HolocauHolocaust st

ResistaResistance nce

MovemeMovementsnts

HolocauHolocaust st

ResistaResistance nce

MovemeMovementsnts

By Nick G and Elana h

HGHS Chappaqua NY—ms Pojer wxy

By Nick G and Elana h

HGHS Chappaqua NY—ms Pojer wxy

Essential QuestionEssential QuestionEssential QuestionEssential Question

What were the What were the holocaust resistance holocaust resistance movements and to movements and to

what extent did they what extent did they help save lives?help save lives?

ReligiouReligious s

InstitutiInstitutionsons

ReligiouReligious s

InstitutiInstitutionsons

POPE PIUS POPE PIUS XIIXII

POPE PIUS POPE PIUS XIIXII

Began Began indifferentindifferentand unhelpful and unhelpful towards towards the Jewsthe Jews

Extremely Extremely influentialinfluentialHe could He could influence about influence about 400 million 400 million Catholics Catholics

Spoke out Spoke out against Italian against Italian racial laws racial laws preventing preventing mixed mixed marriagesmarriages

Did not Did not condemn condemn Kristallnacht Kristallnacht

Concordat with Concordat with HitlerHitler

Concordat with Concordat with HitlerHitler

1933 Pope Pius signed a 1933 Pope Pius signed a concordat with Adolf Hitler concordat with Adolf Hitler

Allowed Catholics to practice Allowed Catholics to practice freely in Germanyfreely in Germany

Separated religion and Separated religion and politicspolitics

It weakened the Catholic It weakened the Catholic Center Party in Germany, Center Party in Germany, giving Hitler a political giving Hitler a political advantage over themadvantage over them

POPE PIUS XIIPOPE PIUS XIIPOPE PIUS XIIPOPE PIUS XII

March 1939 Pope Pius XII March 1939 Pope Pius XII issued 3,000 visas to issued 3,000 visas to European Jews allowing them European Jews allowing them to flee persecution to flee persecution

When asked to publicly When asked to publicly condemn the death camps, condemn the death camps, Pope Pius XII refused, Pope Pius XII refused, wanting to remain neutralwanting to remain neutral

He did however privately tell He did however privately tell Catholic institutions to hide Catholic institutions to hide Jews Jews

POPE PIUS XIIPOPE PIUS XIIPOPE PIUS XIIPOPE PIUS XII

Lent money to help the JewsLent money to help the Jews

Protested in 1944 when Protested in 1944 when Germany invaded Hungary Germany invaded Hungary and deported Jews from thereand deported Jews from there

Transferred 6,000 Jewish Transferred 6,000 Jewish Bulgarian kids to Palestine Bulgarian kids to Palestine

Warned the Allies about Warned the Allies about Operation Yellow to blow up Operation Yellow to blow up the British Navythe British Navy

Le Chambon-Sur-Le Chambon-Sur-Lignon Lignon

Le Chambon-Sur-Le Chambon-Sur-Lignon Lignon

Protestant village in Southern Protestant village in Southern FranceFrance

Sheltered 5,000 JewsSheltered 5,000 Jews

The town hid Jews for four The town hid Jews for four yearsyears

They gave the Jews fake IDs They gave the Jews fake IDs and ration cardsand ration cards

The town educated the The town educated the Jewish childrenJewish children

Not one Jew hid in the town Not one Jew hid in the town was taken by Naziswas taken by Nazis

The Jews were taken from Le The Jews were taken from Le Chambon, through French Chambon, through French towns and villages, to the towns and villages, to the Swiss border to safetySwiss border to safety

Le Chambon-Sur-Le Chambon-Sur-LignonLignon

ANDRE TROCMEANDRE TROCMEANDRE TROCMEANDRE TROCME Pastor of Le Chambon-Sur-Pastor of Le Chambon-Sur-

LignonLignon

Trocmé hid the first Jew and Trocmé hid the first Jew and encouraged the town to aid encouraged the town to aid the Jews as wellthe Jews as well

The Reformed Church asked The Reformed Church asked Trocmé to stop aiding Jews Trocmé to stop aiding Jews but but he refusedhe refused

Vichy government then Vichy government then requested Trocmé and his requested Trocmé and his followers to stop but they followers to stop but they also refused also refused

These people came here for help These people came here for help and for shelter. I am their and for shelter. I am their shepherd. A shepherd does not shepherd. A shepherd does not forsake his flock.forsake his flock. --

Andre TrocméAndre Trocmé

Le Chambon-sur-Le Chambon-sur-lignonlignon

Le Chambon-sur-Le Chambon-sur-lignonlignon In 1942 the Vichy government In 1942 the Vichy government

arrived in Le Chambon with a arrived in Le Chambon with a list of Jewslist of Jews

Trocmé and the villagers Trocmé and the villagers refused to give the government refused to give the government any of the Jews on the listany of the Jews on the list

Trocmé and the villagers were Trocmé and the villagers were later arrested but released two later arrested but released two weeks afterwardsweeks afterwards

After this incident Trocmé was After this incident Trocmé was forced into hidingforced into hiding

ZegotZegotaa

ZegotZegotaa

ZEGOTAZEGOTAZEGOTAZEGOTA Created after German invasion Created after German invasion

of Polandof Poland

Helped Jews in occupied Poland Helped Jews in occupied Poland from 1942-1945from 1942-1945

Founded by people of different Founded by people of different backgrounds backgrounds

Saved Jews from the Ghettos Saved Jews from the Ghettos

Funded by the Polish Funded by the Polish government that was in exile government that was in exile

ZEGOTAZEGOTAZEGOTAZEGOTA Provided Jews with money, Provided Jews with money,

medical attention, forged medical attention, forged documents and foster homes documents and foster homes for Jewish childrenfor Jewish children

Priest assisted Zegota by Priest assisted Zegota by giving birth certificates giving birth certificates

July 1943 Children’s Bureau July 1943 Children’s Bureau was establishedwas established

Zegota relocated to Milanowek Zegota relocated to Milanowek after Warsaw Ghetto Uprisingafter Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

Saved an estimated 400,000-Saved an estimated 400,000-500,000 Jews500,000 Jews

JULIAN GROBELNYJULIAN GROBELNYJULIAN GROBELNYJULIAN GROBELNY Alias was “Alias was “TrojanTrojan” ”

Part of the Polish Socialist Part of the Polish Socialist PartyParty

Elected head of Zegota Elected head of Zegota

Hid the Jews in the most Hid the Jews in the most danger in his own homedanger in his own home

Hid Jewish children in Hid Jewish children in different institutionsdifferent institutions

Worked closely with Irena Worked closely with Irena SendlerSendler

IRENA SENDLERIRENA SENDLERIRENA SENDLERIRENA SENDLER

I was taught I was taught that if a man that if a man is drowning, is drowning, it is it is irrelevant irrelevant what is his what is his religion or religion or nationality. nationality. One must One must help him. It is help him. It is a need of the a need of the heart.heart. - Irena - Irena Sendler Sendler

IRENA SENDLERIRENA SENDLERIRENA SENDLERIRENA SENDLER Head of the children’s branch Head of the children’s branch

of Zegotaof Zegota

Rescued 2,500 Jewish children Rescued 2,500 Jewish children from the Warsaw Ghetto from the Warsaw Ghetto

Alias was “Alias was “JolantaJolanta””

After she rescued the children After she rescued the children she taught them Christian she taught them Christian traditions and behaviors traditions and behaviors

She recorded the identity of She recorded the identity of every Jewish child she savedevery Jewish child she saved

IRENA SENDLERIRENA SENDLERIRENA SENDLERIRENA SENDLER

October 20, 1943 Irena was October 20, 1943 Irena was arrestedarrested

Taken to Pawiak prisonTaken to Pawiak prison

She was tortured and then She was tortured and then sentenced to death sentenced to death

She however was not killed She however was not killed and went into hidingand went into hiding

TADEUSZ REKTADEUSZ REKTADEUSZ REKTADEUSZ REK

Lawyer who represented the Lawyer who represented the Polish Popular Party in Polish Popular Party in WarsawWarsaw

Joined Zegota in 1943 and Joined Zegota in 1943 and became the Vice Presidentbecame the Vice President

He let many Jews stay He let many Jews stay temporarily at his hometemporarily at his home

His apartment was a His apartment was a frequent Zegota meeting frequent Zegota meeting placeplace

TADEUSZ REKTADEUSZ REKTADEUSZ REKTADEUSZ REK

He gave various forms of aid He gave various forms of aid to between 40,000 and to between 40,000 and 50,000 Jews50,000 Jews

His wife encouraged family His wife encouraged family and friends to take in Jews and friends to take in Jews and keep them secretly at and keep them secretly at their homestheir homes

Arrested and sent to Pawiak Arrested and sent to Pawiak prisonprison

Then he was sent to Then he was sent to AuschwitzAuschwitz

ZOFIA KOSSAKZOFIA KOSSAKZOFIA KOSSAKZOFIA KOSSAK Before the war Zofia was Before the war Zofia was

anti-Semiticanti-Semitic

She joined Zegota because She joined Zegota because she was patriotic towards she was patriotic towards PolandPoland

Her codename was Her codename was ““WeronikaWeronika” ”

She wrote “Protest”, a leaflet She wrote “Protest”, a leaflet defying the Nazis and the defying the Nazis and the current government in current government in Poland Poland

Whoever remains silent in Whoever remains silent in the face of murder the face of murder becomes an accomplice of becomes an accomplice of the murder. He who does the murder. He who does not condemn, condonesnot condemn, condones.. –Zofia Kossak –Zofia Kossak

ADOLF BERMANADOLF BERMANADOLF BERMANADOLF BERMAN In 1939 he was the director In 1939 he was the director

of the Warsaw branch of the of the Warsaw branch of the Federation of Associations Federation of Associations for the Care of Orphansfor the Care of Orphans

He then found the Antifascist He then found the Antifascist Bloc which later became the Bloc which later became the Jewish Fighting Organization Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) (ZOB)

Berman was able to move out Berman was able to move out of the Warsaw Ghetto and of the Warsaw Ghetto and pass as an Aryan Pole pass as an Aryan Pole

ADOLF BERMANADOLF BERMANADOLF BERMANADOLF BERMAN Berman was the secretary of Berman was the secretary of

Zegota Zegota

He was a representative to He was a representative to the Jewish National the Jewish National Committee Committee

Berman was able to preserve Berman was able to preserve records from the Warsaw records from the Warsaw GhettoGhetto

Berman involved Irena Berman involved Irena Sendler with Zegota by Sendler with Zegota by asking for her help to save asking for her help to save the childrenthe children

January 1944 captured by January 1944 captured by the Poles but was later freed the Poles but was later freed

REDINAND REDINAND ARCZYNSKI ARCZYNSKI REDINAND REDINAND

ARCZYNSKI ARCZYNSKI He was a founding He was a founding member of Zegotamember of Zegota

His alias was “His alias was “MarekMarek””

He was the Zegota He was the Zegota treasurer and the head of treasurer and the head of the legislative bureauthe legislative bureau

He brought a lot of the He brought a lot of the people who harmed Jews people who harmed Jews to justiceto justice

REDINAND REDINAND ARCZYNSKIARCZYNSKIREDINAND REDINAND ARCZYNSKIARCZYNSKI

Gave Jews help in various Gave Jews help in various forms such as shelter, forms such as shelter, medical care, and moneymedical care, and money

He smuggled food and He smuggled food and clothes into the ghettosclothes into the ghettos

He also played a large part He also played a large part in the founding of the Lvov in the founding of the Lvov and Cracow branches of and Cracow branches of ZegotaZegota

Wladyslaw Wladyslaw BartoszewskiBartoszewskiWladyslaw Wladyslaw

BartoszewskiBartoszewski

Born 1922 in Born 1922 in Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandPoland

From From September September 1940- April 1940- April 1941 he was 1941 he was in Auschwitzin Auschwitz

Wladyslaw Wladyslaw BartoszewskiBartoszewskiWladyslaw Wladyslaw

BartoszewskiBartoszewski

Co-founder of ZegotaCo-founder of Zegota

He also worked with the He also worked with the Catholic underground, Catholic underground, specifically with the FOP specifically with the FOP from 1942 to 1944from 1942 to 1944

Received the Righteous Received the Righteous Among the Nations AwardAmong the Nations Award

German German ResistanResistan

cece

German German ResistanResistan

cece

OSKAR SCHINDLEROSKAR SCHINDLEROSKAR SCHINDLEROSKAR SCHINDLER

German man, born in Austria-German man, born in Austria-HungaryHungary

Generally a “sinful” manGenerally a “sinful” man

Participated in black market Participated in black market trading and was able to get trading and was able to get his own factory of Jewish his own factory of Jewish workers through his friendsworkers through his friends

Numerous Jews invested in his Numerous Jews invested in his factory in return for safety factory in return for safety and workand work

OSKAR SCHINDLEROSKAR SCHINDLEROSKAR SCHINDLEROSKAR SCHINDLER His factory, where many His factory, where many

Jews worked was described Jews worked was described as an as an “Oasis of humanity in a “Oasis of humanity in a desert of moral torpor”desert of moral torpor”

In his factory, they made In his factory, they made defective bullets and other defective bullets and other war material for the German war material for the German armyarmy

He moved the factory to the He moved the factory to the Sudetenland to keep the Sudetenland to keep the Jews working there saferJews working there safer

OSKAR AND THE OSKAR AND THE SHINDLERJUDENSHINDLERJUDENOSKAR AND THE OSKAR AND THE SHINDLERJUDENSHINDLERJUDEN

OSKAR OSKAR SCHINDLERSCHINDLER

OSKAR OSKAR SCHINDLERSCHINDLER

A survivor stated: I don't know what his motives were... But I don't give a damn. What's important is that he saved our lives.

Schindler answered this Schindler answered this question however after the question however after the war:war:If you saw a dog going

to be crushed under a car, wouldn't you help him?

KARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGE

Major in Major in German armyGerman army

Member of Member of Nazi partyNazi party

WWI veteranWWI veteran

At first he At first he agreed with agreed with Hitler’s ideasHitler’s ideas

KARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGE

He took 1,200 Jews away He took 1,200 Jews away from the mass-killing areas from the mass-killing areas and used them for forced and used them for forced labor at his own camplabor at his own camp

Since he took them from the Since he took them from the ghettos, they were less likely ghettos, they were less likely to be moved to death campsto be moved to death camps

Took over 1,000 families Took over 1,000 families from the Wilna Ghetto (which from the Wilna Ghetto (which was soon after liquidated) to was soon after liquidated) to his camp, HKPhis camp, HKP

KARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGE

He gave the Jews work He gave the Jews work permits that protected them permits that protected them from the SSfrom the SS

However, when Plagge was on However, when Plagge was on leave, the Gestapo came into leave, the Gestapo came into the camp and killed all of the the camp and killed all of the childrenchildren

He was then told by the SS He was then told by the SS that he had to relocate his that he had to relocate his camp and that he couldn’t camp and that he couldn’t take the “skilled workers” take the “skilled workers” with himwith him

KARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGE

When he was forced to be When he was forced to be relocated, he had time to relocated, he had time to warn all the Jews at his warn all the Jews at his campcamp

The Jews were able to hide The Jews were able to hide in various places and many in various places and many of them survivedof them survived

Help Help From From AsiaAsia

Help Help From From AsiaAsia

CHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARA Chiune Sugihara was the Chiune Sugihara was the

Japanese consul in Kaunas, Japanese consul in Kaunas, Lithuania in March 1939Lithuania in March 1939

He saved more than 6,000 He saved more than 6,000 Jews – the second most saved Jews – the second most saved during the holocaustduring the holocaust

Many Polish refugees had fled Many Polish refugees had fled into Lithuania after the into Lithuania after the German invasionGerman invasion

Germany invaded Lithuania Germany invaded Lithuania on 6/15/40on 6/15/40

CHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARA After Germany invaded both After Germany invaded both

Lithuania and Poland, the Lithuania and Poland, the Soviet Union said that they Soviet Union said that they would let the Jews pass would let the Jews pass through if they could obtain through if they could obtain certain travel documentscertain travel documents

In July 1940 all foreign In July 1940 all foreign embassies had to leave embassies had to leave Lithuania but the Dutch and Lithuania but the Dutch and Japanese consul got extensionsJapanese consul got extensions

Two Dutch Caribbean Islands Two Dutch Caribbean Islands didn’t require formal entrance didn’t require formal entrance passespasses

CHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARA Thousands of Jews went to Thousands of Jews went to

the Japanese consul asking the Japanese consul asking for the Japanese transit for the Japanese transit visasvisas

Sugihara wired back to the Sugihara wired back to the government in Japan for government in Japan for permission to sign these permission to sign these visasvisas

Three times they refused to Three times they refused to give him permissiongive him permission

He disobeyed them and He disobeyed them and from 7/31/40 – 8/28/40 he from 7/31/40 – 8/28/40 he signed 300 visas a daysigned 300 visas a day

Visa issued ByVisa issued ByChiune SugiharaChiune SugiharaVisa issued ByVisa issued By

Chiune SugiharaChiune Sugihara

CHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARA

On 9/1/40 his extension was On 9/1/40 his extension was up and he had to leave the up and he had to leave the countrycountry

Even as his train was pulling Even as his train was pulling away he still signed the visas away he still signed the visas through the window through the window

He then gave the stamper He then gave the stamper for the passports to a Jew for the passports to a Jew who then signed and who then signed and stamped many other stamped many other passportspassports

CHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARA The Jews who were able to The Jews who were able to

get the passports made get the passports made their way via trains their way via trains through Russia and Japan through Russia and Japan and arrived safely at the and arrived safely at the Dutch IslandsDutch Islands

Despite his disobedience, Despite his disobedience, the Japanese government the Japanese government still used Sugihara for the still used Sugihara for the remainder of the war but remainder of the war but then dismissed him then dismissed him afterwardsafterwards

FENG SHAN HOFENG SHAN HOFENG SHAN HOFENG SHAN HO

Issued visas to Issued visas to Shanghai to Shanghai to Jews from Jews from AustriaAustria

Feng-Shan Ho Feng-Shan Ho was one of the was one of the first diplomats first diplomats to help Jewsto help Jews

Saved thousands of Jews Saved thousands of Jews from 1938-1939from 1938-1939

Visas Issued by Visas Issued by Feng Shan HoFeng Shan Ho

Visas Issued by Visas Issued by Feng Shan HoFeng Shan Ho

PAN JUN SHUNPAN JUN SHUNPAN JUN SHUNPAN JUN SHUN Took care of Ludmilla, a Jewish Took care of Ludmilla, a Jewish

child who escaped while being child who escaped while being transported to a death camptransported to a death camp

Alexandra and Mitrofan Alexandra and Mitrofan Babaeva and Nadezhada Babaeva and Nadezhada helped in raising the childhelped in raising the child

Continued to care for the girl Continued to care for the girl even after the wareven after the war

Was the first Chinese man to Was the first Chinese man to receive the title Righteous receive the title Righteous Among the NationsAmong the Nations

Warsaw Warsaw Ghetto Ghetto

ResistanResistancece

Warsaw Warsaw Ghetto Ghetto

ResistanResistancece

THE ZOBTHE ZOBTHE ZOBTHE ZOB

Stood for Stood for Zydowska Zydowska Organizacja BojowaOrganizacja Bojowa

Led by Mordecai AnielewiczLed by Mordecai Anielewicz

Created October 1942 at a Created October 1942 at a Ha-Shomer Club meeting Ha-Shomer Club meeting

Made by occupants of the Made by occupants of the Warsaw GhettoWarsaw Ghetto

GOALS OF THE ZOBGOALS OF THE ZOBGOALS OF THE ZOBGOALS OF THE ZOB

1)1) To defend the Warsaw GhettoTo defend the Warsaw Ghetto

2)2) To teach a lesson to the To teach a lesson to the Jewish police, the “shops,” Jewish police, the “shops,” the Werkschutz and all the Werkschutz and all informersinformers

3)3) To stop the deportation and To stop the deportation and liquidation of the Jewish liquidation of the Jewish residents of the Warsaw residents of the Warsaw GhettoGhetto

MORDECAI MORDECAI ANIELEWICZANIELEWICZMORDECAI MORDECAI

ANIELEWICZANIELEWICZ

MORDECAI MORDECAI ANIELEWICZANIELEWICZMORDECAI MORDECAI

ANIELEWICZANIELEWICZ In 1942 he organized a In 1942 he organized a

fighting unitfighting unit

January 1943 the Nazis January 1943 the Nazis rounded up a group of Jews rounded up a group of Jews to send to the death campsto send to the death camps

Mordecai and his fellow Mordecai and his fellow fighters attacked the Nazisfighters attacked the Nazis

Warsaw Ghetto Warsaw Ghetto uprisinguprising--AprilApril 19, 19,

19431943

Warsaw Ghetto Warsaw Ghetto uprisinguprising--AprilApril 19, 19,

19431943 Nazis reported to Nazis reported to headquarters: headquarters: The Jewish The Jewish resistance was unexpected, resistance was unexpected, unusually strong, and a great unusually strong, and a great surprise.surprise.

May 8May 8thth the Germans found the the Germans found the main bunker where the fighters main bunker where the fighters were hidingwere hiding

The Nazis killed the Jews inside, The Nazis killed the Jews inside, including Mordecaiincluding Mordecai

ADAM ADAM CZERNIAKOWCZERNIAKOW

ADAM ADAM CZERNIAKOWCZERNIAKOW Spoke against the 1927 Guild Spoke against the 1927 Guild

LawLaw

Represented Jewish artisans Represented Jewish artisans to the Warsaw Municipal to the Warsaw Municipal Council Council

In the Warsaw Ghetto the In the Warsaw Ghetto the Gestapo appointed him Gestapo appointed him ““President of the Jewish President of the Jewish Religious Community of Religious Community of WarsawWarsaw””

Spoke avidly to the German Spoke avidly to the German officers trying to convince officers trying to convince them not to kill the Jews them not to kill the Jews

YITZHAK YITZHAK ZUCKERMANZUCKERMAN

YITZHAK YITZHAK ZUCKERMANZUCKERMAN

Born in Vilna, Born in Vilna, Lithuania in Lithuania in 19151915

1936 worked 1936 worked as part of as part of Zionist Youth Zionist Youth Movement in Movement in Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandPoland

YITZHAK YITZHAK ZUCKERMANZUCKERMAN

YITZHAK YITZHAK ZUCKERMANZUCKERMAN

He returned to Poland in 1940 He returned to Poland in 1940

Promoted resistance to the Promoted resistance to the NazisNazis

December 22, 1942 December 22, 1942 participated in attack against participated in attack against a Café in Cracowa Café in Cracow

Fought with Mordecai Fought with Mordecai Anielewicz during the Warsaw Anielewicz during the Warsaw Ghetto UprisingGhetto Uprising

August 1944 fought in the August 1944 fought in the Polish UprisingPolish Uprising

11,000,000 11,000,000 murderedmurdered!!11,000,000 11,000,000 murderedmurdered!!