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HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL – APRIL 10, 2012
1
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Development Plan – “Roadmap” Collaborative
Participants
Clean Energy States Alliance
Anne Margolis – Project Director
Valerie Stori – Assistant Project Director
Project Management and Plan Development
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster:
Joel M. Rinebold – Program Director
Paul Aresta – Project Manager
Alexander C. Barton – Energy Specialist
Adam J. Brzozowski – Energy Specialist
Thomas Wolak – Energy Intern
Nathan Bruce – GIS Mapping Intern
Agencies
United States Department of Energy
United States Small Business Administration
Manchester skyline – “Manchester Panorama”, WMUR9 New Hampshire, http://ulocal.wmur.com/_manchester-
panorama/photo/9945386/63455.html, September, 2011
Circuit Board – “Electronics and computer Technician”, Western Dakota Tech, http://www.wdt.edu/electech.aspx?id=232,
September 2011
Mount Washington Hotel – “Strategic HR New England”, Law Publishers, http://www.mainehr.com/StrategicHRNE/,
September, 2011
University of New Hampshire – “University of New Hampshire Congreve Hall”, 360 Cities, http://www.360cities.net/image/unh-
durham-congreve#358.70,-11.10,70.0, September, 2011
Welding – “MIG Welding”, Gooden’s Portable Welding, http://joeystechservice.com/goodenswelding/WeldingTechniques.php,
October, 2011
Blueprint construction – “Contruction1”, The MoHawk Construction Group LLC., http://mohawkcg.com/, October, 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
There is the potential to generate approximately 378,000 megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity annually
from hydrogen fuel cell technologies at potential host sites in the State of New Hampshire, through the
development of 48 – 64 megawatts (MW) of fuel cell generation capacity. The state and federal
government has incentives to facilitate the development and use of renewable energy. The decision on
whether or not to deploy hydrogen or fuel cell technology at a given location depends largely on the
economic value, compared to other conventional or alternative/renewable technologies. Consequently,
while many sites may be technically viable for the application of fuel cell technology, this plan provides
focus for fuel cell applications that are both technically and economically viable.
Favorable locations for the development of renewable energy generation through fuel cell technology
include energy intensive commercial buildings (education, food sales, food services, inpatient healthcare,
lodging, and public order and safety), energy intensive industries, wastewater treatment plants, landfills,
wireless telecommunications sites, federal/state-owned buildings, and airport facilities with a substantial
amount of air traffic.
Currently, New Hampshire has at least 25 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell
industry supply chain in the Northeast region. Based on a recent study, these companies making up the
New Hampshire hydrogen and fuel cell industry are estimated to have realized over $6 million in
revenue and investment, contributed approximately $337,000 in state and local tax revenue, and
generated over $8.5 million in gross state product from their participation in this regional energy cluster
in 2010.
Hydrogen and fuel cell projects are becoming increasingly popular throughout the Northeast region.
These technologies are viable solutions that can meet the demand for renewable energy in New
Hampshire. In addition, the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology would reduce the
dependence on oil, improve environmental performance, and increase the number of jobs within the state.
This plan provides links to relevant information to help assess, plan, and initiate hydrogen or fuel cell
projects to help meet the energy, economic, and environmental goals of the State.
Developing policies and incentives that support hydrogen and fuel cell technology will increase
deployment at sites that would benefit from on-site generation. Increased demand for hydrogen and fuel
cell technology will increase production and create jobs throughout the supply chain. As deployment
increases, manufacturing costs will decline and hydrogen and fuel cell technology will be in a position to
then compete in a global market without incentives. These policies and incentives can be coordinated
regionally to maintain the regional economic cluster as a global exporter for long-term growth and
economic development.
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................5
DRIVERS............................................................................................................................................6
ECONOMIC IMPACT ...........................................................................................................................8
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS ...................................................................................................9
Education ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Food Sales ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Food Service ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Inpatient Healthcare ............................................................................................................................ 13
Lodging ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Public Order and Safety ...................................................................................................................... 14
Energy Intensive Industries ..................................................................................................................... 15
Government Owned Buildings................................................................................................................ 16
Wireless Telecommunication Sites ......................................................................................................... 16
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) ................................................................................................ 16
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) ........................................................................................ 17
Airports ................................................................................................................................................... 18
Military ................................................................................................................................................... 19
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS ......................................................................................... 20
Alternative Fueling Stations................................................................................................................ 21
Bus Transit .......................................................................................................................................... 22
Material Handling ............................................................................................................................... 22
Ground Support Equipment ................................................................................................................ 23
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 24
APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................... 26
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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Index of Tables
Table 1 - New Hampshire Economic Data 2011 .......................................................................................... 8
Table 2 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector .............................................................. 15
Table 3 - New Hampshire Top Airports' Enplanement Count .................................................................... 18
Table 4 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge) ............................. 20
Table 5 - Summary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications ............................................................................ 24
Index of Figures
Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector .................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2 - Electric Power Generation by Primary Energy Source ................................................................ 9
Figure 3 - New Hampshire Electrical Consumption per Sector .................................................................. 11
Figure 4 - U.S. Lodging, Energy Consumption .......................................................................................... 14
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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INTRODUCTION
A Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Industry Development Plan was created for each state in the Northeast region
(New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New
Jersey), with support from the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE), to increase awareness
and facilitate the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology. The intent of this guidance document
is to make available information regarding the economic value and deployment opportunities for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology.1
A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen (or a hydrogen-rich fuel such as natural gas) and oxygen to
create an electric current. The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors,
including fuel cell type, stack size, operating temperature, and the pressure at which the gases are
supplied to the cell. Fuel cells are classified primarily by the type of electrolyte they employ, which
determines the type of chemical reactions that take place in the cell, the temperature range in which the
cell operates, the fuel required, and other factors. These characteristics, in turn, affect the applications for
which these cells are most suitable. There are several types of fuel cells currently in use or under
development, each with its own advantages, limitations, and potential applications. These technologies
and applications are identified in Appendix VI.
Fuel cells have the potential to replace the internal combustion engine (ICE) in vehicles and provide
power for stationary and portable power applications. Fuel cells are in commercial service as distributed
power plants in stationary applications throughout the world, providing thermal power and electricity to
power homes and businesses. Fuel cells are also used in transportation applications, such as automobiles,
trucks, buses, and other equipment. Fuel cells for portable applications, which are currently in
development, and can provide power for laptop computers and cell phones.
Fuel cells are cleaner and more efficient than traditional combustion-based engines and power plants;
therefore, less energy is needed to provide the same amount of power. Typically, stationary fuel cell
power plants are fueled with natural gas or other hydrogen rich fuel. Natural gas is widely available
throughout the northeast, is relatively inexpensive, and is primarily a domestic energy supply.
Consequently, natural gas shows the greatest potential to serve as a transitional fuel for the near future
hydrogen economy. Stationary fuel cells use a fuel reformer to reform the natural gas to near pure
hydrogen for the fuel cell stack. Because hydrogen can be produced using a wide variety of resources
found here in the U.S., including natural gas, biomass material, and through electrolysis using electricity
produced from indigenous sources, energy provided from a fuel cell can be considered renewable and will
reduce dependence on imported fuel. 2,
When pure hydrogen is used to power a fuel cell, the only by-
products are water and heat; no pollutants or greenhouse gases (GHG) are produced.
1 Key stakeholders are identified in Appendix III
2 Electrolysis is the process of using an electric current to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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DRIVERS
The Northeast hydrogen and fuel cell industry, while still emerging, currently has an economic impact of
over $1 Billion of total revenue and investment. New Hampshire benefits from secondary impacts of
indirect and induced employment and revenue.3
Furthermore, New Hampshire has a definitive and
attractive economic development opportunity to greatly increase its economic participation in the
hydrogen and fuel cell industry within the Northeast region and worldwide. An economic “SWOT”
assessment for New Hampshire is provided in Appendix VII.
Industries in the Northeast, including those in New Hampshire, are facing increased pressure to reduce
costs, fuel consumption, and emissions that may be contributing to climate change. Currently, New
Hampshire’s businesses pay $0.143 per kWh for electricity on average; this is the sixth highest cost of
electricity in the U.S.4 New Hampshire’s relative proximity to major load centers, the high cost of
electricity, concerns over regional air quality, available federal tax incentives, and legislative mandates in
New Hampshire and neighboring states have resulted in renewed interest in the development of efficient
renewable energy. Incentives designed to assist individuals and organizations in energy conservation and
the development of renewable energy are currently offered within the state. Appendix IV contains an
outline of New Hampshire’s incentives and renewable energy programs. Some specific factors that are
driving the market for hydrogen and fuel cell technology in New Hampshire include the following:
The current Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) recognizes fuel cells that utilize biogas or other
renewable sources of hydrogen as a “Class I” renewable energy source, and calls for an increase
in renewable energy used in the state from its current level of approximately nine percent to
approximately 24 percent by 2025 5 – promotes stationary power applications.
Net Metering requires all electric utilities to provide, upon request, net metering to customers who
generate electricity using renewable energy systems with a maximum capacity of 100 kWs, which
was increased from one kW in June 20106 – promotes stationary power applications.
The Sustainable Energy Division was created in 2008 to assist the New Hampshire Public
Utilities Commission in implementing specific state legislative initiatives focused on promoting
renewable energy and energy efficiency and advancing the goals of energy sustainability,
affordability, and security7 – promotes stationary power applications.
New Hampshire is one of the states in the 10-state region that is part of the Regional Greenhouse
Gas Initiative (RGGI); the nation’s first mandatory market-based program to reduce emissions of
carbon dioxide (CO2). RGGI's goals are to stabilize and cap emissions at 188 million tons
annually from 2009-2014 and to reduce CO2-emissions by 2.5 percent per year from 2015-2018.8
– promotes stationary power and transportation applications.
3 New Hampshire does not have any original equipment manufacturers (OEM) of hydrogen/fuel cell systems so it has no “direct”
economic impact. 4 EIA, Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector, by State,
http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_a.html 5 DSIRE, “New Hampshire Renewable Portfolio Standards”,
www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=NH09R&re=1&ee=1, April 8, 2007 6 DSIRE, “Rules, Regulations and Policies”,
www.dsireusa.org/incentives/index.cfm?re=1&ee=1&spv=0&st=0&srp=1&state=NH , April 8, 2007 7 State of New Hampshire, http://www.puc.nh.gov/Sustainable%20Energy/SustainableEnergy.htm 8 Seacoastonline.come, “RGGI: Quietly setting a standard”,
http://www.seacoastonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090920/NEWS/909200341/-1/NEWSMAP, September 20, 2009
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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The Energy Efficiency Standards for State Government Buildings requires a ten percent increase
in energy efficiency in state-occupied buildings. New construction and major renovations of state
government buildings are required to exceed the state energy code by at least 20 percent9 –
promotes stationary power applications.
Through School District Emissions Reduction Policies, school districts must develop and
implement a policy to minimize or eliminate emissions from buses, cars, delivery vehicles,
maintenance vehicles, and other motor vehicles used on school properties10
– promotes
transportation applications.
Idle Reduction and Fuel-Efficient, Low Emission Vehicle Acquisition Requirements requires New
Hampshire state agencies and departments to implement a “Clean Fleets Program” in accordance
with the recommendation of the Energy Efficiency in State Government Steering Committee 11
–
promotes transportation applications.
9 OpenEnergyInfo, “Energy Efficiency Standards for State Government Building (New Hampshire)”,
http://en.openei.org/wiki/Energy_Efficiency_Standards_for_State_Government_Buildings_(New_Hampshire), April 20, 2011 10 DOE, “School District Emissions Reduction Policies”, www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/law/NH/8800, April 27, 2010 11 DSIRE, “Rules, Regulations and Policies”,
www.dsireusa.org/incentives/index.cfm?re=1&ee=1&spv=0&st=0&srp=1&state=NH , April 8, 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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ECONOMIC IMPACT
The hydrogen and fuel cell industry has direct, indirect, and induced impacts on local and regional
economies. 12
A new hydrogen and/or fuel cell project directly affects the area’s economy through the
purchase of goods and services, generation of land use revenue, taxes or payments in lieu of taxes, and
employment. Secondary effects include both indirect and induced economic effects resulting from the
circulation of the initial spending through the local economy, economic diversification, changes in
property values, and the use of indigenous resources.
New Hampshire is home to at least 25 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell
industry supply chain in the Northeast region. Appendix V lists the hydrogen and fuel cell industry
supply chain companies in New Hampshire. Realizing over $6 million in revenue and investment from
their participation in this regional cluster in 2010, these companies include manufacturing, parts
distributing, supplying of industrial gas, engineering based research and development (R&D), coating
applications, and managing of venture capital funds. 13
Furthermore, the hydrogen and fuel cell industry is
estimated to have contributed approximately $337,000 in state and local tax revenue, and over $8.5
million in gross state product. Table 1 shows New Hampshire’s impact in the Northeast region’s
hydrogen and fuel cell industry as of April 2011.
Table 1 - New Hampshire Economic Data 2011
New Hampshire Economic Data
Supply Chain Members 25
Indirect Rev ($M) 6.32
Indirect Jobs 27
Indirect Labor Income ($M) 1.85
Induced Revenue ($M) 2.33
Induced Jobs 18
Induced Labor Income ($M) 0.792
Total Revenue ($M) 8.65
Total Jobs 45
Total Labor Income ($M) 2.64
In addition, there are over 118,000 people employed across 3,500 companies within the Northeast
registered as part of the motor vehicle industry. Approximately 3,000 of these individuals and 140 of
these companies are located in New Hampshire. If newer/emerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology
were to gain momentum within the transportation sector, the estimated employment rate for the hydrogen
and fuel cell industry could grow significantly in the region.14
12
Indirect impacts are the estimated output (i.e., revenue), employment and labor income in other business (i.e., not-OEMs) that
are associated with the purchases made by hydrogen and fuel cell OEMs, as well as other companies in the sector’s supply chain.
Induced impacts are the estimated output, employment and labor income in other businesses (i.e., non-OEMs) that are associated
with the purchases by workers related to the hydrogen and fuel cell industry. 13
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search, http://neesc.org/resources/?type=1, April 8,
2011 14 NAICS Codes: Motor Vehicle – 33611, Motor Vehicle Parts – 3363
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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Residential
29%
Commercial
23% Industrial
13%
Transportation
35%
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS
In 2009, New Hampshire consumed the equivalent of 88.78 million megawatt-hours (MWh) of energy
amongst the transportation, residential, industrial, and commercial sectors.15
Electricity consumption in
New Hampshire was approximately 10.7 million MWh, and is forecasted to grow at a rate of 1.2 percent
annually over the next decade. Figure 1 illustrates the percent of total energy consumed by each sector in
New Hampshire. A more detailed breakout of energy use is provided in Appendix II.
This demand represents approximately nine percent of the population in New England and nine percent of
the region’s total electricity consumption. The state relies on both in-state resources and imports of
power over the region’s transmission system to serve electricity to customers Net electrical demand in
New Hampshire was 1,221 MW in 2009 and is projected to increase by approximately 80 MW by 2015.
The state’s overall electricity demand is forecasted to grow at a rate of 1.2 percent (1.8 percent peak
summer demand growth) annually over the next decade. Demand for new electric capacity as well as a
replacement of older less efficient base-load generation facilities is expected. With approximately 4,100
MW in total capacity of generation plants, New Hampshire represents 13 percent of the total capacity in
New England. 16
As shown in Figure 2, natural gas was the second most used energy source for electricity
consumed in New Hampshire for 2009. 17
15
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), “State Energy Data System”,
“http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum/html/rank_use.html”, August 2011 16 ISO New England, “New Hampshire 2011 State Profile”, www.iso-ne.com/nwsiss/grid_mkts/key_facts/nh_01-
2011_profile.pdf, January, 2011 17
EIA, “Electric Power Annual 2010 – State Data Tables”, www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sprdshts.html, January, 2011
Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector Figure 2 - Electric Power Generation by
Primary Energy Source
Coal, 13.9%
Petroleum
0.3% Natural Gas
24.2%
Nuclear
49.2%
Hydroelectric
6.7% Other
Renewables
5.6%
Other 3.0%
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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Fuel cell systems have many advantages over other conventional technologies, including:
High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (> 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels;
Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent;
Reduction of noise pollution;
Reduction of air pollution;
Often do not require new transmission;
Siting is not controversial; and
If near point of use, waste heat can be captured and used. Combined heat and power (CHP)
systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate
heat and central station power systems.18
Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy, and can
nearly double energy efficiency at a customer site, typically from 35 to 50 percent. The value of CHP
includes reduced transmission and distribution costs, reduced fuel use and associated emissions.19
Based
on the targets identified within this plan, there is the potential to develop at least approximately 48 MWs
of stationary fuel cell generation capacity in New Hampshire, which would provide the following
benefits, annually:
Production of approximately 378,000 MWh of electricity
Production of approximately 1.02 million MMBTUs of thermal energy
Reduction of CO2 emissions of approximately 42,000 tons (electric generation only)20
For the purpose of this plan, potential applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells that have
a capacity between 300 kW to 400 kW. However, smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific
applications. Facilities that have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the
fuel cells potentially provide the best opportunity for the application of a fuel cell. Facilities that may be
good candidates for the application of a fuel cell include commercial buildings with potentially high
electricity consumption, selected government buildings, public works facilities, and energy intensive
industries.
Commercial building types with high electricity consumption have been identified as potential locations
for on-site generation and CHP application based on data from the Energy Information Administration’s
(EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). These selected building types
making up the CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include:
Education
Food Sales
Food Services
Inpatient Healthcare
Lodging
Public Order & Safety21
18 FuelCell2000, “Fuel Cell Basics”, www.fuelcells.org/basics/apps.html, July, 2011 19 “Distributed Generation Market Potential: 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticut”, ISE, Joel M. Rinebold,
ECSU, March 15, 2004 20 Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lb/MWh: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); eGRID2010 Version
1.1 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates, Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England); FuelCell
Energy; DFC 300 Product sheet, http://www.fuelcellenergy.com/files/FCE%20300%20Product%20Sheet-lo-rez%20FINAL.pdf,
UTC Power, PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics, http://www.utcpower.com/products/purecell400
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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The commercial building types identified above represent top principal building activity classifications
that reported the highest value for electricity consumption on a per building basis and have a potentially
high load factor for the application of CHP. Appendix II further defines New Hampshire’s estimated
electrical consumption per each sector. As illustrated in Figure 3, these selected building types within the
commercial sector are estimated to account for approximately 14 percent of New Hampshire’s total
electrical consumption. Graphical representation of potential targets analyzed are depicted in Appendix I.
Figure 3 – New Hampshire Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 306 non-public schools and 475 public schools (78 of which are considered high
schools) in New Hampshire.22,23
High schools operate for a longer period of time daily due to
extracurricular after school activities, such as clubs and athletics. Furthermore, two of these schools have
swimming pools, which may make these sites especially attractive because it would increase the
utilization of both the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell. There are also 32 colleges and
universities in New Hampshire, including 20 public and 12 private institutions.24
Colleges and
universities have facilities for students, faculty, administration, and maintenance crews that typically
include dormitories, cafeterias, gyms, libraries, and athletic departments – some with swimming pools.
Of these 110 locations (78 high schools and 32 colleges), 56 are located in communities serviced by
natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 1: Education).
Educational establishments in other states such as Connecticut and New York have shown interest in fuel
cell technology. Examples of existing or planned fuel cell applications include South Windsor High
School (CT), Liverpool High School (NY), Rochester Institute of Technology, Yale University,
University of Connecticut, and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and
Forestry.
21
As defined by CBECS, Public Order & Safety facilities are: buildings used for the preservation of law and order or public
safety. Although these sites are usually described as government facilities they are referred to as commercial buildings because
their similarities in energy usage with the other building sites making up the CBECS data. 22 EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 23 Public schools are classified as magnets, charters, alternative schools and special facilities 24 New Hampshire State Department of Education, www.education.nh.gov/aboutus/details.htm
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Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NH
(% of Region)
813
(4)
56
(3)
34
(5)
10
(5)
80,417
(5)
216,589
(5)
8,926
(2)
Food Sales
There are over 1,500 businesses in New Hampshire known to be engaged in the retail sale of food. Food
sales establishments are potentially good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and
thermal requirements for heating and refrigeration. Approximately 61 of these sites are considered larger
food sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site. 25
Of these 61 large food
sales businesses, 50 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 2: Food
Sales). 26
The application of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be
economically viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements; however, a smaller fuel
cell may be appropriate.
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper, Supervalu, Whole foods, and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New York.27
In
addition, food distribution centers, such as Poultry Products Co. in Hooksett, New Hampshire are prime
targets for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary power and material
handling equipment.
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NH
(% of Region)
1,500
(3)
50
(4)
50
(4)
15,0
(4)
118,260
(4)
318,514
(4)
13,127
(2)
Food Service
There are over 2,000 businesses in New Hampshire that can be classified as food service establishments
used for the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption.28
Approximately 11 of these
sites are considered larger restaurant businesses with approximately 130 or more employees at their site
and are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 3: Food Services).29
The
application of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be
economically viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements; however, a smaller fuel
cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate to meet hot water and space heating requirements. A significant portion
(18 percent) of the energy consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the
domestic hot water heating load.30
In other parts of the U.S., popular chains, such as McDonalds, are
25
On average, food sale facilities consume 43,000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. When compared to current
fuel cell technology (>300 kW), which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh,
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell. 26 EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 27 Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA), “Fuel Cells for Supermarkets – Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systems”, Benny Smith, www.cleanenergystates.org/assets/Uploads/BlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFB.pdf 28 EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 29
On average, food service facilities consume 20,300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. Current fuel cell
technology (>300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh. Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell. 30
“Case Studies in Restaurant Water Heating”, Fisher, Donald, http://eec.ucdavis.edu/ACEEE/2008/data/papers/9_243.pdf, 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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beginning to show an interest in the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and
thermal energy, including domestic water heating at food service establishments.31
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NH
(% of Region)
2,000
(3)
11
(3)
11
(3)
3.3
(3)
26,017
(3)
70,073
(3)
2,888
(1)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 149 inpatient healthcare facilities in New Hampshire; 32 of which are classified as
hospitals.32
Of these 32 locations, 10 are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100
or more beds onsite (Appendix I – Figure 4: Inpatient Healthcare). Hospitals represent an excellent
opportunity for the application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for
lifesaving medical devices and operate 24/7 with a relatively flat load curve. Furthermore, medical
equipment, patient rooms, sterilized/operating rooms, data centers, and kitchen areas within these
facilities are often required to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of
electricity and thermal energy from a fuel cell. Nationally, hospital energy costs have increased 56
percent from $3.89 per square foot in 2003 to $6.07 per square foot for 2010, partially due to the
increased cost of energy.33
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St. Francis, Stamford, and
Waterbury hospitals in Connecticut, and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York.
Table 5 -Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NH
(% of Region)
149
(4)
10
(2)
10
(2)
3.0
(2)
23,652
(2)
63,703
(52
2,625
(1)
31
Sustainable business Oregon, “ClearEdge sustains brisk growth”,
http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2010/01/clearedge_sustains_brisk_growth.html, May 8, 2011 32 EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 33
BetterBricks, “http://www.betterbricks.com/graphics/assets/documents/BB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCase.pdf”, Page 1,
August 2011
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Office
Equipment, 4% Ventilation, 4%
Refrigeration, 3%
Lighting, 11%
Cooling, 13%
Space Heating ,
33%
Water Heating ,
18%
Cooking, 5% Other, 9%
Lodging
There are over 420 establishments specializing in
travel/lodging accommodations that include hotels,
motels, or inns in New Hampshire. Approximately
30 of these establishments have 150 or more rooms
onsite, and can be classified as “larger sized”
lodging that may have additional attributes, such as
heated pools, exercise facilities, and/or restaurants. 34
Of these 30 locations, 13 employ more than 94
workers and are located in communities serviced by
natural gas. 35
As shown in Figure 4, more than 60
percent of total energy use at a typical lodging
facility is due to lighting, space heating, and water
heating. 36
The application of a large fuel cell (>300
kW) at hotel/resort facilities with less than 94
employees may not be economically viable based on
the electrical demand and operational requirement;
however, a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be
appropriate. Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton
and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in
powering their establishments with fuel cells in New
Jersey and New York.
New Hampshire also has 80 facilities identified as convalescent homes, nine of which have bed capacities
greater than, or equal to 150 units and are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I –
Figure 5: Lodging). 37
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NH
(% of Region)
500
(6)
22
(3)
22
(3)
6.6
(3)
52,034
(3)
140,146
(3)
5,776
(1)
Public Order and Safety
There are approximately 211 facilities in New Hampshire that can be classified as public order and safety;
these include 86 fire stations, 114 police stations, six state police stations, and five prisons. 38,39
Approximately eight of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas.40,41
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
34 EPA, “CHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sector”, www.epa.gov/chp/documents/hotel_casino_analysis.pdf, December, 2005 35
On average lodging facilities consume 28,000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. Current fuel cell technology
(>300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh. Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell. 36 National Grid, “Managing Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotels”,
www.nationalgridus.com/non_html/shared_energyeff_hotels.pdf, 2004 37 Assisted-Living-List, “List of 82 Nursing Homes in New Hampshire (NH)”, http://assisted-living-list.com/nh-nursing-homes/,
May 9, 2011 38 EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 39 USACOPS – The Nations Law Enforcement Site, www.usacops.com/me/ 40
CBECS,“Table C14”, http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/2003set19/2003pdf/alltables.pdf,
November, 2011
Figure 4 - U.S. Lodging, Energy Consumption
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of a larger fuel cell (>300 kW), which could provide heat and uninterrupted power.42
The sites identified
(Appendix I – Figure 6: Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased reliability to
mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid outages. The
application of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than 210
employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational requirement;
however, a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate. Central Park Police Station in New York City,
New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system.
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NH
(% of Region)
211
(6)
8
(3)
8
(3)
2.4
(3)
18,922
(3)
50,962
(3)
2,100
(1)
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2, energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
4.8 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell.43
In New Hampshire, there are approximately 182 of these industrial facilities that are involved
in the manufacture of aluminum, chemicals, forest products, glass, metal casting, petroleum, coal
products or steel and employ 25 or more employees.44
Of these 182 locations, 108 are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 7: Energy Intensive Industries).
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector45
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 2.49
322 Pulp and Paper 4.46
324110 Petroleum Refining 4.72
311 Food manufacturing 0.76
331111 Iron and steel 8.15
321 Wood Products 1.23
3313 Alumina and aluminum 3.58
327310 Cement 16.41
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 0.21
3315 Metal casting 1.64
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 2.05
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 2.05
Companies such as Coca-Cola, Johnson & Johnson, and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut, New Jersey,
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities.
41
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12,400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. Current fuel
cell technology (>300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh. Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell. 42
CBECS,“Table C14”, http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/2003set19/2003pdf/alltables.pdf,
November, 2011 43 EIA, “Electricity Generation Capability”, 1999 CBECS, www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/pba99/comparegener.html 44 Proprietary market data 45 EPA, “Energy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectors”, www.epa.gov/sectors/pdf/energy/ch2.pdf, March 2007
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Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NH
(% of Region)
182
(4)
18
(4)
18
(4)
5.4
(4)
42,574
(4)
114,665
(4)
4,726
(2)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 57 locations in New Hampshire; three of
these properties are actively owned, rather than leased, by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 8: Federal Government Operated Buildings).
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of New Hampshire. The
application of fuel cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load
requirements at these sites and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated
with the high usage of these public buildings.
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NH
(% of Region)
57
(5)
3
(3)
3
(3)
0.9
(3)
7,096
(3)
19,111
(3)
788
(2)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
The telecommunications industry in New Hampshire is an $800 million industry.46
Telecommunications
companies rely on electricity to run call centers, cell phone towers, and other vital equipment. In New
Hampshire, there are more than 247 telecommunications and/or wireless company tower sites (Appendix I
– Figure 9: Telecommunication Sites). Any loss of power at these locations may result in a loss of service
to customers; thus, having reliable power is critical. Each individual site represents an opportunity to
provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up generation
powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology. It is an industry standard to install units capable of
supplying 48-72 hours of backup power; this is typically accomplished with batteries or conventional
emergency generators.47
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites will have
special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency communications
and homeland security. An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell technology to
provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs, Connecticut.
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NH
(% of Region)
247
(6)
25
(6) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 65 WWTPs in New Hampshire that have design flows ranging from 78,000 gallons per day
(GPD) to 36 million gallons per day (MGD); nine of these facilities average between 3 – 36 MGD.
46 NHPUC, “Telecom”, www.puc.nh.gov/telecom/telecom.htm, July 7, 2011 47 ReliOn, Hydrogen Fuel Cell: Wireless Applications”, www.relion-inc.com/pdf/ReliOn_AppsWireless_2010.pdf, May 4, 2011
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WWTPs typically operate 24/7 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process
fats, oils, and grease.48
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the U.S.49
Digester gas produced at WWTP’s, which is usually 60 percent methane, can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells. Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane.50
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I – Figure 10: Solid and Liquid Waste Sites).51,52
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers, New York, was the world’s first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant. The fuel cell generates about 1,600 MWh of
electricity a year, and reduces methane emissions released to the environment.53
A 200 kW fuel cell
power plant was also installed at the Water Pollution Control Authority’s WWTP in New Haven,
Connecticut, and produces 10 – 15 percent of the facility’s electricity, reducing energy costs by almost
$13,000 a year.54
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plant Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NH
(% of Region)
65
(11)
1
(6)
1
(6)
0.3
(6)
2,365
(6)
6,370
(6)
263
(3)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 27 landfills in New Hampshire identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
through their LMOP program: seven of which are operational, three are candidates, and 17 are considered
potential sites for the production and recovery of methane gas. 55,56
The amount of methane emissions
released by a given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time
the material has been in place. Similar to WWTPs, methane emissions from landfills could be captured
and used as a fuel to power a fuel cell system. In 2009, municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were
responsible for producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation.
These locations could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I –
Figure 10: Solid and Liquid Waste Sites).
48
“Beyond Zero Net Energy: Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Production”, Toffey, Bill,
September 2010, http://www.awra-pmas.memberlodge.org/Resources/Documents/Beyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010.pdf 49
EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, “Introduction”, July, 2006 50 EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, www.p2pays.org/energy/WastePlant.pdf, July, 2011 51 “GHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Management”, Beecher, Ned, November 20, 2009,
www.des.state.nh.us/organization/divisions/water/wmb/rivers/watershed_conference/documents/2009_fri_climate_2.pdf 52 EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, www.p2pays.org/energy/WastePlant.pdf, May 4, 2011 53 NYPA, “WHAT WE DO – Fuel Cells”, www.nypa.gov/services/fuelcells.htm, August 8, 2011 54
Conntact.com, “City to Install Fuel Cell”, http://www.conntact.com/archive_index/archive_pages/4472_Business_New_Haven.html, August 15, 2003 55
Due to size, individual sites may have more than one potential, candidate, or operational project. 56 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as “one that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less, has at
least one million tons of waste, and does not have an operational or, under-construction project.”EPA, “Landfill
Methane Outreach Program”, www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-info/index.html, April 7, 2011
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Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NH
(% of Region)
25
(12)
1
(6)
1
(6)
0.3
(6)
2,365
(6)
6,370
(6)
263
(4)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the U.S., there are approximately 50,000 airplanes in the sky each day.
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers. Modern software, host computers, voice communication systems, and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts;
consequently, reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application. 57
There are approximately 51 airports in New Hampshire, including 26 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services. Of those 26 airports, three (Table 3) have 2,500 or more passengers enplaned each
year, two of these three facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I –
Figure 11: Commercial Airports). An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany, New York. (Appendix I –
Figure 11: Commercial Airports).
Table 14 – New Hampshire Top Airports' Enplanement Count
Airport58
Total Enplanement in 2000
Manchester 1,568,860
Pease International Tradeport 37,786
Lebanon Municipal 15,156
Concord Airport (CON) and Pease International Airport (PSM) are considered “Joint-Use” airports in
New Hampshire. Joint-Use facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of
the military runway for public airport services. Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF), located at these
sites are used by the Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness, train and utilize military
personnel, conduct flight training and operations, and perform field level maintenance. Concord Airport
and Pease International Airport represents favorable opportunities for the application of uninterruptible
power for necessary services associated with national defense and emergency response and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports).
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
NH
(% of Region)
51
(6)
3(2)
(1)
2
(1)
0.9
(1)
7,096
(1)
19,111
(1)
788
(8)
57 Howstuffworks.com, “How Air Traffic Control Works”, Craig, Freudenrich,
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/air-traffic-control5.htm, May 4, 2011 58 Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “New Hampshire Transportation Profile”,
www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/new_hampshire/pdf/entire.pdf, March 30, 2011
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Military The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world. DOD is using fuel cells for:
Stationary units for power supply in bases.
Fuel cell units in transport applications.
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers.
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE, the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations, two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey).59
59 Fuel Cell Today, “US DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installations”,
http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/online/news/articles/2011-07/US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems, July 20, 2011
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POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the world’s oil production. In 2010, the U.S. used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day. Roughly 35 percent of New Hampshire’s energy consumption is due to demands of the
transportation sector, including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles, cars, trucks,
and buses. A small percent of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel.60
The current economy in the U.S. is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities, including
transportation. As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce, energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced. Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels.
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology, including:
Quiet operation;
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbon gases or particulates;
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas; and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source;
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security; and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4).61,62
Table 16 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge63
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 29.3 49.2 21.5 5.4 3.9
FCEVs can reduce price volatility, dependence on oil, improve environmental performance, and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies, as follows:
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10,170, 15,770, and 182,984 pounds per year, respectively.64
60 “US Oil Consumption to BP Spill”, http://applesfromoranges.com/2010/05/us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill/, May31, 2010 61 “Challenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehicles”, Masatami Takimoto, Executive Vice President,
Toyota Motor Corporation, January 26, 2006. Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo, Japan 62 “Twenty Hydrogen Myths”, Amory B. Lovins, Rocky Mountain Institute, June 20, 2003 63 Miles per Gallon Equivalent 64 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan, Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc, January 1, 2008, Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12,500
miles for passenger car and 14,000 miles for light trucks (U.S. EPA) and 37,000 average miles/year per bus (U.S. DOT FTA,
2007)
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Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle), 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4,390
gallons of diesel (bus).
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles, light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle, $1,866 per light duty truck, and $17,560 per bus.65
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, General Motors, Honda, Daimler AG, and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015. Longer term, the
U.S. DOE has projected that between 15.1 million and 23.9 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy. These estimates could be accelerated if political, economic, energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels.66
Strategic targets for the application of hydrogen for transportation include alternative fueling stations;
New Hampshire Department of Transportation (NHDOT) refueling stations; bus transits operations;
government, public, and privately owned fleets; and material handling and airport ground support
equipment (GSE). Graphical representation of potential targets analyzed are depicted in Appendix I.
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 800 retail fueling stations in New Hampshire;67
however, only 23 public and/or
private stations within the state provide alternative fuels, such as biodiesel, compressed natural gas,
propane, or electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles.68
There are also approximately 123 refueling
stations owned and operated by NHDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety
vehicles, state transit vehicles, and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular
basis.69
Development of hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and
operated by NHDOT would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (See Appendix I –
Figure 12: Alternative Fueling Stations). Currently, there are approximately 18 existing or planned
transportation fueling stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative
fuel.70,71,72
65 U.S. EIA, Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices: gasoline - $3.847 and diesel – 4.00,
www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_w.htm 66
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States: Report to Congress,
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/congress_reports.html, August 2011 67 “Public retail gasoline stations state year” www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/data/docs/gasoline_stations_state.xls, May 5, 2011 68 Alternative Fuels Data Center, www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations/ 69 EPA, “Government UST Noncompliance Report-2007”, www.epa.gov/oust/docs/NH%20Compliance%20Report.pdf 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations/ 71 Hyride, “About the fueling station”, http://www.hyride.org/html-about_hyride/About_Fueling.html 72 CTTransit, “Hartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)”,
www.cttransit.com/Procurements/Display.asp?ProcurementID={8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542}, March, 2011
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Fleets
There are over 2,000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in New Hampshire. 73
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the
amount of mileage, and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions, compared to personal
vehicles on a per vehicle basis. There is an additional 2,120 passenger automobiles and/or light duty
trucks in New Hampshire, owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a
combined 23,278,904 miles in 2010, while releasing 3,431 metrics tons of CO2.74
Conversion of fleet
vehicles from conventional fossil fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and
GHG emissions. Fleet vehicle hubs may be good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to
FCEVs because they mostly operate on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a
centralized station.
Bus Transit
There are approximately 79 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in New
Hampshire.75
As discussed above, replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with fuel cell transit
bus would result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183,000 pounds per year),
and reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4,390 gallons per year).76
Although the
efficiency of conventional diesel buses has increased, conventional diesel buses, which typically achieve
fuel economy performance levels of 3.9 miles per gallon, have the greatest potential for energy savings by
using high efficiency fuel cells. Other states such as California, Connecticut, South Carolina, and Maine
have also begun the transition of fueling transit buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and
environmental performance.
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries, including
manufacturing, construction, mining, agriculture, food, retailers, and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site. Material handling equipment is usually
battery, propane or diesel powered. Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time. Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance, eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge. Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms, leaving more space for
products. In addition, fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement (assuming one is available), which saves the operator
valuable time and increases warehouse productivity.
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages, compared to batteries,
such as:
1.5 times lower maintenance cost;
8 times lower refueling/recharging labor cost;
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (O&M) system cost.
73 Fleet.com, “2009-My Registration”, www.automotive-
fleet.com/Statistics/StatsViewer.aspx?file=http%3a%2f%2fwww.automotive-fleet.com%2ffc_resources%2fstats%2fAFFB10-16-
top10-state.pdf&channel 74 State of New Hampshire, “Energy Management Annual Report for State-Owned Buildings Fiscal Year 2010”,
http://admin.state.nh.us/EnergyManagement/Documents/AnnualEnergyReport2010.pdf, November, 2010 75
NTD Date, “TS2.2 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by System”,
http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm, December 2011 76 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan, Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc, January 1, 2008.
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63 percent less emissions of GHG. Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment. 77
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses, distribution
centers, and manufacturing plants in North America.78
Large corporations that are currently or planning
to utilize fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS, Coca-Cola, BMW, Central
Grocers, and Wal-Mart. (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)79
There are approximately 12 distribution center/warehouse sites that have
been identified in New Hampshire that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling
equipment. (Appendix I – Figure 13: Distribution Centers/Warehouses)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks, deicers, and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline. As an alternative, hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications. While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment, a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs.80
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve New Hampshire’s largest airports include Air
Canada, Delta Airlines, Continental, Southwest Airlines, United, and US Airways. (Appendix I – Figure
11: Commercial Airports).81
78 DOE EERE, “Early Markets: Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipment”,
www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/pdfs/early_markets_forklifts.pdf, February 2011 79 Plug Power, “Plug Power Celebrates Successful year for Company’s Manufacturing and Sales Activity”,
www.plugpower.com, January 4, 2011 80 Battelle, “Identification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Markets”,
April 2007, www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/pemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407.pdf 81 MHT, “Airline Serving MHT”, www.flymanchester.com/airlines/serving.php, May 4, 2011
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CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability, energy
efficiency, and emission reductions. Large fuel cell units (>300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads. Smaller fuel cell units (< 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites, restaurants/fast food outlets, and smaller sized public facilities at this time.
Table 17 –Summary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
< 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
>300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 813 5682
22 34
Food Sales 1,500+ 5083
50
Food Services 2,000+ 1184
11
Inpatient Healthcare 149 1085
10
Lodging 500 2286
22
Public Order & Safety 211 887
8
Energy Intensive Industries 182 1888
18
Government Operated
Buildings 57 3
89
3
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
24790
2591
25
WWTPs 65 192
1
Landfills 25 193
1
Airports (w/ AASF) 51 3 (2) 94
3
Total 5,800 208 47 161
As shown in Table 5, the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 208 potential
locations with potentially high electricity consumption, which may be favorable candidates for the
application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power. Assuming the demand for electricity is uniform
throughout the year, approximately 120 to 161 fuel cell units, with a capacity of 300 – 400 kW, could be
deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 48 to 64 MWs.
82 56 high schools and/or college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 83 44 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 84 Ten percent of the 115 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 85 Ten Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 100 or more beds onsite 86 17 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and nine convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 87 Correctional facilities and/or other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more. 88 Ten percent of 108 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Three actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 90
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire,
satellite and cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories 91 Ten percent of the 247 wireless telecommunication sites in New Hampshire’s targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 92 Ten percent of New Hampshire WWTP with average flows of 3.0+ MGD 93 Ten percent of the Landfills targeted based on LMOP data 94 Airport facilities with 2,500+ annual Enplanement Counts and/or with AASF
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If all suggested targets are satisfied by fuel cell(s) installations 300 kW units, a minimum of 378,432
MWh electric and 1.02 MMBTUs (equivalent to 298,723 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced,
which could reduce CO2 emissions by approximately 42,006 tons per year.95
New Hampshire can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation
such as passenger fleets, transit district fleets, municipal fleets and state department fleets. The
application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil,
improve environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies.
• Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10,170 pounds, annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline, and annual fuel cost savings of $885.
• Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15,770 pounds, annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline, and annual fuel cost savings of $1866.
• Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182,984 pounds, annual energy savings of 4,390
gallons of fuel, and annual fuel cost savings of $17,560.
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation and/or
economic development. Realizing over $6 million in revenue and investment in 2010, the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in New Hampshire is estimated to have contributed approximately $337,000 in state and
local tax revenue, and over $8.5 million in gross state product. Currently, there are at least 25 New
Hampshire companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the
Northeast region. If newer/emerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum, the
number of companies and employment for the industry could grow substantially.
95
If all suggested targets are satisfied by fuel cell(s) installations with 400 kW units, a minimum of 532,608 MWh electric and
2.5 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 732,102 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced, which could reduce CO2 emissions
by at least 59,119 tons per year
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APPENDICES
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Appendix I – Figure 1: Education
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Appendix I – Figure 2: Food Sales
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Appendix I – Figure 3: Food Services
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Appendix I – Figure 4: Inpatient Healthcare
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Appendix I – Figure 5: Lodging
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Appendix I – Figure 6: Public Order and Safety
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Appendix I – Figure 7: Energy Intensive Industries
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Appendix I – Figure 8: Federal Government Operated Buildings
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Appendix I – Figure 9: Telecommunication Sites
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Appendix I – Figure 10: Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
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Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports
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Appendix I – Figure 12: Alternative Fueling Stations
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Appendix I – Figure 13: Distribution Centers & Warehouses
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Appendix II – New Hampshire Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)96
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 813 161.844 131,579,172
Food Sales 1,500 319.821 479,731,500
Food Services 2,000 128 256,380,000
Inpatient Healthcare 90 6,038.63 543,476,250
Lodging 500 213.12 106,559,000
Public Order & Safety 271 77.855 21,098,705
Total 5,174 1,538,824,627
Residential97
4,595,000,000
Industrial 2,173,000,000
Commercial 4,475,000,000
Other Commercial 2,936,175,373
96
EIA, Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 97
DOE EERE, “Electric Power and Renewable Energy in New Hampshire”,
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/states/electricity.cfm/state=NH, August 3, 2011
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Appendix III – Key Stakeholders
Organization Town State Website Central New Hampshire
regional Planning
Commission
Concord NH http://www.cnhrpc.org/
Clean Energy States
Alliance Montpelier VT http://www.cleanenergystates.org/
New Hampshire Energy &
Climate Collaborative NH
http://www.nhcollaborative.org/
New Hampshire Municipal
Management Association Concord NH http://www.nhmanagers.org/
The Office of Energy and
Planning Concord NH http://www.nh.gov/oep/
New Hampshire
Department of
Environmental Services
Concord NH http://des.nh.gov/
New Hampshire
Department of
Transportation
Concord NH http://www.nh.gov/dot/
NHPUC Energy Efficiency
& Sustainable Energy
Board
Concord NH http://www.puc.nh.gov/eese.htm
NH Homeland Security and
Emergency Management Relay NH http://www.nh.gov/safety/divisions/hsem/
NH Department of Safety Relay NH http://www.nh.gov/safety/
NH Department of
Employment Security Manchester NH http://www.nh.gov/nhes/
Utilities
New Hampshire Electric Cooperative Inc. http://www.nhec.com/
Public Service Company of New Hampshire http://www.psnh.com/For-My-Home.aspx
Unitil Energy Systems Inc. http://www.unitil.com/
National Grid New Hampshire https://www.nationalgridus.com
Northeast Utilities Inc. http://www.nu.com/
Appendix IV – New Hampshire Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Based Incentives and Progams
Funding Source: Commercial Development Finance Authority (CDFA)
Program Title: Enterprise Energy Fund
Applicable Energies/Technologies: Solar Water Heat, Solar Space Heat, Photovoltaic, Wind,
Biomass, Not specified, Other Distributed Generation Technologies
Summary: Through the Enterprise Energy Fund, CDFA offers low-interest loan and grant programs
to businesses and nonprofit organizations to help finance energy improvements and renewable
energy projects in their buildings. Goals consist of reducing energy costs and consumption, as well
as promoting of economic recovery and job creation. Funding source is The American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act (ARRA) State Energy Program (SEP).
Restrictions:
Activities will include, but are not limited to, the following:
Improvements to the building’s envelope, including air sealing and insulation in the walls,
attics, and foundations;
Improvements to HVAC equipment and air exchange;
Installation of renewable energy systems;
Improvements to lighting, equipment, and other electrical systems; and
Conduction of comprehensive, fuel-blind energy audits.
Timing: The application period is currently open and applicants must submit initial inquiries via the
CDFA grants management website. There is no application deadline; however, funding is available
on a first-come, first-served basis.
Maximum Size: No distinct size is addressed. Each application will be accesses based on the individual proposal.
Requirements:
See New Hampshire Community Development Finance Authority “Enterprise Energy Fund
Overview”
http://www.nhcdfa.org/web/erp/eef/eef_overview.html
Rebate amount:
►Loans will range from $10,000 to $500,000.
For further information, please visit:
http://www.nhcdfa.org/web/erp/eef/eef_overview.html
Source: New Hampshire Community Development Finance Authority “Enterprise Energy Fund Overview”, August
11, 2011
DSIRE “Community Development Finance Authority - Enterprise Energy Fund (Grant)”, August 11, 2011
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Funding Source: Commercial Development Finance Authority (CDFA)
Program Title: Municipal Energy Reduction Fund
Applicable Energies/Technologies: CHP/Cogeneration, Other Distributed Generation
Technologies98
Summary: Through the Municipal Energy Reduction Fund CDFA aims to help municipalities
improve the energy efficiency of their municipal buildings, street lighting, water and sewer
treatment facilities, and where appropriate, electrical distribution systems. Goals consist of reducing
energy usage as well as costs. Funding source is New Hampshire’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Reduction Fund.
Restrictions:
Activities will include, but are not limited to:
Improvements to the buildings envelope including air sealing and insulation in the walls,
attics, and foundations;
Improvements to HVAC equipment inside conditioned space;
Installation of sealed combustion, high efficiency condensing boilers with AFUE>97%
Hydronic Systems or other high efficiency systems; and
Installation of alternative energy sources.
Timing: The application period is currently open and applicants must submit initial inquiries via the
CDFA grants management website. There is no application deadline; however, funding is available
on a first-come, first-served basis.
Maximum Size: Typically, loans will be structured so that the payments will be made with money saved by the
energy improvements.
Requirements:
See New Hampshire Community Development Finance Authority “Municipal Energy Reduction
Fund Overview”
http://www.nhcdfa.org/web/erp/merf/merf_overview.html
Rebate amount:
►Loans will range from $5,000 to $400,000.
For further information, please visit:
http://www.nhcdfa.org/web/erp/merf/merf_overview.html
Source: New Hampshire Community Development Finance Authority “Municipal Energy Reduction Fund Overview”,
August 11, 2011
DSIRE “Community Development Finance Authority - Municipal Energy Reduction Fund ”, August
11, 2011
98
“Other Distributed Generation Technologies” include Fuel Cells
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Funding Source: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Fund (GHGERF)
Program Title: Pay for Performance Program
Applicable Energies/Technologies: CHP/Cogeneration, Comprehensive Measures/Whole
Building, Custom/Others pending approval
Summary: Through the Pay for Performance Program, GHGERF carefully the energy efficiency
needs of the New Hampshire commercial and industry sector by working with developers building
owners and their representative. The main goal is to improve energy efficiency of commercial and
industrial buildings including hotels, large office buildings, multi-family buildings, supermarkets,
manufacturing facilities, schools, shopping malls, and restaurants.
Restrictions: Existing commercial, industrial and institutional buildings with a peak demand over
100 kW for any of the preceding twelve months are eligible to participate. To be eligible for
incentive payments, the project's comprehensive energy improvements must result in a minimum
15% reduction in total facility source energy consumption. At least two energy efficiency measures
must be included in the project.
Timing: Start Date of this program occurred 02/28/2011 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size: The comprehensive project must result in a minimum 15% reduction in total facility source energy
consumption.
Requirements:
The comprehensive project must result in a minimum 15% reduction in total facility source energy
consumption. Participants must work with one of the Program Partners. To participate, projects must
complete an Energy Reduction Plan and must benchmark the project using EPA's Portfolio
Manager.
Rebate amount:
► Incentive 1: $0.10/sq. ft. (up to $40,000)
► Incentive 2: $0.19/kWh saved and $20.00/MMBTU saved (up to $200,000 or 50%)
► Incentive 3: $0.05/kWh saved and $5.00/MMBTU saved (up to $200,000 or 50%)
► Incentive Max.: $500,000 per entity cap.
For further information, please visit:
http://www.nhp4p.com/
Source: Pay for Performance Program “Overview”, August 11, 2011
DSIRE “New Hampshire - Pay for Performance Program”, August 11, 2011
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Appendix V – Partial list of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in New Hampshire99
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 Zeta Electronic Design Inc. FC/H2 System Distr./Install/Maintenance Services
2 Westinghouse Electric
Corporation Equipment
3 Welch Fluorocarbon Materials
4 Vaupell Molding & Tooling,
Inc. Manufacturing Services
5 The Switch Converters and
Inverters Equipment
6 Specialty Coating Systems Other
7 SG WATER, USA Equipment
8 RoboTech Center Other
9 Renewable Energy World Other
10 Prototek Manufacturing Manufacturing Services
11 Prospeed.net Inc. Other
12 Process Instrumentation Inc Components
13 Pfeiffer Vacuum Inc. Service
Center Lab or Test Equipment/Services
14 Oztec Corporation Equipment
15 Lydall Filtration Materials
16 Kelvin Technology, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
17 Fluent, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
18 Filters Water &
Instrumentation, Inc. Equipment
19 Eptam Plastics Components
20 Creare, Inc. Engineering/Design Services
21 COGEBI Inc. Materials
22 Betterway Industrial Gases Materials
23 Beswick Engineering Components
24 Arete Corporation Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
25 Airgas East Lab or Test Equipment/Services
99
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search, http://neesc.org/resources/?type=1, August 11, 2011
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Appendix VI – Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies100
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100°C
122-212°
typically
80°C
< 1 kW – 1
MW101
kW 60%
transportation
35%
stationary
• Backup power
• Portable power
• Distributed generation
• Transportation
• Specialty vehicle
• Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion & electrolyte
management problems
• Low temperature
• Quick start-up
• Expensive catalysts
• Sensitive to fuel
impurities
• Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100°C
194-212°F
10 – 100
kW 60%
• Military
• Space
• Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte,
leads to high performance
• Low cost components
• Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
• Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200°C
302-392°F
400 kW
100 kW
module
40% • Distributed generation
• Higher temperature
enables CHP
• Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
• Pt catalyst
• Long start up time
• Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium,
sodium and/or
potassium
carbonates, soaked
in a matrix
600-700°C
1112-1292°F
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 – 50% • Electric utility
• Distributed generation
• High efficiency
• Fuel flexibility
• Can use a variety of
catalysts
• Suitable for CHP
• High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
• Long start up time
• Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000°C
1202-1832°F
1 kW – 2
MW 60%
• Auxiliary power
• Electric utility
• Distributed generation
• High efficiency
• Fuel flexibility
• Can use a variety of
catalysts
• Solid electrolyte
• Suitable f o r CHP &
CHHP
• Hybrid/GT cycle
• High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
• High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row. Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC. It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM. It is not sensitive to impurities. It has usable heat. Stack efficiencies of 52% on the high side are realized. HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one.
100 U.S. Department of Energy, Fuel Cells Technology Program, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/pdfs/fc_comparison_chart.pdf, August 5, 2011 101
Ballard, “CLEARgen Multi-MY Systems”, http://www.ballard.com/fuel-cell-products/cleargen-multi-mw-systems.aspx, November, 2011
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Appendix VII –Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats for New Hampshire
Strengths
Stationary Power – Strong market drivers (elect cost,
environmental factors, critical power)
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers (appeal to market,
environmental factors, high gasoline prices, long commuting
distance, lack of public transportation options)
Weaknesses
Stationary Power – No fuel cell technology/industrial base at the
OEM level, fuel cells only considered statutorily “renewable” if
powered by renewable fuel, lack of
installations/familiarity/comfort level with technology
Transportation Power – No technology/industrial base at the OEM
level
Economic Development Factors – limited state incentives
Opportunities
Stationary Power – More opportunity as a “early adoptor market”,
some supply chain buildup opportunities such as supermarkets
and larger hotel chains around the deployment
Transportation Power – Same as stationary power.
Economic Development Factors – Once the region determines its
focus within the hydrogen/fuel cell space, a modest amount of
state support is likely to show reasonable results, then replicate in
the next targeted sector(s).
Implementation of RPS/modification of RPS to include fuel cells
in preferred resource tier (for stationary power); or modification of
RE definition to include FCs powered by natural gas and allowed
resource for net metering.
Strong regional emphasis on efficiency, FCs could play a role
Infrastructure exists in many location to capture methane from
landfills – more knowledge of options to substitute FCs for
generators could prove fruitful
Threats
Stationary Power – The region’s favorable market characteristics
and needs will be met by other distributed and “truly” generation
technologies, such as solar, wind, geothermal
Transportation Power – The region’s favorable market
characteristics and needs will be met by electric vehicles,
particularly in the absence of a hydrogen infrastructure or,
alternatively, customers remaining with efficient gas-powered
vehicles that can handle our unique clime/terrain/commuting
distance need
Economic Development Factors – competition from other
states/regions
If states provide incentives, smaller & less-consistent clean energy
funds may not provide market the support & assurance it needs
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Appendix VIII – Partial Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year
Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel & Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabela's Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St. Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit: Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunt's Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson & Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 -
Present
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Appendix IX – Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America102
Company City/Town State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
# of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co. Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co.
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency, U.S.
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc.
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al,
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
102
FuelCell2000, “Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America”, http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/forklifts.pdf, November, 2011
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Appendix X – Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumed/kWh
delivered to the wheels)
-12,000 Btu/kWh 14,000 Btu/kWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent
820 g/kWh 1200 g/kWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years
No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($/YR)
$1,250 - $1,500/year $2,000/year
Time for Refueling/Changing
Batteries
4 – 8 min./day 45-60 min/day (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging & cooling)
Cost of Fuel/Electricity $6,000/year $1,300/year
Labor Cost of
refueling/Recharging
$1,100/year $8,750/year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost
$12,600
($18,000 w/o incentive)
$14,000
Net Present Value of O&M
costs (including fuel)
$52,000 $128,000