nfdn 1001 intronursg learnergde may09

Practical Nurse

NFDN 1001

Nursing Foundations I: Introduction to Nursing

Learner Guide

V1.09 May 2009

Practical Nurse

NFDN 1001

Nursing Foundations I: Introduction to Nursing

Learner Guide

V1.09

NorQuest College has made every effort to obtain copyright permission. Please bring any omissions to our attention at the following address: Centre for Innovation and Development, 10215 108 Street, Edmonton AB T5J 1L6.

Copyright 2009, NorQuest College and its licensors

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in a database and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

NFDN 1001 Table of Contents

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Contents Welcome to NFDN 1001 .....................................................................................................3

Important Features of This Course ......................................................................................3

Course Units

Unit 1: Canada’s Health-Care System ......................................................................5

Unit 2: The Historical Perspectives of Nursing .....................................................7

Unit 3: Nursing Responsibility and Accountability ..............................................9 Topic 3.1: Professional Values and Ethics ...........................................................10

Topic 3.2: Professional Standards ........................................................................12

Unit 4: Legal Aspects of Nursing Practice ............................................................15

Topic 4.1: Legalities Affecting the Nursing Profession .......................................16

Topic 4.2: Legal Documents Affecting Nursing Decisions and Practices ...........18

Unit 5: Legislation and Nursing Practice ...............................................................21

Unit 6: Development of Nursing Knowledge ........................................................23

Topic 6.1: Nursing Theory ...................................................................................24

Topic 6.2: Theoretical Contributions from Other Disciplines to Nursing Knowledge ..........................................................................................25

Topic 6.3: Nursing Research ................................................................................26

Topic 6.4: Caring in Nursing Practice ..................................................................28

Topic 6.5: Critical Thinking .................................................................................29

Unit 7: The Neuman Systems Model .......................................................................31

Unit 8: The Nursing Process .....................................................................................33 Topic 8.1: The Nursing Process ...........................................................................34

Topic 8.2: The Client Assessment .......................................................................35

Topic 8.3: The Nursing Diagnosis .......................................................................36

Topic 8.4: Planning Goals, Interventions, and Implementation ...........................37

Topic 8.5: Evaluating Nursing Care .....................................................................39

Nursing Foundations I: Introduction to Nursing V1.09

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Unit 9: Personal Safety ...............................................................................................41

Topic 9.1: Standard Precautions ..........................................................................42

Topic 9.2: Body Mechanics .................................................................................44

Assessments .........................................................................................................................47

Overview ............................................................................................................................47

Assignment 1: E-portfolio Development .........................................................................49

Assignment 2: Experiencing Critical Thinking: Using the Nursing Process and the Neuman System Model to Create a Personalized Nursing Care Plan .....53

NFDN 1001 Welcome

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Welcome to NFDN 1001 Important Features of This Course

This course introduces you to the foundations of nursing practice. You will gain an understanding of the knowledge required for nurses to practise safely and make sound clinical decisions. You will learn about nursing science and critical thinking through the nursing process and the theoretical framework of the Neuman Systems Model. This knowledge will support you in all of the nursing foundation courses in the program.

You can expect to participate in many interesting activities that will stimulate your thinking and understanding of the course material. The instructional and learning strategies that will be used include lecture and discussions in class (online in Blackboard), case studies, critical thinking exercises, review questions, online learning centre activities, videos, guided laboratory practice, reflection, e-portfolio development, and transformational learning. Self-directed learning is required to meet the objectives of this course.

There are two textbooks used for this course to support your learning. The Potter and Perry textbook is a Canadian edition nursing fundamentals textbook providing you with the foundations of nursing knowledge and skills. Critical thinking models and concept maps used in the textbook demonstrate how theoretical concepts from nursing and other disciplines contribute to the science of nursing. Answers and rationale for review questions are in the back of the textbook. The textbook by Neuman and Fawcett is a custom edition textbook designed for practical nurse students at NorQuest College. This textbook outlines the Neuman Systems Model, which will guide the way you approach your nursing practice. Both of these textbooks will be referred to repeatedly throughout your nursing program. You will also be directed to several websites, including the NorQuest Library website, for additional information and understanding of the course material.

There is a Companion Guide specific for this course located on Blackboard – NFDN 1001 Nursing Foundations I: Introduction to Nursing. The Companion Guide contains critical thinking activities, answers to Potter and Perry’s critical thinking exercises, and case studies. The Potter and Perry Evolve online learning centre contains a variety of student learning activities, reputable websites, and practice questions with immediate feedback. See Potter and Perry textbook for instructions to access Evolve.

The Learner Guide will direct you to activities within the specific learning resources. Select these or other activities that will be most beneficial to you and your learning style in achieving the learning outcomes for this course.

The general learning outcomes outline the minimum level of learning needed to receive a passing grade in this course. It is the responsibility of the student to strive to reach his/her highest level of knowledge and skill to provide the best possible quality of care to clients as a health-care professional.


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There is also a Guided Practice Lab Manual that accompanies this course. This manual directs your preparation and explains the expectations for each guided practice lab.

Welcome to your introduction to nursing!

NFDN 1001 Unit 1: Canada’s Health-Care System

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Unit 1: Canada’s Health-Care System

The evolution of Canada’s health-care system has been heavily influenced by the Ottawa Charter, the Canada Health Act, and other key legislative initiatives. As a result, various levels of health services have developed to provide accessibility of services and to optimize the health of Canadians. Over the years, numerous challenges have surfaced, and there are continuous efforts by levels of government to provide quality health care to Canadians. This unit examines various legislative reports that have influenced health care in Canada, introduces primary health-care, and describes current challenges to Canada’s health-care system.

This unit builds on knowledge of Canada’s health-care system from HEED 1000.

Specific Learning Outcomes

1. Describe the influence of the Ottawa Charter on the health care system.

2. Describe how the Epp Report was instrumental as the framework for health promotion strategies in Canada.

3. Describe the five principles of the Canada Health Act.

4. Describe the principles of primary health care in Canada.

5. Explain the relationship between consumer rights and health care in Canada.

6. Identify the levels of health-care service.

7. Describe current trends and issues in Canada’s health delivery system.

Gathering Information

Textbooks:

Read Potter and Perry, chapters 1 and 2.

Internet:

Go to the Focus Resource Centre website at www.frcentre.net

• In the left menu bar, click on “Resources.”

• Under “Choose a Category,” select “Health Promo General.”

• Scroll to the heading “HP Principles.”

• Read the document “Achieving Health for All: A Framework for Health Promotion,” by WHO.

http://www.frcentre.net/�


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Applying Your Knowledge

Textbooks:

Complete Potter and Perry, Chapter 1 “Critical Thinking Exercises” Question 1.

Complete Potter and Perry, Chapter 2 “Critical Thinking Exercises” Question 3.

Internet:

Go to the Health Canada website at www.hc-sc.gc.ca

• In the left menu bar, click on “Health Care System” and complete your own inquiry on Canada’s health-care system

Go to the Companion Guide on Blackboard. Complete Unit 1 “Applying Your

Knowledge” activities. Assessing Your Knowledge

Textbooks:

Complete Potter and Perry, “Review Questions,” chapters 1 and 2.

Internet:

Go to the Evolve online learning centre. Complete “Review Questions,” chapters 1 and 2.

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/�

NFDN 1001 Unit 2: The Historical Perspectives of Nursing

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Unit 2: The Historical Perspectives of Nursing Overview

Historical changes have had a significant impact on the role of the practical nurse. This unit explores the history of nursing and of the licensed practical nurse (LPN), with an emphasis on the Canadian nurse. The evolution of nursing education is also examined.


1. Describe the historical development of the nursing professions.

2. Identify prominent individuals in the evolution of the nursing profession.

3. Describe the historical development of nursing education in Canada. Gathering Information

Textbooks:

Read Potter and Perry, Chapter 3, the sections up to and including “Nursing Education Today,” and the Appendix A section entitled “History of Practical Nursing in Canada.”


Internet:

Go the Companion Guide on Blackboard. Complete Unit 2 “Applying Your Knowledge” readings and activities.

Go to Evolve and complete Chapter 3 – Student Learning Activities.

Assessing Your Knowledge

Textbooks:

Complete Potter and Perry, Chapter 3 Review Questions 1–4, and “Critical Thinking” Exercise 1.

Internet:

Go to the Evolve online learning centre. Complete “Review Questions” Chapter 3.


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NFDN 1001 Unit 3: Nursing Responsibility and Accountability

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Unit 3: Nursing Responsibility and Accountability

Overview

Working in the nursing profession requires that you take responsibility for your decisions and actions. Understanding values and ethics helps in guiding how nurses practise within their profession. The Code of Ethics and Professional Practice Standards establish expectations of professional values, beliefs, and behaviours. These guidelines and standards have been developed by nursing associations to ensure the responsibility and accountability of nurses’ actions to the general public. This unit will help you to incorporate your personal values, attitudes, behaviours, and judgments into those expected by the nursing profession.

Unit Topics

Topic 3.1: Professional Values and Ethics

Topic 3.2: Professional Standards


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Topic 3.1: Professional Values and Ethics

Values and ethics are an integral part of each nursing act, setting standards that guide nursing practice. Having a clear understanding of ethics helps the nurse to make sound decisions during difficult and ethically challenging situations. This topic introduces values and ethics as they apply to nursing, and to an ethical decision-making model.


1. Explain the relationship between values and ethics.

2. Describe how the Code of Ethics guides values and ethical practice in nursing.

3. Identify common ethical theories.

4. Examine the process used to solve an ethical dilemma.

5. Identify common ethical issues in health care. Gathering Information

Textbooks:

Read Potter and Perry, Chapter 8.

Internet:

Go to the CLPNA website at www.clpna.com. Read “Code of Ethics.”

• Scroll down and click on “Standards of Practice and Code of Ethics.”

• Read “Code of Ethics.”

Go to the CLPNBC website at www.clpnbc.org. Read “Code of Ethics – Companion Guide.”

• Click on “Publications.”

• Select “Code of Ethics – Companion Guide” pdf.

http://www.clpna.com/�

http://www.clpnbc.org/�


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Textbooks:

Complete the Potter and Perry activities in Box 8-1 “Values Clarification Questions.”

• Complete Chapter 8 “Critical Thinking Exercises,” questions 2 and 3.

Internet:

Go to the Companion Guide on Blackboard. Complete Topic 3.1 “Applying Your Knowledge” activities.


Internet:

Go to the Companion Guide on Blackboard. Complete Topic 3.1 “Assessing Your Knowledge” activities.


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Topic 3.2: Professional Standards

Nursing associations develop practice standards and statements to describe the level of performance expected of the nurse. Providing a standard to which all nurses can be measured demonstrates the dedication of the nursing profession to the public. This topic examines these standards and how they relate to nursing practice.


1. Explain the purpose of standards of practice and practice statements.

2. Describe the role of the professional body in relation to standards of practice.

3. Describe how professional standards guide responsibility and accountability of the nurse.

4. Examine how professional values, ethics, and professional standards relate to the

quality of care delivered. Gathering Information

Textbooks:

Read Potter and Perry, Appendix A – the section entitled “Standards and Scope of Practice.”

Internet:

Go to the CLPNA website at www.clpna.com. Read the “CLPNA Standards of

Practice” and “Practice Statement 1: Professional Responsibility and Accountability” documents.

• Under the heading “Resources,” on the top menu bar, click on “Practice Statements.”

• Click on “1. Professional Responsibility and Accountability.” Applying Your Knowledge

Internet:




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Textbooks:

Complete Potter and Perry, Chapter 8 “Review Questions.”

Internet:

Go to the Evolve online learning centre. Complete “Review Questions” Chapter 8. Assessments

Complete Assignment 1: E-portfolio Development, and submit it to your instructor/tutor.


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NFDN 1001 Unit 4: Legal Aspects of Nursing Practice

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Unit 4: Legal Aspects of Nursing Practice Overview

A variety of laws and legal documents provide boundaries for safe nursing practice. Understanding legal aspects ensures that nurses deliver safe nursing care and protect the rights and decisions of their clients. This unit introduces sources of law and legal documents that can influence nursing care.

Unit Topics

Topic 4.1: Legalities Affecting the Nursing Profession

Topic 4.2: Legal Documents Affecting Nursing Decisions and Practices


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Topic 4.1: Legalities Affecting the Nursing Profession

Safe nursing practice includes an understanding of legal boundaries in which nurses must practise. Understanding the law helps to safeguard the nurse from liability, protect client rights, and enhance the nurse’s ability to act as a client advocate. This topic introduces sources of law and liability issues seen in nursing practice.


1. Describe civil, common, and statute law.

2. Describe the various types of torts in relation to nursing practice.

3. Explain consent in relation to nursing practice. Gathering Information

Textbooks:


• Omit the section entitled “Abandonment, Assignment and Contract Issues.”

Internet:

Go to the CLPNA website at www.clpna.com. Read “Practice Statement 9: Confidentiality.”


Textbooks:

Complete Potter and Perry, Chapter 9 “Critical Thinking Exercises,” questions 1 and 2.

Internet:

Go to the Evolve online learning centre. Complete “Student Learning Activities”

Chapter 9.



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Textbooks:


Internet:



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Topic 4.2: Legal Documents Affecting Nursing Decisions and Practices

The law ensures that a client’s legal rights are protected, even when the client is unable to make independent decisions. A client may request that another individual make legal decisions regarding health and financial matters on his/her behalf, in the event that the client becomes unable to make personal decisions. This topic explores various legal documents that allow individuals to be appointed to care for the health and well-being of another individual.


1. Describe the purpose of the following legal documents:

a. Personal Directive

b. Power of Attorney

c. Guardianship and Trusteeship

2. Explain how these documents impact nursing decisions. Gathering Information

Required Resource:

Read the enclosed pamphlet, “Understanding Personal Directives.”

Internet:

Go to the Alberta Seniors and Community Supports website at www.seniors.gov.ab.ca. Read about Personal Directives.

• From the top menu bar, select “Protection.”

• Select “Office of the Public Guardian (OPG).

• Select “Personal Directives Publications” from the right side of the page.

• Select and read “Choosing Now for the Future: Personal Directives.”

Go to the Alberta Justice website at www.justice.gov.ab.ca. Read about Powers of Attorney.

• In the search bar, type “Power of Attorney”

• Click on “Enduring Powers of Attorney.”

• Read “What is a Power of Attorney?” and “What is an Enduring Power of Attorney?”

http://www.seniors.gov.ab.ca/�

http://www.justice.gov.ab.ca/�


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Go to the Alberta Seniors and Community Supports website at www.seniors.gov.ab.ca. Read about guardianship and trusteeship.

• In the search bar, type “Understanding Guardianship in Alberta” and read the document

Go to the Alberta Justice website at www.justice.gov.ab.ca Read about trusteeship.

• In the search bar, type “trusteeship”

• Click on “Trusteeship under the Dependent Adults Act: Self-Help Kit.”

• Click on “Trusteeship Under the Dependent Adults Act.”

• Read “Part 1: An Introduction to Trusteeship.” Applying Your Knowledge

Internet:



Internet:

Go to the Companion Guide on Blackboard. Complete Topic 4.2 “Assessing Your Knowledge” activities.

http://www.seniors.gov.ab.ca/�

http://www.justice.gov.ab.ca/�


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NFDN 1001 Unit 5: Legislation and Nursing Practice

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Unit 5: Legislation and Nursing Practice Overview

Beyond the legalities influencing nursing practice, there are legislative acts that direct the professional associations and the nursing profession to establish and practise within appropriate boundaries and standards. For example, the Health Professions Act (2000) regulates 30 health professions in Alberta, setting practice and education standards for each of these professions. Other acts serve to protect clients’ confidential information and their well-being. This unit will examine legislative influence on nursing practice.


1. Describe the purpose of the following acts:

a. Health Professions Act

b. Health Information Act

c. Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act

d. Protection for Persons in Care Act

2. Outline the role performed by regulatory colleges/professional bodies under the Health Professions Act.

3. Explain how the Health Professions Act affects the duties of a profession.

4. Describe the purpose of scope of practice.

5. Explain how these pieces of legislation influence nursing practice.


Internet:

Go to www.google.ca Enter “Health Professions Act: A new law for regulated health care professionals” and read this booklet.

Go to the Alberta Health and Wellness website at www.health.gov.ab.ca. Read the

booklet, “Licensed Practical Nurses Profession Regulation.”

• In the top menu bar, click on “For Health Professionals.”

• In the left menu bar, click on “Health Legislation.”

• Scroll to “Health Professions Act” and select “Licensed Practical Nurses Profession Regulation.”

http://www.google.ca/�

http://www.health.gov.ab.ca/�


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Go to the Government of Alberta website at www.gov.ab.ca. Read about the purposes of the Health Information Act.

• In the search bar, type “Health Information Act.”

• Open the document titled “Health Information Act – Alberta Review of the Health Information Act.”

• Read “Purposes of the Act.”

Go to the Alberta Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy website at www.foip.gov.ab.ca. Read about the purposes of the Freedom of Information and Privacy Act.

• Click on “Resources.”

• Click on “Guidelines and Practices.”

• Look in “Chapter 1” and read “Section 2.”

Go to the Government of Alberta website at www.gov.ab.ca. Read about the Protection for Persons in Care Act, or read the enclosed pamphlet.

• In the search bar, type “Protection for Persons in Care Act.”

• Open the document titled “Protection for Persons in Care Branch – Alberta Seniors and Community Supports.”

• Read “Frequently Asked Questions,” the brochure, and other information of interest on the website.


Internet:

Go to the Companion Guide on Blackboard. Complete Unit 5 “Applying Your Knowledge” activities.


Internet:

Go to the Companion Guide on Blackboard. Complete Unit 5 “Assessing Your Knowledge” activities.

Assessments

Write the midterm exam. Distance students must contact the program office to make arrangements to write the exam.

http://www.gov.ab.ca/�

http://www.foip.gov.ab.ca/�

http://www.gov.ab.ca/�

NFDN 1001 Unit 6: Development of Nursing Knowledge

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Unit 6: Development of Nursing Knowledge Overview

Major areas contributing to developing nursing knowledge are nursing theory, theories from other disciplines, nursing research, and critical thinking. Each of these components drives the profession to learn, grow, teach others, and practise nursing to achieve the highest calibre of client care. This unit introduces the theories of nursing, contributions from other disciplines, nursing research methodologies, and the vital role of caring and critical thinking in nursing practice.

Unit Topics

Topic 6.1: Nursing Theory

Topic 6.2: Theoretical Contributions from Other Disciplines to Nursing Knowledge

Topic 6.3: Nursing Research

Topic 6.4: Caring in Nursing Practice

Topic 6.5: Critical Thinking


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Topic 6.1: Nursing Theory

Nursing theory helps define nursing’s unique role and contribution to client health and well-being. All nursing theories consider four major components: client, health, environment, and nursing. This topic introduces you to nursing theories commonly used in nursing practice.


1. Describe the purpose of nursing theories.

2. Examine the development of the nursing process and its relationship to nursing theory.

3. Describe concepts common to nursing theories.

4. Explain the influence of science and philosophy on nursing.

5. Compare various nursing theories.


Textbooks:


Internet:

Go to the NorQuest Library website at http://library.norquest.ca/databases.htm#health. Find and read the article “The Living Tree of Nursing Theories” by Tourville and Ingalls, located in the CINAHL Plus With Full Text database.


Textbooks:




http://library.norquest.ca/databases.htm#health�


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Topic 6.2: Theoretical Contributions from Other Disciplines to Nursing Knowledge

The development of nursing knowledge draws from many disciplines including physical science, social and biobehavioural science, social theory, ethical theory, and philosophy. Each of these contributes to the knowledge base for professional practice in nursing.


1. Describe the contribution of growth and development theories in supporting nursing knowledge.

2. Describe the contribution of theories in psychology, sociology, ethics, and

philosophy to nursing knowledge. Gathering Information

Textbooks:

Read Potter and Perry, Chapter 22. Applying Your Knowledge

Textbooks:

Complete Potter and Perry, Chapter 22, “Critical Thinking Exercises” 1 and 3.

Internet:

Go to the Evolve online learning centre. Complete “Student Learning Activities” Chapter 22.


Textbooks:

Complete Potter and Perry, Chapter 22 Review Questions.

Internet:



26 NorQuest College

Topic 6.3: Nursing Research

Nursing research is conducted to expand the nursing knowledge base. Following scientific methodologies is critical in expanding nursing knowledge, validating nursing theories, and promoting evidence-based practices. Because research is the major source of new knowledge for nursing practice, it is important that all nurses participate. This topic introduces you to nursing research.


1. Describe the purpose of research in nursing.

2. Outline the history of nursing research.

3. Describe common research methodologies used in nursing.

4. Describe ethical principles that guide nursing research.

5. Describe the contribution of evidence-based nursing and best practice guidelines to nursing practice.

6. Locate research articles applicable to nursing practice.


Textbooks:


Internet:

Go to the Canadian Nurses Association website at www.cna-aiic.ca

• In the search field, enter “making best practice guidelines a reality.”

• Read the article “Making Best Practice Guidelines a Reality” from Nursing Now: Issues and Trends in Canadian Nursing, September 2004 Number 17.


Textbooks:

Complete Potter and Perry, Chapter 7 “Critical Thinking Exercises,” Question 1.

http://www.cna-aiic.ca/�


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Internet:



Internet:



28 NorQuest College

Topic 6.4: Caring in Nursing Practice

Caring and compassion are at the heart of a nurse’s ability to work with clients, families, and communities. By implementing the concepts of caring, nurses can make significant contributions to the health and well-being of their clients. This topic introduces theory and concepts of caring in nursing practice.


1. Examine concepts and theory of caring.

2. Describe the benefits and challenges of using caring concepts in nursing practice.

3. Describe caring behaviours used in nursing practice. Gathering Information

Textbooks:

Read Potter and Perry, chapters 18 and 19. Applying Your Knowledge

Textbooks:



Textbooks:



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Topic 6.5: Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is developed through the examination of thought processes used to make clinical judgments. These skills are developed through gaining new knowledge and experiences, and through reflection. This topic describes how critical thinking abilities are developed and used in nursing practice.


1. Explain the attributes of critical thinking.

2. Describe how critical thinking processes are developed.

3. Explain how nurses use critical thinking processes to make clinical judgments.

4. Explain how critical thinking contributes to nursing knowledge, evidence-based practice, and lifelong learning.


Textbooks:


Textbooks:

Complete Potter and Perry, Chapter 12 “Critical Thinking Exercises,” question 1. Assessing Your Knowledge



30 NorQuest College

NFDN 1001 Unit 7: The Neuman Systems Model

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Unit 7: The Neuman Systems Model Overview

The Neuman Systems Model is a holistic nursing model that considers the client as an open system continuously interacting with its environment in order to maintain stability. When the stability of the system is disrupted, the client experiences detriments to health. The Neuman Systems Model provides a framework to assess the client and plan nursing care according to three levels of intervention. It fits easily into the nursing process framework, which will be learned in the next unit.


1. Describe the philosophical view of the Neuman Systems Model.

2. Explain the Neuman Systems Model’s views of a client as part of an open system.

3. Describe the Neuman Systems Model according to the concepts of client, health, environment, and nursing that are common to nursing theories.

4. Examine the components within the concept of client:

a. Client system

b. Five variables

c. Basic structure

d. Flexible lines of defence

e. Normal lines of defence

f. Lines of resistance

5. Examine the components within the concept of environment:

a. Internal environment

b. External environment

c. Created environment

d. Stressors – interpersonal, intrapersonal, and extrapersonal

6. Examine the relationship between client system and the environment.

7. Examine the component of the wellness–illness continuum within the concept of health.


32 NorQuest College

8. Examine the components within the concept of nursing:

a. Prevention as intervention: primary, secondary, and tertiary

b. Health promotion

9. Explain how the Neuman Systems Model guides nursing practice. Gathering Information

Textbooks:

Read Neuman and Fawcett, Chapter 1, and appendices A and B. Applying Your Knowledge

Internet:

Go to the Companion Guide on Blackboard. Complete Unit 7 “Applying Your Knowledge” activities.


Internet:

Go to the Companion Guide on Blackboard. Complete Unit 7 “Assessing Your Knowledge” activities.

NFDN 1001 Unit 8: The Nursing Process

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Unit 8: The Nursing Process Overview

The nursing process is a scientific method used to organize and deliver nursing care in collaboration with the client. Working in partnership with the client and family contributes to client-centred health outcomes. Following the systematic approach of assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation, nurses can care for clients in any situation. Although systematic, the nursing process is also dynamic, allowing nurses to modify the plan according to client perspectives and changing health needs. In this way, the nursing process supports the nurse in thinking critically and making sound judgments.

This unit builds upon assessment knowledge from HEAS 1000.

Unit Topics

Topic 8.1: The Nursing Process

Topic 8.2: The Client Assessment

Topic 8.3: The Nursing Diagnosis

Topic 8.4: Planning Goals, Interventions, and Implementation

Topic 8.5: Evaluating Nursing Care


34 NorQuest College

Topic 8.1: The Nursing Process

The nursing process is a systematic approach used to identify, diagnose, and treat human responses to health and illness. It provides the framework for nurses to think critically and make sound and reasonable decisions. The nursing process involves five steps: assessment, planning, intervention, implementation, and evaluation.


1. Describe the purpose of the nursing process.

2. Identify the five steps of the nursing process.

3. Examine the relationship between the Neuman Systems Model and the nursing process.

4. Describe teaching and learning within the nursing process.

5. Describe how the nursing process develops critical thinking processes.


Textbooks:

Read Potter and Perry, Chapter 13, read the section up to “Step 1: The Nursing Process.”

Read Neuman and Fawcett, Chapter 1, sections titled “The Nursing Process” and

“Neuman Systems Model.” Applying Your Knowledge

Internet:



You will assess your knowledge of this topic after Topic 8.5.


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Topic 8.2: The Client Assessment

This topic introduces assessment as the first step of the nursing process. This step provides the nurse with the opportunity to gather the information required to make appropriate nursing judgments. Incorporating the Neuman Systems Model provides the framework to assess the client from a holistic perspective.


1. Describe the collection, organization, and analysis of assessment data according to the five variables, the stressors, and the environmental factors described in the Neuman Systems Model.

2. Describe the assessment of health education needs of the client.


Read Potter and Perry, Chapter 13, up to the section on nursing diagnosis. Applying Your Knowledge

Internet:

Go to the Evolve online learning centre. Complete “Short Answer Questions” for Chapter 13 “Nursing Assessment and .”

Go to the Companion Guide on Blackboard. Complete Topic 8.2 “Applying Your


Textbooks:



36 NorQuest College

Topic 8.3: The Nursing Diagnosis

The nursing diagnosis is used to determine actual or potential health alterations that the client is experiencing or may experience. This topic outlines the steps to formulate a nursing diagnosis.


1. Describe the purpose of the nursing diagnosis.

2. Describe how to formulate a nursing diagnosis.

3. Describe NANDA International’s contributions to standardizing nursing diagnoses.

4. Describe actual/potential risk, and wellness nursing diagnoses.

5. Describe how the lines of defence according to the Neuman Systems Model influence the formation of actual/potential nursing diagnoses.

6. Describe nursing diagnoses related to health education needs of clients.

7. Explain how critical thinking influences the formation of a nursing diagnosis.


Textbooks:

Read Potter and Perry, Chapter 13, all sections on nursing diagnosis. Applying Your Knowledge

Internet:



Textbooks:



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Topic 8.4: Planning of Goals, Interventions, and Implementation

This topic introduces the process for planning and implementing nursing care, including collaborating with the client, setting priorities and mutual goals, examining goals, and using critical thinking skills to determine nursing interventions. The Neuman Systems Model is used to determine levels of intervention, and the impact on the client system.


1. Describe the purpose of:

a. planning nursing care

b. goals and outcome statements

c. nursing interventions

d. nursing care plan

2. Examine actual and potential nursing diagnoses to determine priority client needs.

3. Describe how to write goal statements.

4. Describe the importance of working in partnership with the client to determine client-centred goals and outcomes.

5. Describe how restoring and maintaining lines of defence guides the planning of

client goals and expected outcomes from the Neuman Systems Model.

6. Describe the levels of nursing interventions according to the Neuman Systems Model.

7. Describe planning and implementation of health education strategies for clients.

8. Determine appropriate nursing interventions based on expected outcomes.


Textbooks:


Read Neuman and Fawcett, Appendix B.


38 NorQuest College


Internet:

Go to the Evolve online learning centre. Complete the “Short Answer Questions” for Chapter 14 “Planning and Implementing Nursing Care.”

Go to the Companion guide on Blackboard. Complete Topic 8.4 “Applying Your


Textbooks:



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Topic 8.5: Evaluating Nursing Care

The evaluation process determines if nursing care was effective to meet the expected outcomes of the client. It is this stage that makes the nursing process dynamic—where the nurse can adjust plans of care to meet the needs and expected outcomes of the client and restore or maintain the client’s lines of defence. This topic introduces you to the fifth stage of the nursing process.


1. Describe the purpose of evaluating nursing care.

2. Explain the steps in the evaluation process.

3. Explain how evaluation can lead to changes in the nursing care plan to meet expected outcomes.

4. Describe how evaluating the stability of lines of defence/resistance from the Neuman

Systems Model guides the evaluation of expected outcomes.

5. Describe how to evaluate the effectiveness of teaching strategies with validation from the client.

6. Explain critical thinking in the evaluation phase of the nursing process.


Textbooks:


Internet:


Textbooks:

Complete Potter and Perry, Chapter 15, “Critical Thinking Exercises,” Question 2.


40 NorQuest College


Internet:

Go to the Evolve online learning centre. Complete “Review Questions” Chapter 15. Assessments

Complete Assignment 2: Experiencing Critical Thinking: Using the Nursing Process and the Neuman Systems Model to Create a Personalized Nursing Care Plan, and submit it to your instructor/tutor.

NFDN 1001 Unit 9: Personal Safety

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Unit 9: Personal Safety Overview

Performing safe nursing care includes the maintenance of your own safety and well-being. This unit will prepare you for maintaining personal safety while performing nursing care.

Unit Topics

Topic 9.1: Standard Precautions

Topic 9.2: Body Mechanics


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Topic 9.1: Standard Precautions

In this topic, you will learn how to prevent the spread of organisms between you and a client by following standard precautions.


1. Explain the concept of infection control in relation to health promotion.

2. Describe how standard precautions can reduce infection.

3. Demonstrate the components of standard precautions in the laboratory setting. Gathering Information

Textbooks:

Read Potter and Perry, Chapter 33 “Infection Control,” from the introduction up to and including the section “Acute Care Measures.”

Internet:

Go to the NorQuest College Library homepage at http://library.norquest.ca/

• Click on “Databases” on the top menu bar.

• Under “Databases by Subject,” select “Health & Psychology.”

• Select the database “CINAHL Plus with Full Text.”

• On the top menu bar, select “Evidence-Based Care Sheets.”

• Select and read “Hand Hygiene.”

Go to the University of Iowa website at www.uiowa.edu

• Click on “Health Care.”

• On the top menu bar, click on “A–Z Search.”

• In the “Search” box, type “standard precautions.”

• Click on “Student Health Services – The University of Iowa” and read the article, “Blood and Body Fluid Exposure Reporting.”

NorQuest DVD:

View the videos “Handwashing” and “Isolation.”

http://library.norquest.ca/�

http://www.uiowa.edu/�


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Textbooks:

Complete Potter and Perry, Chapter 33 “Critical Thinking Exercises,” Question 3. Assessing Your Knowledge

Internet:

Go to Evolve and complete the “Hangman” activity and “Review Questions” for Chapter 33.

Guided Practice Nursing Skills Labs

Guided Practice Lab Manual:

Complete Lab Exercise 2.

Required Skills:

Handwashing

Gloving

Gowning

Masking

Your instructor will supervise your practice. By the end of the guided practice sessions, you must be able to satisfactorily demonstrate these skills.

Distance students will be expected to demonstrate these skills by the end of their booked lab session or via videotape (must be negotiated with your tutor).


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Topic 9.2: Body Mechanics

There is a high incidence of back injuries in the nursing profession. This topic will help you prevent injury to yourself while performing your nursing duties.


1. Describe the importance of using proper body mechanics.

2. Describe proper body mechanics to prevent injury.

3. Apply the components of body mechanics to nursing duties in the laboratory setting. Gathering Information

Textbooks:

Read Potter and Perry, Chapter 36 “Scientific Knowledge Base.”

NorQuest DVD:

View the video “Body Mechanics.”

Internet:

Go to the Workers’ Compensation Board website at www.wcb.ab.ca. Read about back care and safety.

• In the search bar, type “Back to Basics.”

• Click on “PDF: Back to Basics.” Applying Your Knowledge

Internet:

Go to Evolve and complete the “Hangman” activity Chapter 36. Assessing Your Knowledge

Internet:

Go to Evolve and complete the “Match It Activity A” and “Review Questions” Chapter 36.

http://www.wcb.ab.ca/�


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Guided Practice Nursing Skills Labs

Guided Practice Lab Manual:

Complete Lab Exercise 2.

Required Skills:

Body Mechanics

Your instructor will supervise your practice. By the end of the guided practice sessions, you must be able to satisfactorily demonstrate these skills.

Distance students will be expected to demonstrate these skills by the end of their booked lab session or via videotape (must be negotiated with your tutor).

Assessments

Write the final exam. Distance students must contact the program office to make arrangements to write the exam


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NFDN 1001 Assessments

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Assessments Overview

Assessment of your mastery of the content will be determined through the development of an e-portfolio, a self-assessment and personalized nursing care plan following the Neuman Systems Model and the nursing process, a midterm exam, a final cumulative exam, and guided practice of nursing skills.

Assignment 1 – E-portfolio Development

Following Topic 3.2, complete the assignment and submit it to your instructor/tutor by the specified date. In this assignment, you will create an e-portfolio. This assignment contributes 20% towards your theory course grade.

In this assignment, you will have the opportunity to:

• Create a personalized (electronic) portfolio of your past and current experiences, achievements, skills and assets, successes, learning requirements, and personal reflections

• Identify ongoing learning needs, track achievements of learning goals, and create lifelong learning plans

• Reflect on successes and learning opportunities during your PN program, using them to guide your journey of lifelong learning in the nursing profession

Assignment 2 – Experiencing Critical Thinking: Using the Nursing

Process and the Neuman Systems Model to Create a Personalized Nursing Care Plan

Following Topic 8.5, complete the assignment and submit it to your instructor/tutor by the specified date. In this assignment, you will develop a nursing care plan using the Neuman Systems Model and the nursing process. This assignment contributes 30% towards your theory course grade.

In this assignment, you will have the opportunity to:

• Experience critical thinking by creating a personalized nursing care plan following the nursing process and the Neuman Systems Model

• Relate the significance of using a nursing model (the Neuman Systems Model) and the nursing process as a problem-solving process that guides all nursing actions


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Midterm Exam

This is a multiple-choice exam that contributes 20% toward your theory course grade. It covers course information from Unit 1 through Unit 5. Distance students must contact the program office to make arrangements to write the exam.

Final Exam

This is a cumulative multiple-choice exam that contributes 30% toward your theory course grade. It covers all course information from Unit 1 through Unit 9. Distance students must contact the program office to make arrangements to write the exam.

Guided Practice Nursing Skills Lab

This activity is graded on a pass/fail basis. Students must successfully demonstrate the knowledge and skills of standard precautions and body mechanics in the lab setting to achieve a grade of “pass” for the lab component of the course. If you do not receive a grade of “pass” in Guided Practice you will be required to repeat the entire course.


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Assignment 1: E-portfolio Development Instructions Tutorial

Tutorial in-class demonstrations are available for on-campus students regarding the creation and maintenance of your e-portfolio. All on-campus students must complete these sessions.

Distance Students need to contact their tutor regarding availability of tutorial sessions.

Create your e-portfolio with the following sections:

• Personal Profile • Professional Profile

Personal Profile

Your Personal Profile should include:

• Clearly defined categories: Personal Goals, Personal Interests, Education, Experiences, Achievements

• A personal goal statement indicating what you hope to accomplish in the PN program. This statement should be brief (no more than 250 words). Indicate experiences and personal strengths that will help you to reach your goals.

• A description of personal interests. Include volunteer work, hobbies, and special talents.

• A list of your prior and current education and work/life experiences. This may include formal education (high school, college, and university courses), workshops, short courses, or conferences.

• A list of any formal achievements, awards, and scholarships


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Professional Profile

Your Professional Profile should include:

• The following categories: Philosophy of Practical Nursing, Resume and Cover Letter, Appraisals and Evaluations, Reflective Practice, Leadership and Mentoring, Scholarly Papers, Care Plans, Professional Goals, CPRNE Study Plan, Continuing Competency

• A Personal Philosophy of Practical Nursing. This statement should be brief (no more than 250 words) and include your underlying beliefs about the nursing profession, and the importance of Standards of Practice to the profession. Describe how you see your role as a practical nurse in the health-care field.

• Identify your personal and professional values. Compare these values and describe how they have each influenced your philosophy of nursing.

• Include any appraisals or evaluations from previous training or the workplace. This may also include letters of reference and recommendation.

Submit the included marking guide with your assignment.


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Assignment 1: E-portfolio Development – Marking Guide

Key Content Marking Guide

Points: 5 3 1 0

Personal Profile

Presented a Personal Goal Statement indicating accomplishments hoped for in the PN program, including experiences and personal strengths that will help to reach the goal

Excellent Satisfactory Minimal None

Listed and described personal interests, including volunteer work, hobbies, and talents


Listed education experiences, including formal education, workshops, short courses, and conferences


Listed work/life experiences Excellent Satisfactory Minimal None

Listed personal/formal achievements, awards, and scholarships


/25

Comments:


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Points: 5 3 1 0

Professional Profile

Presented a brief (250 words maximum) Personal Philosophy of Practical Nursing, including underlying beliefs about nursing, the importance of Standards of Practice, and a perception of personal role in the profession


Compared personal and professional values and described the influence these values have on your philosophy of nursing


Included appraisals or evaluations from previous workplace training, possibly including letters of reference and recommendation


/15

Comments:

Total /40

Legend 5 – Excellent work; comprehensive information or

analysis included; great attention to detail throughout

1 – Minimal required information included; incomplete work

3 – Satisfactory work; most required information included at an adequate level

0 – Required information not identifiable


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Assignment 2: Experiencing Critical Thinking: Using the Nursing Process and the Neuman Systems Model to Create a Personalized Nursing Care Plan

Instructions

Through this assignment, you will experience “doing” critical thinking the same way that nurses do with clients every day. It will help you understand, through a lived learning experience in a safe environment, the scientific approach of nursing to promote the health of clients.

Read the following scenario—it is about you experiencing a particular health problem. Apply the nursing process and the Neuman Systems Model to create a personalized nursing care plan. You will create a nursing diagnosis and interventions to achieve a positive health outcome for yourself. You will evaluate the effectiveness of your nursing interventions in achieving your goals/expected outcomes.

You will also write a summary statement about the benefits of using a nursing model and the nursing process as a problem-solving process that guides all nursing actions.

Submit the included marking guide with your assignment.

The Neuman Systems Model and the Nursing Process

This assignment must be typewritten (word-processed). You will use the Client Research Record and Nursing Care Plan forms. The forms are located on Blackboard for NFDN 1001 in the folder entitled “Assignment Forms.”

A Scenario About You

You are a first-year nursing student in the Practical Nurse program at NorQuest College. You have just finished your midterms and you look forward to catching up on some well-needed rest. You are in one of your morning classes when suddenly you start to feel tired, with a sore throat. You also have a headache. You ignore this, thinking it will just pass. You think to yourself, “I really had a hard time getting out of bed this morning—I just wanted to sleep. I hope I am not getting sick, but I have been under a lot of stress with studying for the midterms.”

About half an hour later you start to cough and have a stuffy nose. “It feels as though my head is full.” You begin to feel chilled. You put your jacket on. Suddenly, you feel very weak and tired.


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Later in the morning, you are back at home under the covers with a fever and chills, and your muscles feel achy all over. You have the flu. Following several bouts of coughing and blowing your nose, you know you are sick. You feel very weak, and find it difficult to concentrate. Believing that you really don’t have time to be sick and want this over as soon as possible, you will try anything to get better as quickly as possible. You blame this event on your brother who was also sick with flu. You think to yourself, “I must have caught this from him. I hope I don’t give it to anybody else.”

This scenario provides most of the physiological data you will need to complete the nursing care plan. Since this scenario is about you, provide information to complete the Client Research Record for all variables using information from your own life.

Go to the Capital Health website www.capitalhealth.ca on the Alberta Health Services website to research information on influenza (the flu):

• Type “influenza” in the search box.

• Type “influenza – what can you do” in the advanced search box

• Select “Influenza (the flu) – What can you do?”

• Click on “Influenza (the flu) – What can you do?” and read this article.

Use the following critical thinking process:

Nursing Assessment

Assessment is the first phase of the nursing process. It is the data-gathering stage. In this phase, your purpose is to gather information that you will use to draw conclusions about your health status.

Document the pertinent assessment findings on the Client Research Record including the following data:

• The five variables of the client system (you) using the Neuman Systems Model

• Stressors – intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal

• Environmental factors – internal, external, and created environments that impact the client system

Cluster your assessment data related to the five variables, stressors, and environmental factors into objective and subjective data.

http://www.capitalhealth.ca/�


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Nursing Diagnosis

Diagnosis is the second phase of the nursing process. In this phase, your purpose is to identify your health needs (usually stated in the form of a problem) based on careful review of the assessment data to determine the meaning of the assessment data. This is the phase of the nursing process in which you will identify patterns in the data, interpret the data, and draw conclusions about health status including strengths, problems, and factors contributing to the problems.

Assignment task: Include your conclusion statement about the health problem presented in the scenario on the Nursing Process Care Plan form.

Nursing diagnoses reflect the client’s responses to an actual or potential health problem and the factors contributing to the problem. A diagnosis always contains both the response to the problem and factors contributing to the problem. You should have at least one diagnosis for each of two (2) variables.

Assignment task: Write two nursing diagnoses – one physiological and one psychosocial. Your physiological diagnosis will include your physical response to the health problem (actual or potential) and factors contributing to the health problem. Your psychosocial diagnosis will include your psychological or social response to the health problem (actual or potential) and factors contributing to your response. An example unrelated to this scenario would be a client whose medical diagnosis is renal failure. The physical response may be excess fluid volume related to…...

Planning: Goals/Expected Outcomes and Interventions

The planning phase is divided into two phases: planning (predicting) outcomes that are individualized and include measureable evaluation criteria, and planning interventions. The planning phase reflects the clients’ outcomes that you wish to achieve through your nursing activities. The outcomes will drive your choice of interventions. You need to have at least one goal for each nursing diagnosis identified (minimum of 2).

Assignment task: Plan the goals/expected outcomes and evaluation criteria that will help you achieve an improvement in health status. Using the Neuman Systems Model, write the goal/expected outcome according to the restoration or maintenance of the following:

• Flexible lines of defence – intact or broken

• Normal lines of defence – intact or broken

• Lines of resistance – intact or broken

Your goals must be measurable (evaluation criteria) and include a time frame for achievement. Document the goals/expected outcomes on the Nursing Care Plan form.


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Planning interventions is the development of a list of possible interventions based on your nursing knowledge and choosing the ones most likely to help you achieve the stated goals. The best interventions are those that are supported by evidence in the literature.

Assignment task: Identify your interventions to achieve your goals/expected outcomes. Using the Neuman Systems Model, determine if your interventions were primary, secondary, or tertiary. A minimum of three nursing interventions and at least two levels of prevention (primary, secondary, or tertiary) must be identified. Document your nursing interventions on the Nursing Process Care Plan form and provide rationale with evidence from the literature to support why you are choosing the particular interventions.

Evaluation

Evaluation is the final phase of the nursing process. In this phase, you judge whether your actions have successfully treated or prevented the client’s health problems. You need to determine whether the desired outcomes have been achieved. You then modify the care plan as needed. If the outcomes have been achieved and the problem resolved you can delete it from the care plan. If the outcomes have not been achieved you need to determine why. It may be that a new intervention is needed or that the goal/expected outcome is unrealistic.

Assignment task: Describe how the stated goals were achieved. You would evaluate the effectiveness of your interventions to achieve the stated goals and restore or maintain the lines of defence. Document your evaluation on the Nursing Process Care Plan form.

Summary Statement

Indicate the benefits of using the nursing process and the Neuman Systems Model in nursing. This statement should be 1 to 2 pages. Follow APA format (see APA and grammar marking guide).


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Client Research Record Name

Allergies

ASSESSMENT DATA Physiological Variable

General Appearance/Mental Status

Urinary System

Integumentary System

Sensory Systems

Musculoskeletal System

Developmental Variable

Nervous System

Respiratory System

Sociological Variable

Cardiovascular System

Psychological Variable

Digestive System

Spiritual Variable

Please indicate type of stressors:

IR–Intrapersonal IT–Interpersonal EX–Extrapersonal Conclusion Statement:


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Nursing Process Care Plan

Actual/Potential/ Wellness Problems/ Nursing Diagnoses

Client Goals (Expected Outcomes) L

evel

of

Inte

rven

tion

Nursing Interventions Goa

l Met

Goa

l Not

Met

Evaluation

Indicate the level of each nursing intervention: P – primary S – secondary T – tertiary


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Assignment 2: Create a Personalized Nursing Care Plan – Marking Guide


Points: 5 3 1 0

Nursing Assessment

Documented assessment findings on Client Research Record within the five variables of the client system


Identified assessment findings within the stressors – intrapersonal, interpersonal, extrapersonal


Identified assessment findings within the environmental factors – internal, external, created


Clustered self-assessment data:

• Into subjective and objective data

• Made a reasoned conclusion


/20

COMMENTS:

Nursing Diagnosis 5 3 1 0

Wrote a nursing diagnosis statement that included response to problem and related factors for each of the 2 variables


Included all components for each Nursing Diagnosis Excellent Satisfactory Minimal None

/10

COMMENTS:


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Points: 5 3 1 0

Goals/Expected Outcomes

Wrote a measurable goal/expected outcome according to:

• Flexible lines of defence: intact or broken

• Normal lines of defence: intact or broken

• Lines of resistance: intact or broken


Included evaluation criteria/methods to determine achievement of expected outcomes


/10

COMMENTS:

Interventions 5 3 1 0

Included three (3) nursing interventions using at least two (2) levels of prevention (primary, secondary, or tertiary)


Provided rationale for interventions with evidence from the literature


Indicated interventions that supported goal/expected outcome


/15

COMMENTS:

Evaluation 5 3 1 0

Determined if goals/expected outcomes were met Excellent Satisfactory Minimal None

Described how effectiveness of nursing interventions are evaluated


/10


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Evaluation (cont)

COMMENTS:

Summary Statement 5 3 1 0

Described the benefits of using the nursing process and the Neuman Systems Model in nursing


Grammar and spelling; APA format (see APA format and grammar marking guide)


/10

COMMENTS:

Total /75


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APA and Grammar – Marking Guide


Points: 1 0.5 0.25 0

Title Page

Included: header and page number; running head. Remaining items centred: title of paper, student name, college name; course and section number; assignment name and number, instructor name (all centred), and date.


Body of Paper

Paper organized – header and page number; introduction, body and conclusion; appropriate margins, double spaced throughout, indent 5 spaces or 1 tab for new paragraphs, correct font – Times New Roman, 12 font.


References

Citations in body of paper followed APA format Excellent Satisfactory Minimal None

References on separate page, followed APA format. Excellent Satisfactory Minimal None

Grammar and Spelling

Grammar appropriate and words spelled correctly (< 5 errors) Excellent Satisfactory Minimal None

Total: /5