NH3–TheOp+malAlterna+veFuel2017 AIChE Annual Meeting

NH3 Energy+ Topical Conference

November 1-2, 2017

Minneapolis, Minnesota Norm Olson

President - NH3 Fuel Association

NH3–Op(malFuel,Versa(leChemical

NH3FAandAIChEMee(ng

https://nh3fuelassociation.org/join-us/

BecomeamemberoftheNH3FAandattendtheAIChEAnnualMeetingatasignificantdiscount(seedetailsatlinkbelow).

AIChE2017AnnualMeeting.October29-November3.Minneapolis,MNNH3Energy+TopicalConference.40presentations!

RecentDevelopmentsNetherlandsConference(~150attendees)-Europe’sFirst!Shell,Yara,AmmoniaCasale,IEA,Siemans,ProtonVentures,etc.2017YaraAnnouncesSolarPVtoNH3projectinAustraliaJapanProgram2015-2018SiemenswindtoNH3projectinGreatBritain2016-2017(UMM2008)IEA–whitepaper2017AmmoniaCasale–10tpdunitannounced2017Australia–1stnon-U.S.NH3FAchapter2017ARPA-EDOE–13NH3fuelrelatedprojects2017AIChE–40presentations2017ACS–firsteverNH3fuelsessionin2017Hydrofuel-GregVezina,1981GlobalNH3FuelFederation2016…andmanymore

NH3Produc+onvsU.S.GasolineUse

U.S.GasolineConsumption:143BillionGallon(2015)2016WorldNH3Production:180milliontonne=~80BillionGallon=~40BillionGGE~3.5x

NH3Affordability

Similartopropaneinfrastructurecosts2ndmosttransportedchemicalinworldOver3000milesofNH3pipelineinU.S.

800retailoutletsinIowaalone1.3timesmorehydrogenthanliquidH2(byvolume)

NH3Produc(onCostsw/CapX

Gasoline@$3.50/gallon=$30/MMBtu

NaturalGasRepresentsMoreThan75PercentofUSProducers'CostsNaturalgasisthemostimportantfeedstockinammoniaproductionand,dependingonprice,makesup70-85percentoftheUScashcostofproducingammonia.CapX:$1500/ton,30yearamortization,~$50/ton

GGE $

$1.40

$2.10

$0.706

12

18

NH3 $/MMBtu

Source:TFI,Fertecon,PotashCorp,Buckley(CapX)

15

9

Cap X

NH3vsHydrogenStorageCosts

1Phoneconversa(onwithJohnCoursen,WorthingtonIndustries,February17,2017.Rela(ve~costs~50litertank:LPG/NH3-$700,CNG(3200psi)-$1500,Hydrogen(10,000psi)-$6000.21Phoneconversa(onwithDonWallace,TrinityContainers.18,000gallonNH3bullettank-$68,000.@80%fillcapacity=14,400gallonx5lbs/gallonx0.176lbsH2/lbNH3/2.2lbs/kg=5760kg=$11.81/kgH2.3“HybridHydrogenEnergyStorage”,MichaelPenev,May22,2013.10kpsiH2:$459/kgx5760kg=$2,643,840.CryoH2Storage:$25.5/kgx3.2millionkg=$81.6million.4RentechPressRelease,January12,2012.ChilledNH320,000ton=$20million.20ktonx2000x0.176/2.2lbs/kg=3.2millionkg.H2.

WhatMakesNH3Op(mal?

•  Affordability•  Safety•  Efficiency•  EnvironmentalPerformance•  Sustainability•  ProductionFlexibility•  End-UseFlexibility•  CountyBuilding

Produc(onEnergyEfficiency

1”EfficientAmmoniaProduc(on”PowerPointpresenta(on,page63.JimGosnell,KBR.2005NH3FuelAssocia(onMee(ng.ArgonneNa(onalLaboratory.2SourceH2Data:“Energyrequirementsforhydrogengascompressionandliquefac(onasrelatedtovehiclestorageneeds.”DOEHydrogenandFuelCellsProgramRecord.Record#:9013.July7,2009.AirProductsandChemicalsInc.(APCI).2.67+0.18=2.85.Page3ofresourceabove.

EfficiencyinEnginesOctane,Octane,OctaneNH3’sveryhighoctanerating(>120)andhigh(tunable)resistancetodetonationallowtheuseofextremelyhighcompressionratiosandthereforeICengineswiththehighestpossibleefficiencies.

NissanSOFCVehicle–60%Eff.?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HF-eE8pRzMw

WhatMakesNH3Op(mal?

•  Affordability•  Safety•  Efficiency•  EnvironmentalPerformance•  Sustainability•  ProductionFlexibility•  End-UseFlexibility•  CountyBuilding

SafetyNumerousdesignchoices–Assafeasitneedstobe.

Pressurizedstorage–safeenoughtomeetmoststringentstandardsChilledstorage–saferyet:-28FNH3,-265FLNG,-420FH2Chemicalstorage–Toosafe?Amminex,ammoniumcarbonate(solids)

SafetyLC50Table1:ToxicityClasses:HodgeandSternerScale(CCOHS) RoutesofAdministration

OralLD50

InhalationLC50 DermalLD50

CorrespondingNFPARatings

(LC50)

ToxicityRating

CommonlyUsedTerm

(Singledosetorats)mg/kg

(Exposureofratsfor4hours)ppm

(Singleapplicationtoskinofrabbits)

mg/kg

ProbableLethalDoseforMan

1ExtremelyToxic 1orless 10orless 5orless

1grain(ataste,adrop)

4(0-100) 2 HighlyToxic 1-50 10-100 5-43 4ml(1tsp)

3(100-500) 3ModeratelyToxic 50-500 100-1000 44-340

30ml(1fl.oz.)

2(500-2500) 4SlightlyToxic 500-5000 1000-10,000 350-2810

600ml(1pint)

1(2500-20,000) 5PracticallyNon-toxic

5000-15,000 10,000-100,000 2820-22,590

1litre(or1quart)

0(>20,000) 6RelativelyHarmless

15,000ormore 100,000 22,600ormore

1litre(or1quart)

Source:CanadianCentreforOccupa(onalHealthandSafety(CCOHS).NFPAdataaddi(onbyNormOlson,NH3FA.LC50/4hour(ppm):NH3-2000;Chlorine–146.5;MethylIsocyanate–5(Source:Praxair,other)

WhatMakesNH3Op(mal?

•  Affordability•  Safety•  Efficiency•  EnvironmentalPerformance•  Sustainability•  ProductionFlexibility•  End-UseFlexibility•  CountyBuilding

CleanerThanHydrogen?!

NocarbonNH3usedtocleanupNOxZeromeasurablepollutantspossiblewithICenginesNotagreenhousegasOzonedepletionnumberofzeroNotaknowncarcinogenHugenaturaloccurrenceintheearth’snitrogencycleNaturalmechanismsforspillremediation

WhatMakesNH3Op(mal?

•  Affordability•  Safety•  Efficiency•  EnvironmentalPerformance•  Sustainability•  ProductionFlexibility•  End-UseFlexibility•  CountyBuilding

Sustainability

Aslongasthesuncontinuestoshine,theearth’satmospherecontainssignificantamountsofnitrogen,thereissomereadilyavailablesourceofhydrogen,andironisavailableasacatalyst….NH3willbesustainableonplanetearth!

WhatMakesNH3Op(mal?

•  Affordability•  Safety•  Efficiency•  EnvironmentalPerformance•  Sustainability•  ProductionFlexibility•  End-UseFlexibility•  CountyBuilding

Produc(onFlexibilityNH3canbeproducedusinganyandallprimaryenergysourcesincludingbutnotlimitedto….Solar,naturalgas,wind,nuclear,OTEC,coal,hydro,etc.ScalabilityofNH3productionplantsisverygoodandcouldrangefromunitsassmallasonetonperyeartomega-tonproductionfacilities.AffordableNH3couldbeproducedfrom(carbonfree)naturalgasnowandfromanyrenewableenergysource(andwater)inthenearfuture.SeveralpromisingnewalternativeNH3productiontechnologyalternativesarebeingdeveloped(i.e.alternativestoHaber-Bosch)

NuclearSynergism–Fusion?

TimeofDay

Load

Capacity +20NuclearCapacity

NuclearCapacity(Baseload

PeakingUnitsRequired

NH3Production

WhatMakesNH3Op(mal?

•  Affordability•  Safety•  Efficiency•  EnvironmentalPerformance•  Sustainability•  ProductionFlexibility•  End-UseFlexibility•  CountyBuilding

EndUseFlexibilitySIenginesCIengines–dualfuelnow…highcompressionfutureFuelscellsGasturbinesBurnersOptimizingprimemoversforasinglefuelhashugebenefits.Anenginedesignedtousebothgasolineandethanolseverelycompromisestheefficiencypotentialofethanol,anothervery-highoctanefuel.

WhatMakesNH3Op(mal?

•  Affordability•  Safety•  Efficiency•  EnvironmentalPerformance•  Sustainability•  ProductionFlexibility•  End-UseFlexibility•  CountryBuilding

Sustainable,Self-SufficientCommunityNH3allowsacountrytodevelopalocal:1.  transportationfueleconomy2.  powergenerationeconomy3.  renewableenergystorageeconomy4.  fertilizerandfoodproductioneconomy(upto4xyieldimprovements)5.  abio-based(crop-based)chemicalproductioneconomy6.  Arefrigerationindustry

Petroleumrefineriesareverycomplexandrequireaverylargescale.

Bio-Refinery

27

RenewableEnergy:StrandedandLong-termStorageAsignificantamountofrenewableenergywilleitherbestranded(i.e.producedremotelyandconvertedtoaformthatcanbetransportedlongdistances)orwillneedlong-termstorage.Chemicalstoragelikelybeusedforthesetwoapplications.NH3willlikelybethemostcost-effectiveoptionforchemicalstorage.OncerenewableenergyisstoredasNH3,itismoreefficientandcost-effectivetousetheNH3asaliquidtransportationfuelinFCVand/orICEVthantoconvertittoelectricityanddeliveritthroughthegridtoEVfillingstationsforuseinEV’s.

Effec(veEnergyStorage

Source:HydrogeniusTechnologies.NH3addi(onbyNKO.

NH3

NH3BigPicture

30

NH3NH3NH3NH3NH3NH3NH3NH3

Agriculture

Transportation

ConclusionNH3:

isclearly,themostaffordablecarbon-freefuelisthemostefficientfuelinaninternalcombustionenginehasoptimalenvironmentalperformancehasproductionflexibilitysecondtononehasexcellentend-useflexibility(tunablefuel)hastremendousbusinessdevelopmentopportunitiesistheoptimalchoiceforanalternativefuel

Prodigiousbusinessopportunitiesandtremendousworld-widebenefits.

TopTechnologyDevelopmentsVaccines

SyntheticAmmoniaFertilizer(Haber-Bosch)PersonalComputer

InternetNH3Energy?

NH3–TheOp(malAlterna(veFuelThankYou!

Contact:NormOlson–PresidentNH3FuelAssociationnkogman@yahoo.comJohnHolbrook-ExecutiveDirectorNH3FuelAssociationjohn.holbrook@charter.nethttps://nh3fuelassociation.org/