.

Ho3 )n t,is e Ho3 )n yo' sy. . . Ot,er 'estions re s*e+ 3,i), re intro+')e+

y t,e +ver 1,o31 /ps0# 3,i), ,ve to +o 3it, ,o3 m'), of Jes'sB se)ret is'n+erstoo+. Seven times# -eo-(e 3,o ,ve (istene+ to Jes's re)t in in)om-re,ension to

,is 3or+s9

59% 1Ho3 )n mn e orn 3,en ,e is o(+1

59$ 1Ho3 )n t,is e1

9%7 1Ho3 +oes ,e sy# BI ,ve )ome +o3n from ,evenB1

9"7 1Ho3 )n t,is mn 2ive 's ,is f(es, to et1

8955 1Ho3 is it t,t yo' sy# BYo' s,(( e m+e freeB1

!795% 1Ho3 )n yo' sy t,t t,e Son of mn m'st e (ifte+ '-1

C(er(y -eo-(e 3,o s* 'estions of t,is sort re not -rivy to t,e se)ret menin2s of

Jes'sB 3or+s.

On one o))sion# 3e re to(+ of intense s)r'tiny y t,e P,risees )on)ernin2 t,e mnner

in 3,i), Jes's ,e(e+ t,e (in+ mn /$9!;# !"# !$# 7!# 70. T,e )ro3+s (i*e3ise 'estion,o3 Jes's )me y ,is (ernin2# sin)e ,e is 'n(ettere+ />9!"0. Jes's ,imse(f )ontri'tes

to t,is -ttern y )ommentin2 fo'r times on t,e ()* of 'n+erstn+in2 in ,is ,erers9

59!7 1Ho3 )n yo' e(ieve if I te(( yo' ,even(y t,in2s1

"9%% 1Ho3 )n yo' e(ieve# 3,o re)eive 2(ory from one not,er n+ +o not see* t,e

2(ory t,t )omes from t,e on(y Go+1

"9%> 1If yo' +o not e(ieve ,is M6osesB 3ritin2s# ,o3 3i(( yo' e(ieve my 3or+s1


20/34

!%9$ 1Ho3 )n yo' sy# BS,o3 's t,e Ft,erB1

Not (( 3,o s* 'estions t,t e2in 3it, 1Ho3...1 re in)orri2i(y i2nornt. T,e mnorn (in+ s*s t,e --ro-rite 'estion9 1Ho3 )n mn 3,o is sinner +o s'),

si2ns1 /$9!0. An+ T,oms *no3s t,t ,e +oes not *no3 3,en ,e sys9 1@e +o not*no3 3,ere yo' re 2oin2? ,o3 )n 3e *no3 t,e 3y1 /!%9"0.

T,e 't,or of t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e( ,s )st t,e es-ion2e -ro)ess in t,e (iterry form offorensi) in'iry. After ((# (e2( n+ forensi) investi2tions e# 7%45%0. In ot,er )onte


21/34

'estions in mnner 3,i), sim-(y )onfo'n+s t,e 'estioner or i2nores t,e 'estion

entire(y. In res-onse to Ni)o+em'sB 'estion o't ein2 1orn anothen#1 Jes's t(*so't 1irt, t,ro'2, 3ter1 n+ o't 13in+1 /59"48 n+ see $4!70. T,ose 3,o

investi2te 3,t Jes's ment y 1@,ere I m 2oin2 yo' )nnot )ome1 />95%0 t one timet,in* ,e mens 1to t,e Dis-ersion1 />95"0 or s'i)i+e /89770. Jes's 2ives t,em no ns3er

to t,eir 'estion# n+ t,ey re (eft to t,emse(ves to +is)over ,is menin2. Ot,er'estioners re s'mmri(y +ismisse+9 1I to(+ yo'# n+ yo' +o not e(ieve1 /!;97"0. On

o))sion# Jes'sB ns3er is entire(y misse+ y ,is interro2tors. For e9>48L'*e !!9$4!;0.

In t,eir )'rrent 2os-e( )onte0# 't +o not s* n+ so t,ey +o not fin+ o't. Some -eo-(e see* Jes's# note)'se t,ey +esire ,is si2ns or 3or+s# 't e)'se t,ey te t,eir fi(( of ,is re+ /97%#


22/34

70. A(t,o'2, 1see*in21 Jes's mi2,t e n )t of +is)i-(es,i- n+ e(ief# t,ere re -eo-(e

3,o 1see* to *i((1 ,im />9!# !$47;# 7"? 897!# 5># %;? !!980 or rrest ,im /!89%# >480. In)ontrst# 6ry 62+(ene is 1see*in21 ,im for 'ite ot,er resons /7;9!"0. A(( 3,o

1see*1 Jes's# t,en# re en22e+ in some form of informtion +is)overy# 3,i), my efrien+(y or ,osti(e. If ,osti(e# it is -rt of n es-ion2e -ttern.

Yet t one (eve( of t,e Jes's tr+ition# t,ose 3,o 1see*1 re -romise+ t,t t,ey 3i((1fin+.1 T,is term (i*e3ise e)omes n im-ortnt Jo,nnine in+i)tor. T,e +is)i-(es of

t,e &-tier fin+ t,e -()e 3,ere Jes's stys# n+ m'), more. In t'rn t,ey 1fin+1re(tives n+ nei2,ors /!9%!# %5# %"0 s t,ey s,re t,is ne3 informtion. On t3o

o))sions# Jes's 1fin+s1 ot,ers# t,e )ri--(e+ mn /"9!%0 n+ t,e mn orn (in+ /$95"0?'t ,is 1fin+in21 res'(ts in 'ite +ifferent s,rin2 of informtion. T,e )ri--(e+ mn# 3,o

3s 1not in t,e *no31 /"9!50# +oes *no3 Jes's n+ even t(*s o't ,im to ot,ers /"9!"0#'t ,r+(y in 3y 3,i), in+i)tes t,t ,e ,s (erne+ se)ret or e)ome ,is +is)i-(e.

He *no3s on(y Jes'sB nme# not ,is i+entity or mission or si2nifi)n)e. @,en# ,o3ever#t,e mn orn (in+ is 1fo'n+#1 ,e too (erns o't Jes's n+ e)omes re)i-ient of very

s-e)i( informtion o't 1t,e Son of mn1 /$95"4580. He (re+y --ers to e 'ite 1int,e *no31 o't Jes's# 3,i), informtion is '2mente+ in ,is en)o'nter 3it, Jes's.

6oreover# ,e ,s (re+y s-o*en o't o(+(y on Jes'sB e,(f# n+ so t,e re+er t*es ,ims n insi+er# even n i+e( mo+e( of +is)i-(es,i-. T,e )ri--(e+ mn in+ee+ fo'n+ Jes's#

't stn+s -rt from ny se)rets or informtion s,re+# 3,eres t,e mn orn (in+re)eives ot, n e-i-,ny of Jes's n+ )te),esis on 1t,e Son of mn.1

Pi(te -resents not,er vie3 of t,ose 3,o 1fin+1 o't somet,in2. T,ree times ,e te((s t,e

)ro3+s t,t 1I fin+ no )'se 2inst t,is mn1 /!8958? !$9%# 0. @,i(e ,e my ,ve1fo'n+1 Jes's inno)ent of t,e ),r2es 2inst ,im# Pi(te ,s ,r+(y 1fo'n+1 o't t,e tr't,o't Jes's? fter ((# ,e )nnot ,er Jes'sB voi)e# e)'se ,e is not one of ,is s,ee- /see

!895>4580. Sti(( ot,ers 1fin+1 Jes's fter ,e seems to ,ve +is--ere+ /97"0. T,'s1fin+in21 is not ss're+ to (( 3,o 1see*19 some never fin+ o't# ot,ers fin+ o't very (itt(e#

3,i(e ot,ers fin+ o't very m'),. Informtion# t,en# remins ti2,t(y )ontro((e+# es-e)i((y2inst es-ion2e 2ents.

&y t,ese -tterns# t,e 't,or of t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e( (ors to in+i)te :'st 3,o re t,ees-ion2e 2ents s-yin2 on Jes's. T,ose 3,o re)eive ns3ers to t,eir 'estions or 3,o

e2in to see n+ *no3 eyon+ --ern)es or 3,o see* n+ fin+ re insi+ers n+ sos,re t,e )ontro((e+ informtion. &'t t,ose 3,o re)eive no ns3er to t,eir 'estions# or

3,o re)eive rt,er +o'(e4menin2 res-onses or 3,o :'+2e y --ern)es or 3,o see*in ,osti(e mnner re )(er(y o'tsi+ers. &e)'se of t,eir 3i)*e+ or inferior nt're# t,ey

)nnot 'n+erstn+ ,even(y n+ s-irit'( t,in2s.

T,e es-ion2e -ro)ess# moreover# 'tter(y fi(s. T,e se)rets re never +is)overe+. Even if

t,e investi2tive 2ents ,er Jes's s-e*# t,ey invri(y mis'n+erstn+ ,im. T,einformtion 3,i), is ein2 )ontro((e+# t,en# is never t ris*# e;4>!? !59!8# 7!# 7>0.

5." Post4F)t'm Se)'rity Pro)ess


23/34

5.7 Secrecy and ifferentiation of +haracters. In t,e mo+e( of se)re)y# 3e note+ t,t

informtion is )ontro((e+ in terms ot, of o'tsi+ers n+ insi+ers. In t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e(#3e 'i)*(y oserve re)'rrin2 -ttern 3,i), se-rtes t,e t3o 2ro'-s# nme(y# insi+ers

3,o re 1in t,e *no31 +istin2'is,e+ from o'tsi+ers 1not in t,e *no3.1

5.7.! Outsiders; !&ot in the #no$.!O'r nrrtor em-(oys n'mer of -tterns to ,e(-

's re)o2nie o'tsi+ers 3,o re 1not in t,e *no3.1 A n'mer of times Jes's fort,ri2,t(yte((s memers of ,is '+ien)e t,t t,ey re 1not in t,e *no3#1 even t,o'2, Jes's is

s-e*in2 to t,em9

!.1Yo' +o not *no31 /59!;? >978? 89!%# !$# %5# ""0

7. 1Yo' +o not ,er(isten to my voi)e1 /895># %>? !;97>? !895>0

1Yo' +o not e(ieve1 /89%"? !;97"0

5. 1Yo' +o not e(on21 /!;970.

On o))sion# t,e 't,or s'--(ies t,t informtion /897>? !;9? !795>?

Sometimes -eo-(e )(im to *no3 somet,in2# 3,i), )(im is ),((en2e+ y Jes's9 1So

yo' B*no3B me# n+ yo' B*no3 3,ere I )ome fromB &'t I ,ve not )ome of my o3n))or+? ,e 3,o sent me is tr'e# n+ ,im yo' +o Bnot *no31 />978? see 89"70.

F'rt,ermore# some of t,ose 3,o s* Jes's 'estions never 2et t,em ns3ere+# n+ so

t,ey remin 1not in t,e *no31 Ni)o+em's# for e


24/34

/9%"0# t,en t,ose 3,o +o not 'n+erstn+ Jes's re -res'm(y 1not t'2,t y Go+1 n+

,ve 1not ,er+ n+ (erne+ from Go+.1 Some -eo-(e# t,en# +o not *no3 e)'se t,ey)nnot *no3? ot,ers +o not *no3# e)'se t,ey (ove +r*ness rt,er t,n (i2,t /59!$? see

597? !79%7? !$95845$0? sti(( ot,ers +o not *no3 e)'se t,ey re *e-t in t,e +r*.

5.7.7 "nsiders; !&ot in the #no$.!On o))sion# t,e nrrtor te((s 's o't ),r)ters

3,o re 1not in t,e *no31 3,o re (so in some sense insi+ers. T,e mot,er of Jes's tt,e Cn 3e++in2 +oes not seem to *no3 o't Jes'sB 1,o'r1 /79%0. S,e my e

f'n)tionin2 s Jo,nnine stereoty-e of (oo+ re(tives 3,o --er to e insi+ers# 'tre not 44 t (est# not yet. Some )ommenttors )onsi+er Ni)o+em's to e n insi+er of

some sort. After ((# ,e )omes to Jes's# even if t ni2,t? ,e )(ims to *no3 somet,in291@e *no3 yo' re te),er )ome from Go+1? ,e s-e*s on Jes'sB e,(f />9"!0? n+ ,e

'ries Jes's (vis,(y 3it, s-i)es /!$95$0. Yet for (( t,t# ,e +oes not *no3 m'), /59%# $#!70? ,e )omes t ni2,t? n+ ,e t,in*s t,t Jes's is 'tter(y n+ -ermnent(y +e+. He too

my e ty-i)( Jo,nnine stereoty-e of 'si4insi+er# one on(y very -rti((y 1in t,e*no3.1

Peter seems to e t,e ),r)ter most mi2'o's(y -resente+ y t,e nrrtor. In t,eSyno-ti)s# ,e is ),osen first# (esse+ 3it, +ivine ins-irtion# n+ -ro)(imer of Jes'sB

6essini) i+entity. Not so in t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e(9 ,e is )((e+ se)on+# ,e never syin2snyt,in2 ins-ire+ or ins-irin2? in f)t# Jes's te((s ,im o'tri2,t t,t 1@,t I m +oin2 yo'

+o not *no3 no3# 't fter3r+s yo' 3i(( 'n+erstn+1 /!59>0. Peter +oes not *no3 t,ei+entity of t,e tritor# n+ so s*s +is)i-(e tr'(y 1in t,e *no31 for t,is informtion

/!597%0? 't t,e nrrtive +oes not in+i)te t,t ,e 3s in f)t to(+ t,e se)ret. @,en Jes's

te((s J'+s 1@,t yo' re 2oin2 to +o# +o 'i)*(y#1 Peter --ers to e (i*e t,e ot,ers91No one t t,e t(e *ne3 3,y ,e MJes's si+ t,is to ,im MJ'+s1 /!59780. T,ey ,veerroneo's inter-rettions of Jes'sB remr*s to J'+s /!597>47$0.

5.7.5 "nsiders; egrees of =eing !"n the #no$.!T,e nrrtor m*es -oint of te((in2's t,t vrio's insi+ers *no3 +ifferent t,in2s. I s'22est t,t t,is (so serves to rn* t,e

-ersons in Jes'sB )ir)(e.

/!0 Certin -ersons re (e((e+ s insi+ers y t,e very f)t t,t t,ey 1)ome n+ see1

3,en invite+. @,et,er An+re3 n+ sso)ite /!95$0# Nt,ne( /!9%0 or t,e men ofSmri /%97$0# t,ey )ome to Jes's n+ *no3 /!9%!# %$? %9%70. @e tr'(y )onsi+er t,em

insi+ers# n+ even )re+it Nt,ne( 3it, ,i2, stt's t,n t,e tr+ition( -ost(es yvirt'e of ,is str'22(e to 1)ome n+ see1 n+ Jes'sB s-e)i( )onverstion 3it, ,im.

/70 As im-ortnt s t,ese events re for in+i)tin2 *no3(e+2e(e insi+ers# t,ey res'r-sse+ in im-ortn)e y t,e 1sttement4mis'n+erstn+in24)(rifi)tion1 t,t t,e

Smritn 3omn n+ 6rt, e


25/34

e)omes )on+'it of informtion for ot,ers. C(er(y# s,e is one of t,e Jo,nnine

,eroines# even foi( for t,e ot'se Ni)o+em's? s,e e)omes -erson very m'), 1in t,e*no3.1 Com-r(y# 6rt, e0# s,e stn+ not), ,i2,er t,n t,e Smritn 3omn.Even insi+ers# t,en# )n e +ifferentite+ in terms of 3,t t,ey *no3.

/50 T,e mn orn (in+ -resents not,er Jo,nnine ,ero# n+ es-e)i((y one 3,o 2oes

from (in+ness to si2,t to insi2,t. &(in+ from irt, /$970 n+ t first 1not in t,e *no31/$9!7# 7"0# ,e is trnsforme+ into si2,te+ -erson /$9>0 3,o 2ins 2ret insi2,t. He

)omes to *no3 t,t Jes's is -ro-,et /$9!>0? n+ 3it, ot,ers ,e -ro)(ims# 1@e *no3t,t Go+ +oes not (isten to sinners1 /$95!0? fin((y# ,e *no3s 3,t ot,ers s,o'(+ *no39

1If t,is mn 3ere not from Go+# ,e )o'(+ +o not,in21 /$9550. His trnsformtion#moreover# )ontin'es 3,en Jes's fin+s ,im n+ reve(s ,imse(f to ,im /$95"4580. From*no3in2 not,in2# ,e ,s -ro2resse+ to *no3in2 o't Jes's n+ t,en to )*no3(e+2in2

,im. Jes's )nonies ,im 3it, t,e remr*9 1For :'+2ment I )me into t,is 3or(+# t,tt,ose 3,o +o not see my see1 /$95$0. T,e (in+ mn# -re)ise(y e)'se ,e serves s t,e

nrrtive foi( to t,e ot'se n+ 'n*no3in2 P,risees /$95$4%!0# is ty-e of Jo,nnine),r)ter# ,ero 3,o m*es o(+ -'(i) )onfession s 3e(( s -erson s'-reme(y 1in

t,e *no3.1

In my estimtion# ,e is -ortrye+ s ein2 more of n insi+er t,n t,e Smritn 3omne)'se of t,e fo((o3in2. He s-e*s on e,(f of Jes's efore ,osti(e )ro3+s n+ sys

3,t ,e *no3s. Not on(y +oes ,e )ontrst 3it, ,is P,risi) investi2tors# ,e is:'


26/34

im-rts /59!5? 8978? !795%0 n+ 3,i), re-resents more esoteri) 'n+erstn+in2 of Jes's

t,n 16essi,.1 On t,e sis of 3,t ,e )omes to *no3# t,en# t,e mn orn (in+re-resents sti(( inner (eve( of so-,isti)tion in t,e )ir)(e of t,e Jo,nnine +is)i-(es. In

terms of so)i( rn*in2 3it,in t,e Jo,nnine 2ro'-# ,e s,o'(+ -ro(y e -()e+(on2si+e 6rt, e)'se of t,e '(ity of ,is 1*no3(e+2e1 o't Jes's.

@,en (( t,e informtion o't t,e inner )ir)(e of +is)i-(es is 2t,ere+# 3e fin+ )orre(tion et3een t,e stn+in2 of +is)i-(e 3it,in t,e 2ro'- n+ 3,t ,e *no3s. For

e0? t,e nrrtor

sees ,im s ,eroi) fi2're 3,o 3ent 2inst ,is -ervio's *no3(e+2e n+ st'+y ofS)ri-t're to 1)ome n+ see1 for ,imse(f. He ,s t,e est (ines# t,e :'i)ier -rt in t,e

+rm# n+ t,e )(im)ti) -()e in t,e -ro)ess. On t,e nrrtive (eve(# t,en# Nt,ne( is1more in t,e *no31 t,n t,e ot,ers n+ so 3e :'+2e ,im to en:oy ,i2,er stt's mon2

t,e 2ro'- t,n t,e ot,ers. T,is in'2'r( nrrtive# t,en# -ro2rms t,e re+er to e


27/34

+ire)t(y ,even(y reve(tion o't Jes'sB i+entity? n+ /%0 ,e s-e*s on e,(f of t,e

2ro'-.

T,e Fo'rt, Gos-e( -ortrys Peter in 'ite +ifferent (i2,t. He is )((e+ se)on+# n+ not

y Jes's ,imse(f? ,is rot,er An+re3 is 1first in time1 n+ 1first in *no3(e+2e1 /!9%;4%!0. T,'s from t,e e2innin2# Peter +oes not en:oy very ,i2, so)i( stt's 3it,in t,e

)ir)(e of +is)i-(es. @,en 3e )om-re PeterBs remr*s to Jes's t t,e )risis 3it, t,e1+ro-o'ts1 /6ts'n2 0 3it, t,e )onfession t Cesre P,i(i--i# Peter *no3s

somet,in2# 't it is not t,e )(im)ti) insi2,t +es)rie+ y t,e Syno-ti)s# nor is it si+ toe reve(e+ from ,even.

6r* 897847$ Jo,n 9

1@,o +o yo' sy t,t I m1 1Do yo' (so 3is, to 2o 3y1

1Yo' re t,e C,rist.1 1To 3,om s,(( 3e 2o Yo' ,ve t,e 3or+s of etern( (ife? n+ 3e ,ve e(ieve+ n+ )ome to*no3# t,t yo' re t,e Ho(y One of Go+.1

Yet PeterBs remr*s in t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e( so'n+ 'ite non+es)ri-t s im-ortntinformtion o't Jes's or -'(i) )onfession of ,is i+entity. A(t,o'2, ,e s-e*s for ((

t,e +is)i-(es# t,e re+er +oes not 'tomti)((y )re+it Peter 3it, s-e)i( stt's e)'se oft,e ()*('ster n+ (o34+ensity *no3(e+2e ,e ,s. Nt,ne( ,e is not

T,e Jo,nnine -ortrit of Peter e)omes )(erer in t,e Fre3e(( A++ress. Fo'r times t,e

re+er is to(+ t,t Peter is 1not in t,e *no319

!59> /)on)ernin2 t,e foot3s,in209 1@,t I m +oin2 yo' +o not *no3 no3# 't

fter3r+s yo' 3i(( *no31

!597% /)on)ernin2 t,e tritor09 1Simon Peter e)*one+ to ,im n+ si+9 BTe(( 's 3,o it is

of 3,om ,e s-e*s.1

!595 /)on)ernin2 Jes'sB +e-rt're09 1Lor+# 3,ere re yo' 2oin21

!595> /)on)ernin2 PeterBs fo((o3in209 1Lor+# 3,y )nnot I fo((o3 yo' no31

Yes# ,e 3i(( *no3 (ter? ,e 3i(( fo((o3 (ter /!59># 50? 't t t,is nrrtive -oint# ,e issim-(y 1not in t,e *no3.1 In t,e Syno-ti)s t,is 3o'(+ not e so +m2in2 -ortry(#

't in t,e Fo'rt, Gos-e( ,e is )ontrste+ 3it, fi2're 3,o is mrve(o's(y 1in t,e *no3#1

t,e &e(ove+ Dis)i-(e. An+ so PeterBs ()* of informtion -'ts ,im (o3er on t,e stt's(++er t,n t,e &e(ove+ Dis)i-(es.

T,e )om-rison n+ )ontrst of Peter n+ t,e &e(ove+ Dis)i-(e )ontin'es in t,e Fo'rt,

Gos-e( /Neyrey 0. At t,e 2te of t,e ,i2, -riestBs -()e# t,e &e(ove+ Dis)i-(e is )st int,e ro(e of t,e 1s,e-,er+#1 3,i(e Peter is t,e 1s,ee-.1 T,e &D is 1*no3n1 to t,e

2te*ee-er n+ ,s ,er o-en t,e 2te to (et one of t,e s,ee- in. F'rt,ermore# on t,emornin2 of t,e res'rre)tion# t,e t3o re 2in -ire+ n+ )om-re+. T,e &e(ove+

Dis)i-(e not on(y r'ns fster n+ rrives t t,e tom first /7;9%4"0# 't ,e not on(y 1s31


28/34

3,t Peter s3# ,e 1s3 n+ e(ieve+1 /7;980# remr*s 3,i), *ee- -ositionin2 ,im

ove Peter in stt's. Fin((y# 3,en t,e +is)i-(es re (st +es)rie+ to2et,er# no o+y#n+ )ertin(y not Peter# re)o2nies Jes's on t,e s,ore# e0 One ot,er +is)i-(e +eserves )onsi+ertion in t,is m--in2 of t,e stt's of insi+ers.T,e -ortry( of 6ry 62+(ene on t,e mornin2 of t,e res'rre)tion in+i)tes -erson

3,o is trnsforme+ from -erson -inf'((y 1not in t,e *no31 to someone 3,o is ot,3e(( informe+ o't 2ret se)rets n+ informs ot,ers. S,e e2ins t,e nrrtive 1not in t,e

*no319

7;97 1...3e +o not *no3 3,ere t,ey ,ve (i+ ,im1

7;9!5 1I +o not *no3 3,ere t,ey ,ve (i+ ,im1

7;9!% S,e +i+ not *no3 t,t it 3s Jes's

7;9!" S'--osin2 ,im to e t,e 2r+ener...1Te(( me 3,ere yo' ,ve (i+ ,im1


29/34

Pine+ in ,er ()* of informtion o't Jes's n+ -inf'((y i2nornt of 3,o s-e*s to

,er /1s'--osin2 ,im to e t,e 2r+ener10# 6ry is trnsforme+ imme+ite(y into +is)i-(e s'-reme(y 1in t,e *no3.1 Jes's )((s ,er nme# 3,i), serves s reve(tion to

,er 3,i), -'((s )* t,e vei( of 'n*no3in29 16ry. . .Ri1 /7;9!0. &'t t,is*no3(e+2e serves s -re('+e to t,e 2ret reve(tion of one of t,e most im-ortnt

se)rets in t,e 2os-e(9 1Go to my ret,ren n+ sy to t,em BI m s)en+in2 to my Ft,ern+ yo'r Ft,er# to my Go+ n+ yo'r Go+B1 /7;9!>0. As (i*e ot,er +is)i-(es 1in t,e

*no3#1 s,e serves s )on+'it of *ey C,risto(o2i)( informtion to ot,ers# 3,o re (soinsi+ers /7;9!80.

In my s),eme of t,in2s# 6ry en:oys very ,i2, stt's 3it,in t,e Jo,nnine 2ro'-. S,e ist,e first in time to see t,e Risen Lor+? s,e is trnsforme+ into -erson 3,o is s'-reme(y

1in t,e *no31 3it, *no3(e+2e of t,e most im-ortnt se)rets o't Jes's /13,it,er ,e2oes10? n+ s,e serves s n 't,orie+ )on+'it of t,is informtion to ot,ers. Neit,er

An+re3# Peter# Nt,ne( nor t,e mn orn (in+ re so -ortrye+. Her *no3(e+2e# t,en#in+i)tes s-e)i( stt's 3it,in t,e 2ro'-.

In s'mmry# I offer t,e fo((o3in2 +i2rm 3,i), ttem-ts to rn* n+ (o)te t,e stt's oft,e vrio's +is)i-(es of Jes's in terms of t3o fet'res9 t,eir o3n *no3(e+2e of Jes's n+

t,e s-re+ of t,is *no3(e+2e to ot,ers.

"S+"8LE #&O5LE'E STAT?S

&icode)us *no3(e+2e9 Jes's is te),er)ome from Go+

mi2'o's insi+er? very (o3 stt's9 /!0 )omes tni2,t? /70 ert,(y *no3(e+2e? /50 never (e+s

ot,ers to Jes'sAndre$@ 8hi,ip@

&athanae, and

other traditiona,

discip,es

*no3(e+2e9 Jes's is 6essi,... t,eone of 3,om 6oses t,e-ro-,ets 3rote...Son of Go+ n+in2 of Isre(

2en'ine insi+ers? mo+erte stt's e)'se t,eC,risto(o2i)( informtion is 1(o3 C,risto(o2y1?)on+'its of informtion to ot,ers

8eter *no3(e+2e9 Jes's is t,e Ho(y Oneof Go+

2en'ine insi+er? 't of mi2'o's stt's? very(imite+ *no3(e+2e o't Jes's? never serves s)on+'it of informtion to ot,ers

Sa)aritan 5o)an *no3(e+2e9 Jes's is 2reter t,no'r ft,er J)o... -ro-,et...t,e6essi,? re)eives C,risto-,ny

si2nifi)nt insi+er? trnsforme+ from 1not in t,e*no31 to very m'), 1in t,e *no31? -ossessesvery im-ortnt *no3(e+2e# es-e)i((y C,risto-,ny? serves s )on+'it of informtionto ot,ers

*an =orn =,ind *no3(e+2e9 Jes's is -ro-,et...)nnot e sinner...m'ste 't,orie+ y Go+...Son of

mn

very ,i2, stt's s insi+er9 trnsforme+ from1(in+1 to 1in t,e *no31? re)eives C,risto-,ny? o(+ )onfession of Jes's in

-'(i)? )on+'it of informtion o't Jes's toot,ers# even if ot,ers ref'se it

*artha *no3(e+2e9 Jes's is t,e

Res'rre)tion n+ t,e Life...t,eC,rist# t,e Son of Go+# ,e 3,o is)omin2 into t,e 3or(+

sti(( ,i2,er stt's9 e(ove+ +is)i-(e? (e+ from

so(i+ *no3(e+2e to sti(( ,i2,er *no3(e+2e?s-e)i( C,risto-,ny? )on+'it of informtion toot,ers

*ary *agda,ene *no3(e+2e9 Ri...risen n+

s)en+in2 Lor+

sti(( ,i2,er stt's9 )((e+ y nme? trnsforme+

from 1not in t,e *no31 to 1in t,e *no31? s-e)i(C,risto-,ny 3it, very esoteri) *no3(e+2e?)on+'it of informtion to ot,ers


30/34

=e,oved iscip,e *no3(e+2e9 i+entity of t,e tritor?e(ieves t t,e tom? re)o2niesJes's on t,e s,ore

,i2,est stt's in t,e 2ro'-9 most e(ove+ yJes's n+ -,ysi)((y )(osest to ,im? (3ysm


31/34

7.; Secrecy; the Se)antic 5ord ie,d. In)resin2(y Ne3 Testment st'+ents re

t'rnin2 for informtion on *ey terms# not :'st to )on)or+n)es or t,e itte( TDNT# 't to3or*s 3,i), -resent semnti) 3or+ fie(+s /Dn*er? Ni+ n+ Loe3? Drton0. S'), n

--ro), remin+s 's t,t sin2(e (in2'isti) term my e re-ete+ in +o)'ment# 'tmy (so ret'rn in mny synonyms? it my (so e re(te+ to or im-(y ot,er terms or

forms /(( )ommn+s e


32/34

4pseudo- apostolos! martys! prophtes! christus

5. Secrets

4 mysterion# ainigma#paroimia# ta krypta

>. eceiving@ eceiver@ eceit

4plana! plans4 deleaz

4 dolo! dolos4paralogizomai

4 hypokrits! hypokrisis4 apata

4 methodeia4panourgia

4gos4 ky"eia

8. Appearances@ Appear@ See)

4 doke4 kata sarka

4prophasis4prospoieomai

4

$. Si,ence

4siag

!;. "nterpret@ +ount/s0# econ/s0

4 exgeomai4 logizomai

+e(in2 3it, t,e -,enomenon of es-ion2e in t,e Ne3 Testment.

!. Spy@ Spying

4 kataskopos/kataskopiaz/He !!95!? G( 79%0

4 egkathimi/L'*e 7;97;0

4pareisaktos/G( 79%0

4 katopteu/katopts

4skpiazomai/skopos/diaskopiazomai


33/34

7. Trap@ +atch

4 agreu/6r* !79!50

5. +,everness@ +raftiness

4panourgos/panourgia

4 dolos

%. eport@ =etray@ Act as Traitor

4paradidos/paradidmi

In ++ition# t,ere re mny terms for /0 'estionin2 /eromai! exereein! exetaz!

anakrin! erta/dierta! pynthanomai0# /70 investi2tin2 /exetaz! anazte! anakrin!skope/diaskope! ereuna/diexereuna! akri"o/diakri"o! mikrologeomai0# n+ /50in'ire /exeta! zte! eromai! munthanomai! erta0. @e *no3 of )'rio's -eo-(e

/philopeuths/philopeustos! lichnos! periergos0 n+ 'syo+ies /allotriepiskopos# ! Peter%9!"0 n+ 2ossi-s /phlyaros# ! Tim "9!50. F'rt,ermore# t,e or+inry semnti) forms ofs*in2 'estions to 2et informtion s,o'(+ e in)('+e+# 3,et,er t,is is +one inform((y

or y :'+i)i( o+y or y s-ies.

Dis)i-(es /!%4!0

!# s4m4)9 Sm /%0 n+ 6rt, /!!0

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.5 Se)re)y n+ S)r'tiny of Jes'sB @or+s

http://nd.edu/~jneyrey1/secrecy.html

"The Sociology of Secrecy and the Fourth Gospel."

In What Is John?ol. II: Literary and Social Readings

of the Fourth Gospel! #$1%#. F. Sego&ia! ed. 'tlanta:

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neyrey - the sociology of secrecy

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