www.aarsleff.com

NOM May 2016

1

NG

M R

eykja

vik

2016

NM

GE

C7 W

ork

sh

op

: Desig

n A

pp

roach

es

(Nie

ls)

Ole

Mø

ller , N

OM

@aars

leff.c

om

Mem

ber o

f:

•T

he D

anis

h S

tandard

Sub C

om

mitte

e fo

r Euro

code 7

: S-1

997

•C

EN

/ TC

288: E

xecutio

n o

f specia

l geote

chnic

al w

ork

s

-W

G 1

4: E

N 1

537 G

round a

nchors

(done)

-W

G 1

6: E

N 1

2699 D

ispla

cem

ent

pile

s a

nd E

N 1

4199 M

icro

pile

s(d

one)

-W

G 1

9: E

N 1

2063 S

heet p

ile w

alls

(com

ing u

p)

•C

EN

/ SC

7 / E

G1: A

nchors

(the n

ew

Am

endm

ent

A1), (d

one)

•C

EN

/ SC

7 / W

G3: T

G3 P

ile +

TG

5 A

nchors

•IS

O / T

C 1

82 / W

G3: T

estin

g o

f geote

chnic

al s

tructu

res –

EN

ISO

22477-5

Testin

g o

f gro

ute

d a

nchors

…. (2

016!)

(pre

vio

usly

under C

EN

/TC

341 …

with

a lo

ng h

isto

ry)

…. “fu

nded” b

y A

ars

leff

www.aarsleff.com

NOM May 2016

2

NG

M R

eykja

vik

2016

NM

GE

C7 W

ork

sh

op

: Desig

n A

pp

roach

es

Soilparametres

Safety

Calculationmodel

Loads, A

ctions

Decisio

n, Design

Code

www.aarsleff.com

NOM May 2016

3

NG

M R

eykja

vik

2016

NM

GE

C7 W

ork

sh

op

: Desig

n A

pp

roach

es

UL

SE

do

r Fd≤ R

d

E =

effe

ct o

f actio

n, F

= F

orc

e (a

ctio

n)

subdiv

ided in

to p

erm

anent a

ctio

ns (G

), varia

ble

actio

ns (Q

) and a

ccid

enta

l actio

ns (A

)

R =

stru

ctu

ral (S

TR

) or g

eote

chnic

al (G

EO

) resis

tance (m

ate

rials

and/o

r ele

ments

),

measure

d (m

) or c

alc

ula

ted (c

al).

Index d

for d

esig

n, i.e

. incre

ased o

r reduced

E��γ�E�R

��R�

γ

�RorRcal

ξγ

www.aarsleff.com

NOM May 2016

4

NG

M R

eykja

vik

2016

NM

GE

C7 W

ork

sh

op

: Desig

n A

pp

roach

es

EN

1990

www.aarsleff.com

NOM May 2016

5

NG

M R

eykja

vik

2016

NM

GE

C7 W

ork

sh

op

: Desig

n A

pp

roach

es

Loads, d

esig

n lo

ads fro

m c

om

bin

atio

ns o

f actio

ns, c

.f. EN

1990, 6

.4.3

.2, c

ont.

6.1

0 a

: wh

en

the d

ead

load

(G) is

do

min

atin

g

6.1

0 b

: wh

en

the v

aria

ble

load

(Q) is

do

min

atin

g

But h

ow

to c

ope w

ith d

iffere

ntia

ting w

ith d

iffere

nt c

lasses o

f consequence

(or s

afe

ty c

lasses)?

And w

hat a

bout, w

hen w

ate

r pre

ssure

is d

om

inatin

g? ⇒

DK

: New

LC

5 (o

nly

ST

R)

We (D

K) d

oes (d

id) n

ot w

an

t to fa

cto

rise d

en

sity

of s

oil (γγγ γ

m, γγγ γ

s )o

r wate

r (γγγ γw) !

effe

ctiv

e d

ensity

of s

oil u

nder w

ate

r: γ’ =

γm

-γ

w

effe

ctiv

e d

ensity

of s

oil u

nder w

ate

r with

gra

die

nt:

γ’’ = γ’ –

iγ

w i

= ∆

H / ∆

s

effe

ctiv

e w

ate

r density

, when flo

win

g:

γw ’ =

(1 –

i) γw

www.aarsleff.com

NOM May 2016

6

NG

M R

eykja

vik

2016

NM

GE

C7 W

ork

sh

op

: Desig

n A

pp

roach

es

Desig

n A

ppro

aches in

EN

1997-1

, ULS

: ST

R / G

EO

•D

A1:

1.1

A1 “+

” M1 “+

” R1

•1.2

A2 “+

” M2 “+

” R1

•D

A2:

A1 “+

” M1 “+

” R1 ∼

Resis

tance F

acto

r Appro

ach (R

FA

)

•D

A3:

(A1* o

r A2

T) “+” M

2 “+

” R3 ∼

Mate

rial F

acto

r Appro

ach (M

FA

)

Why n

ot ju

st:

A“+

” M“+

” R

A“+

” M“+

” RR

esis

tance F

acto

r Appro

ach (R

FA

)

A“+

” M“+

” RM

ate

rial F

acto

r Appro

ach (M

FA

)

The re

levant a

ppro

ach d

epend o

n th

e g

eote

chnic

al s

tructu

re (in

Den

mark

):

•P

iles a

nd a

nchors

: RF

A fo

r GE

O, M

FA

for S

TR

•E

very

thin

g e

lse (re

tain

ing s

tructu

res, s

tability

, spre

ad fo

undatio

ns e

tc.): M

FA

•N

ew

Load C

ase 5

(MF

A) to

cover d

om

inatin

g w

ate

r pre

ssure

, ON

LY

for S

TR

www.aarsleff.com

NOM May 2016

7

NG

M R

eykja

vik

2016

NM

GE

C7 W

ork

sh

op

: Desig

n A

pp

roach

es

DK

ap

pro

ach

Diffe

rentia

tion o

f relia

bility

is c

ontro

lled b

y u

se o

f Consequences C

lasses

a γ

0fa

cto

ris

intro

duced to

contro

l the a

pplic

atio

n o

f the K

FI fa

cto

r

The K

FI fa

cto

r is a

pplie

d o

n th

e p

artia

l coeffic

ients

on:

the a

ctio

ns (A

)

OR

the m

ate

rials

(stre

ngth

) (M) a

nd re

sis

tances (R

)

Hig

h C

onsequences C

lass, C

C3:

KF

I = 1

,1

Mediu

m C

onsequences C

lass, C

C2: K

FI =

1,0

Low

Consequences C

lass, C

C1:

KF

I = 0

,9 (1

,0 fo

r UP

L a

nd E

QU

)

CC

1 n

ot u

sed/a

llow

ed fo

r geote

chnic

al s

tructu

res. H

ow

ever, te

mpora

ry s

tructu

res w

ith

less s

erio

us c

onsequence o

f failu

re h

andle

d b

y u

se o

f the “a

lpha c

oncept” (γ

M)α

αty

pic

ally

set to

0,5

i.e. u

sin

g th

e s

quare

root o

f γM

www.aarsleff.com

NOM May 2016

8

NG

M R

eykja

vik

2016

NM

GE

C7 W

ork

sh

op

: Desig

n A

pp

roach

es

www.aarsleff.com

NOM May 2016

9

NG

M R

eykja

vik

2016

NM

GE

C7 W

ork

sh

op

: Desig

n A

pp

roach

es

Harm

onis

atio

n

Pro

posal fro

m

PT

1

www.aarsleff.com

NOM May 2016

10

NG

M R

eykja

vik

2016

NM

GE

C7 W

ork

sh

op

: Desig

n A

pp

roach

es

Danis

h p

roposal

www.aarsleff.com

NOM May 2016

11

NG

M R

eykja

vik

2016

NM

GE

C7 W

ork

sh

op

: Desig

n A

pp

roach

es

How

ever, th

e E

ffect o

f Actio

n A

ppro

ach (E

FA

) does n

ot fu

lfil equilib

rium

with

reactio

ns

Exam

ple

: Reta

inin

g w

all

www.aarsleff.com

NOM May 2016

12

NG

M R

eykja

vik

2016

NM

GE

C7 W

ork

sh

op

: Desig

n A

pp

roach

es

How

ever, th

e E

ffect o

f Actio

n A

ppro

ach (E

FA

) does n

ot fu

lfil equilib

rium

with

reactio

ns

Exam

ple

: Footin

g o

f gra

vity

wall

www.aarsleff.com

NOM May 2016

13

NG

M R

eykja

vik

2016

NM

GE

C7 W

ork

sh

op

: Desig

n A

pp

roach

es

A c

om

mo

n N

ord

ic v

iew

-o

n D

esig

n A

pp

roach

es …

am

on

gst o

ther th

ing

s?

1.

MF

A a

nd/o

r RF

A, p

refe

rably

not E

FA

2.

Diffe

rentia

tion o

f safe

ty le

vels

dependin

g o

n:

-Loss o

f lives

-Loss o

f valu

e

-C

om

ple

xity

of s

oil a

nd s

tructu

re

-R

obustn

ess

-…

. Mechanis

m o

f failu

re: d

uctile

or w

ithout w

arn

ing (fria

ble

)

with

or w

ithout e

xtra

capacity

3.

Partia

l coeffic

ients

–on a

ctio

ns, s

oil/m

ate

rial p

ara

mete

rs a

nd re

sis

tances

4.

Handlin

g o

f wate

r pre

ssure

:

Horiz

onta

l –or “n

early

” and V

ertic

al (U

plift), w

hat is

the d

iffere

nce?