EnvironmentalAssessment/AnalysisReports _____

Report E0036

Nigeria -

Irrigation DevelopmentProj -ectEA Category A

Environmental- Assessment2- of 31994

This report has been prepared by the Borrower or its Consultant

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

'O 23414*2016203 WORLD B5AK LAG. Poz

31/03 '04 14:37 S234 00 3230825 R.L.N. ABUJA * At I UNIT Q 001

'p FACUFiDERAL, ACULALCOORDINATINGUNr

ib _¢21 FedI Depazmmnt of Agrcultuiboda. Km 31 Mgbway, P.0- 325, GwxV91ada.A £DF <r

* 3311~~~TE C S=. USO. Od CSLFluIuz 09o0'QS. lAX OM SnUiLT33CK 9 1i.3 FAC2 NO.

i~ , _ * _ _ _ _ _tl35Q W O *XS5e<|F6

Your Raft *O0; M!ilarcb 30, 1994

Our fRi!: hCTJUIzr3/WI/207

l -*A, ,iv LEt.'cx cAt ,z; ::Zr. Jobn Josyce,

World Bank,

Be: S!ai ge-. Sm iholder %=I"t:k0I Devei i ProjectAppra±aj zss.Lon and PFGL AthorisatLou on E;.

Please refer to your Fax KersLge dated 24t. Marc:h, 1994 wi-tLb resp-ctto t:e above su3bject matter.

XI wsh to Confizm as fzolows that: the Gover=ext oS NMgeria has noobjection to maki:q awailable to World BaC Public Ifozaton.Ce-e. -t.e*'.. 3C* xt, 0 pD. the 8.Laholder Ir;1 dated December 1993. It vlso bas no .objectoc to he xe:e ,s12"mzy being made available to the Execcut.ve DIrectors-Z

; egards.

CC:. alroop BocusLws Camel-Afric.a. ISC F1lesE .tsn Sto 3udo lph PoisonL

' S13lva -. .AgawalSit sinR ~~~~~* *1 . - .*

;j -ob . 3,g._-we,~I. .

1 NVTRONMF1NTAT. TMPACT ASSRSSMFNT OF THh NATTONAT,FM)ATIA DEVFETfLOPMIENT PROJECT TN THF MTDDnT.r1 RF.IT.

NTlF.RTA

FXRCUJTTVF SUMMARY

1he study on envi ronmentAl impact. assessment of the National

Fadama Development. Project (NFDP) was conmmissioned hy t.he

Federal A gri nul tbi ral Coordinating lUnit. (FACU) t.o hrnadly

identiFy:-

i. t.he potent.ial for increaRed conflict. between farmars i

asnd past.oralissts as land is converted fro.. pasRt.ure to

*arahle land;

ii. conflict hetween farmers and fishernen over water

management. in the flooded Fadama areas:

iii. the effect of the proposed project. on fish hahit.at and

t.he pot.ential of t.he project t.o destroy or t.o enhance

fish habit.at;

iv. potential for contamination of suirfaLc-e and groundwater

with fertiliz.ers and/or other agro-c-hemi.cals used for

int.ensive irrigated crop prodict.ion on the Fadamas;

V. the pot.ential fnr the project to provide incentive for

- -the destruction of hahitats of wsaterfowl and other

tory and non-migratory hirds dooencling an the

l ̂ g,iva FadamR wottlh srnles;

-truntion of habit.at. of other terrestrial species

-i -it the Fadamas, and

patterns of wat.erhorne diseases.

.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-f-

202 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

I a lnir of sin eons:nlltant.R consisting of: A Range Management.

F t.S: Sociinl Aiit.hropo0oinst.; Freshwat.er FiRsheries I

'Aiolno s-it.; Wildlife Riologist; Trrigat.ion Agronomist.; and aL

PFnil io c Mea.l th R.xperp. er was rommissioned t.n indert.ake t.he

Thio c:onsiul tants condiict.e.d . reconnaissance visit to

tnree '.idldle Relt SrA.t.es of Kogi, Plateau and Tarabh. ThiR

was fo 1i Iow't-d Iup with t.he col l eot.i on of rel evant. field

informs .t. ion. Samples of soil, fish, sutrface Rnd grouind

waLter wzere collect.ed from the vi Ri tad Agri c3l t.ural

Dlevelopmenent Project. (Al)P) operational zor.es for chemical

annal ls SiF;.*

Discussions w-ere held with st.aff of reltvant. Minist.ries

and Parastatals. Useful information snd puthlications were

collect.ed t.o complement. the field report.s. Find ingp; from

the different experts are siummarized bhelow.

1) Rane >Management.

Fadamas have competitive iises among which are: farming,

graz.ing, fishing and wildlife hiunting. FadamasF in t.he thrRe

* ;Rt.at.Ie are u;ised l argely for rainy season crops and are left

Lilow for most. part of t.he dry season for grazing.

_i vsaiIable stiu dies indicate that the National

* rtrojects Division's (NT.DP) cujrrent. programmes '

_bOt.Y t.he urhan el ite herders rather thaLn t.he

3 _j i s i s; t.het chase e aso s of brth t.he fodder bank

Pr Fattening Schemes. F.%i sti ng Grazing

I . . t.^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 6

Xrt,,'xn rv's lzhave viaot. heen Fri1 y ti Ii v.eel hby t. h pstoral i stti

,i': to insLit-qi:nt.e knowlerdgn of thelr existence a.nd lack of

i r t.rit arnc ..1

The r are throe major 1 ivesotock prodit-.1tion syst.ems in

:h1C t.hre st.n1 tes notAlli y: se1t ti el ps.sAtora.l It. A etn agro-

PA !s.ornl i st S, fLnd t rans i ent. p asto ral i sts Availa 1 bi I i ty of

fc,dr'Tr Annl wnter for .animal well-heing is basic to the three

producr.ti;on xystlemns .

The nompetitive isses to which fadeamas are put. is the

source of' potential conflicts amongst the vsrienus rujral land .

u rserst. These inic.liude- connfl icts among settrtlepd farmers;

between farmers and pastoral i -,ts; between farmers and

fishermen and between fishermen and pastoralistR. Six modes ,

nf confl ict resoluition are operative but. rResolution by'

inter-personal and commuinal modeRs nre most common and ! preferred by all respondents.

The cattle population densit.y for the sutb.-humid region-2

is estimated aLt 14 nattle km . This was howevrer, exceeded2 *

in Plateaui State with 1S cal.ttle per km and 2ongola, (Adamawa 2

and Taraba States) with 16 per km . The fadamas are

n 4tflrrently the main souirces of fodder togethesr with browsing K

t-re aLnd shruibs. Tn the three states, fadamas are

;t etrazed during the dry season as they remain fallow.

*- t np res isidues are grazed either free, battered or

''' 1Tht utilization of fadamn crop residues is

- v -the current low level of fadamin farming; the

mlam' a crops; Lnd the relay-cropping systems.

. ic 4:

1. .. ... ... ,, -- ,-- ,_- -

Somile of thec naturall1y noccurring fael.tma producat.s mluch AIR

pI 'inI.s, frilIts Andf flowers Are -aserI for fool, medic l and

hlifiRslohl cl ptirposes.

The prospects of fordet-r hank produhction on fadama And

t heo involvemeinIt,l of the paqstormllists A are limitted hb thea

trn nsient.e A iire nf the paest.ornl i St S, lacIk of 'land use V

right'.s of the pastorAl ists, the opportunit.y cost. of growing

cronr vi -a-viS estAhl ishing f odder hann;; lack of irrigation

fa-c i I i t.i es. !and3 the TrelAtively large herd s;i zfe of the

pnis t.ol i St.S.

Opt. ions for improved livestock management. on faFLamana

i incl ude; the need to grant. land use rights; to t.hea nomadic: I

pastoral ists not only in the fadama hibt. also in the upland,

persuiading them to grow anl manage pasture on their.land or

emhark on livestock crop integratinn, rehabilitation of the .enisting grazing reserves and the development of new ones

with adequiate facilities,and provision of efficient and

effective extension and inpuit delivery systems.

rThe follow-i ng mi ti gati on measures are suggested:

-I A } ^ 91 Suitable portion of the Fadama land Rhoul d be set

a a..- aside for grazing;

To forestall the potential conflict-s thsat would arise

rbtween t'he land owners and the migrant farmers, NFDP .

ihulld he designed to acc-ommodate. prospecttive faLrmers.

..hepresent operators of fadamas are not necessarily I

h owners: some of the operator.s are migrants. With |* JIFDP the rightfuzl owners of the fadamn may want to i

iv I1

i..-O' oldv,ntagie of thip t.erohnir.&l innnvation, t.hereby

tn"r-At.ring conflirt. t het.weuen those who have ancess to

1 lind Andi those wi thotil.;

rl The pro jent e des ign shoii 1 d encourage livesttock/crop

inIt?egrAtion in order to encourAge fadama farmerx t.

rLdopt. cron ps wotise reFP iduies eniold he uiFted ats animal j

f ve'ds;

ri rThinmirunit TLeaders (Ardos, Sarkin Nomsa etc.) and

t.rad i t i orinl ril ers shoail d cont.i nic to re.solI e conf I i t.st

aonngst. the varintos ruiral land users. Tn addition, an

npprnpri Rt.e Tnsti tt.i nnal Framework for conflict.I rresol t.ion such as the. Aren TLivest.ock Grazing Commit.t.ee

(of Kogi State) shbaild he set-uip in other States; i

e) More rzrazing Reserves should be creat.ed while the

exisRt.ing ones are gazatted and properly msnaged. For

the pastoralists t.o be encouraged to patronize the

Grazing Reserves where past.Iire, wat.er, and vet.erinarr j

-support. servic es are provided, cattle. roltes sRhould he

surveyed, gazett.ed and protected;

f) Abhout 20% of fadama land should be Ret f.Si;P. for

grazsing and conservation pitrposes, with a view t.o

preserving the hio-diversity of fadamn resources; and

odder hank demonstration plots should be set. up and he

: by AflPs for a nlumber of years before they Are

e<d-over t.o t.he beneficiaries. Thi s isr very

- O< ant. if the pastoral i sts are to be persuaded t.o

i :foddr bhank prodticti on.

;- ^ - - -2 -- -- ,

.r -w . *.~'a w j - s

t 4th st1dyly nIren Is wtell eindowtd withi dive-rse varieties I

P1 IMRnts dndI i Amal A1 whihl ArP mainly protected indper

:;:tes e>dicts, NALional Decrees ancl TntternAtinnal Convention

in eonservation nreas madite i3p af a ne-twork of Nat.ionalI~~~~

ar½, (vrAmue Reseirves and fores;t Rpserves. ii

TIie" devel opment of the Fadama nrreas is an ' interference

;)n the f AdrA;ma ecosystam . T f not. th ought.fuily and t

systemantically i mpleFmenterl the d evelopment. will have a

detrimpntnl efFect on plnnt anti animal specieRs bin-

diversity. Waterfolws, annd aquLatic mammals su1ch as otters,.

crocodiles and hippos will migrate from the Fadamas AS aL

result of drainage of the polders in which they live. These a

mammals and tcaterfowls. Frae ext.inction unlesR altternative .

and sApproprinte habit.t. iS fotund.

Terrest.rial mammal ian wildl if e spec iesA that requirre

regialar watering are si milarly hound to migrate from the

drained Fadamas. Same wildlife species such as qujelesa and

rodpnts will increAse? in population as a. nonstequpence. of

'T,Cnereased crop prodtuction resulting from the FadamA

_rel Opment.

he Waterfowls which are li k;ely to reduice in number as

of fadama loss of openi water due to irrigation K

'White pelican, the greaLt white heron, the black i

- irwspurwing gons:e, whtife-faced tree duck; thet

'Ig fi .shler, and the nortlhern crowned croane . Other-

v i

p

III 1' i rrlx tiI. 141 1 w I ml 1 in rI y he i mipnc ted by Fardamn

I.-'v 1 pfirIle'-l I' el i i.'t t ho wnit 1r I.Iti lme I, rhe en t.t.1le fst'gret.

.1 i.e. .' pI' s,%1!4 .. ,ime. iirijt41.1.I IeeI Ilo-Ii mt.I IIIitj1 n n1;.1 nnl 11ha sedlgn

wn ril ers r T'he nrimhirrs of thein botve I i stPd hi rd iT i t.he pnstt

%e' II ' i it i 1a hnve Iltnei mc'in re thmi nl: prestevit. wi til many

11i4)W %4I'rn toei- whr riainmn devel opmnnt hina alreAdy bnegiun. On

IJime ) t.1' i' In nre , wh I 1I e soine wat r,f owl a n ret anintel 1to he

trie I in i ng in naiimhber, ni.lier hilrfdr suich ns qu1n.lenA 1oVes the

roc k pFrltr i Ilge, thin weaver and the r-ii f a are i ncreasi ng

rnpi d I y ns n consneqaernre or e'pnnidem produnt.ion of rine*

-quinhtncorn, millet. nndl mn¼ge in the Fadamnas.

. @*Iti' wilmil 1%' 2'1'r r.I rles h.1int, w I Ip nneint. 1 e I y I mipnct;eed]

duel to wstor tineu fnr irrignt.ion ir t.he fadnma I nel tidep

hippopotamus, mamatee, and others. Tiee crocodile and

mlnifl:hi tut* 1 1 t491tiirilm4 nre Lit:. rept.i 1 t.n 1 t^.0iE' s inil Iarly it f fect.ed

The wasterhtirk, reepdbmick, hbuffalo, elepilhants, rnan Antelope

.and hantte bee st. nrrc sonmte of t.he larger wildlife animil a whicch

are noted to he morp abindant in t.hfe past. in the absence of

* . fadama development. Stich other wildlife spec ies as the

-grasRscatet.e~,rs the wnrthogn, snakesR, (sch as cobra, python,

and vipers), RS well as rodent pests suich as the Nile rat,

the- 'gi ant rAt. nndl the :niul t. imnmi nrntr rnt.s have i n'reasned in

P iIatfonif as a result. of FadamaT D-veelopment.

I ; The removal of extensive vegetation cover in order to

-h- Fndamns for crop, produiction Wwi l l certai nl y lead

b i-diversity. Tn place or the lnss of original

~~*tt

d4t ________

-'p At.Itnon cover typets n new lher] 1 flyer o r wreeds4 re

*.1up IrtUl

N i Vm'ri at It iI. iti illa-riillt ' to ;4 %i ;1III.IIij Ira 1.Iie I#llimnaar

t,onr vnt.ion for prottetiotn or wettninil nrdti wntearrowlR which

rI.. 1 i lcr' 1 v .t hia i niipo te-oad hty tho Tproposed FAulama D)evelopment.

Projelct. ThiR Rhortnoming should bee Acitkly corrected.

Ii.jilp fI' I.}l it.ii LhLoi .lSA ';i}' roMrIrnIp re.thre arne seve-rail WILI;er

I ripnuindstent.s .inri ext.ensi on or wetlanirds f ronm neighbhotiring

St I.!*sC wt hi rlt it trca o sptc i ric i npnrt;ninne t.o wnterfowl s4 Snd

other viain spreies that might. he impacted..

Such a -c-cas it ic;i:d ie t.hePLnitiji Lakice in NIger Shate., theJl _

.Jehbn T.Ake in lCw.n.rn Stnte, t.hfe Srt1i nri-n or Cn rli'nlrka-Osmpl i

Nattionatl Pai-k of Tarabhs St.at.e, nnti thfe -Ynnkari National Park

in Baiuchi State, the wetlands nf which extendsi into Plateau

4 zStafite?. T'he wetlands or Benmie. River, Kashimbila, Wafsp Rock,

Pai River and the confliJencet or rivers NMigr anid Renue have

reords of spPecrtaunlar watprfowl Sighit.ingsX thAt. are l iklyf

to he impacted hy the FadAMA dievelopmerit.

Some fls(.su or inns: rs io rit t n t'I!iO.LiVe nrefl T4 infit Illtic:

1 ) Occu:tpation of part. of Fadamsnl in conservation Areas forfnrming psirposes.

<½ 2) OCcuIpation of conservation areas by cattle herds in;-Aearch of pnatsrtur

I l_Lobpping ovpr of leg1sminous trees in order to ohbtinaOdder for livestock.

fttting fire'R to hush i n order tn promote early gre.fen4usqh of grasses ani poaching of wilillife dujring dryPSAson when farming actiitiies are att the lowest level.

viii

._W ,.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Iii 1611 X .1t, 1 I II.E'bt r..' st.rmai I r elilig I Iw I n^ a; to.n I-f.fnc o 1 V PIid:

..I 'I'l.,16 * I it t,ai',e-l'i I^1 ,, em ,. %4 I rtaiiii 1 .I , nit.1 ?'etlpt)ItH \P pci rt!,v6)Im W i I i I i re' tnt rinlcIiflenI, firne 'onsq'rviail ion prbtgrnmineua t.on''in 1, 1 , I ,, t ? ii ,, I , a ,, I .I ,r' ,-tI I I I I' f- 'veI 1 I lt I IIII I I usIt. IIrI|

*,1' l tildl I I'r Wi i u1 in iiit oiat. id' I.luedi r conservnt.Ion rPeas.

hI} 'l:imi.paawe' r' I n~ w' 1 tt 1 I 1'' IJi/ltingriCninrl. oil. it I II Vtv Is mint4t. he1'fl i ralo si nd i nicmnroIsii by the gAme prol.tect.ion tan I t.s ao

thl Ministries of Agricuil tire in. each State.

rlI o pm11-'ot.'tl' i nII pfr-1Rmciriil wl I cli a:'o tinl. prmerHtil. Iy Ito.tdo)F!16'4H 16)1i'fill .r I rI i''i,i'4 I o C¶6)Ja w I .ii is m-..,et ppone:0 ma:rn

mint1 he nh mear.

dl} SI;,ro. to I Il IIItI.Ix: t1. be' hanilari I rezbl wi Lh Nalt; onal1 e i sl toi nn on endangeredi species and enforne.d.

el) Tnuarmsi on inl:o sens i ti ve arans biy 11 vestnr.k muist. heSstet?mmeti throujgh A programmes of seRdutain ri I i ratio on ofhfa'rd4 into grnzi tug rItec'rvrrt whe-rn paastl.ire, wnter, andve' t.' r lieln ry suipport. n4rt" .pnrov i rid by St.at.P 1.1 vestPoc.k

enopnrtiment.

f f T 1 Ita: 1 cia c Ipit-. ci It o tsc,tic rortNirr'vet. ion nrects Ror'rn I ffiI a-llli nly pta rpnsfe uiaiii:t . he tlo 1.n 1 1 d Iiscl iR raLged by theStates' prote-otion staff.

g) TPnhal ic- inl i gibt.nment rnmpi i gn t educ( IiJ:nt.? rma relcomminii i es on thle danger of' sett.ifng wi idI i fe t.o thewetlands in the fAdAma areas must. he embarked ujpon.

Tn avert thme nbove mont ioned eande's I l et coarg nthe

fnllnwing r-eommenl".dAtions nreb giv;ren:

1)! Tot.al removal of vegetation cover in extended areas

throuyghoutt the Fmadnmmas must be diiscinslragpe. Tnstend,

the FcAunmasvs musqt. ho develo pfedl in pcl it .hhIe54 wI th

uindisqtuirheAd arens 1eFt. betwoeri. The uncleared buishes

JWill proviean t]tel m anti rerige for escaping wildlife

'p %ec ien from the impact,ed Fadamas, and A norri dor to

h R, WALtering points for migratory livestock;

i - ; 5 t >SPeci?s escaping from t.he Fadama development

- . t JAreas should he canptured a1live and translocated

ix

Ia it I ;6IVIf I :I imIII ItII'fmli I 1 em II m I .s-.4a4 l'Ist, 'Il.1¶.14 - rt l i rf l,

Ph 11 1',4;

3 I WI l' I:' tnil nI 1. i 11e101 tss nfil miL

iJainef' N i IU t^l ii ri nniss g 1 (I1 I i rte gn me ranch I nvg miuts. he

.I-(II C P uI4i<%k l i li ) l; II',' I t-% IaInI *s I 11 I. lIIe F1.iA ina ILPP SSL%.

4) Wi Idl i f,n pnl icy, mAnAgpment. an1d a inminIstrAtion misit hb

higs.Il on C.cmimlIrini t.yv pr t.iI pnl.lon Appronach suipported

th roughli 1pub 1l i r e-l I ghteninentr. In tHe Fl7ndamn Areas;

li5) F.veryt.h I ng posxs i hl e minss beb dlne not to reduci e hi o-

divPersity of specie's or pInntm nnd ArnimAls as A resublFt.;

o? afclnmn *nvel fopini. ,,

3* Frnlmwnt_.rv* F; Mhel i'sio anl lvnter QasiaI rv

The middle belt. states are drained by the Niger-Reniue

Rive r syq t.n and t.iuc i ir Lribtht;aries namely; Rivers Rations,

Grz3rara and Anambra on the Niger and rivers Katminnn Ala,

fnongaL and TArabh on the RiveEr RRenase. A few of the

tributaries e.g. Artsinn AlL annd Taraha Are perennial while

the great. mnjori ty dry lip nipnd separatp inrc. pools dujring t.he

dry APARon. There arp it tota'l rlood plain area of about

|R5 , ;OfOlhn between Ji .Tehlan *ln. iand the corif 1isence w wi 1 e t.he

- Rivr Renan has nn estimated 312,GOOha of fiondplain. Along

-.the lower Niger in Kogi State there is Another extensive

odplalin Iestimnted at; atboit; 165,000hm within the Niger-

1aunbhra Rtiver systems.

7The biology of the fish populations in t.he two major

$~R. Niger and Berniep is closely linked with their flond

''

""th Iil * '', ~ipuit^|11 1iii un l ~ nIlii, hij,'vI Ig.aigig l*I.I m11 .11'.I Wi Iii t lee'

innl'llze l.r rnuses! tel9,r l d I i es H Ve'rq4 .s iiiiF l.it' n ri %-

sescrniI . As the rie rs ove rflow thel r hnnks i nto t.he

i I sunlit 1 Ii4 I )I', I i :411f*8 11O. iI. II 1 ?l .'Ii.f II F ' 1 % (- I III KIIilwil wi tdi I1

l,Ien 1j)1ig . W I t.lt cHiM:e 19. of' the d rv season otersl recessionr

or the Fl nod, the Cl csus hot.h aiA 11I t. vid Juveniles mI grr te

hlclok I.cs t.lin rive'r Mchnels. In Joni tIy of the mlIrnnts '1 rP

smia l ii i..uI Icy11 9. 1; 1el,. rmu',s . | z'l'lica1e* ueinii i II Ili I 11 1.1m' poolI K F ltIdI

sWnRps A r1a AISO 50 pl9ip f tedI dili rig thie dry SPA Ron. A few

spenies Rsrvive atnd rpmnin int pprenninl ponls and swamps

.~ ~ ~~~n .tro) na4s.-e ~1.111 I It iie ':1 C I rn.od. aie'ie scars

C h Anges in climat.ic pat tern lenAding to retuaced rainfll 1

iidvrf rs I y am r ory l.sr.4 tht in I.te ru breet! i lig c:ycl 1 e of' I' 1 s41 earl I rig

to low Fisth caItch and recruitlmyent intn the main rivers. The

control of wAter sAt. KA;inji and JehhA damst has hAd adverse

effrnt. on thep fri sh pOpIlLt.i On het wern r .rhebb nndi the

C onfrluence at. Tokoja. A suibstantial lonsrs of floodplain and

redijct int, in tol t.l r ish 1 ndti itgs y f i ts4hermei have been

recorded within t.he stretch. AvailAble evidence aiSo shnw

that such extensi ye lnss of fl nnodplsin nauser! by droiught. or

water control in dams has significant. adverse impact on

. 0Roth Rivers Niger and PRfenine and their tributaries; have

;-been reported t.o hAve low dissolved nuty!ients si mi l ar to

-. hr : .tropical rivers. Condduictivity ranges from 48 - 66

^ t/cm in the rivers nnd Total Dissolved Solids (TnS) of

xi

-C-

-A:t

I:ilioiI 1III)ii4/ i nt.c' nve lirei'n reentorull. Vrtti lie'S in Ft.Augnant.

licjand: p1iail ieuie' rvi rm a re nre c ih h i ghe'r

'i'lhr nilI itI vi pc It Iok t I in P I.isLenis IS 1 Slii Ie tart' nf fp ̂.- reli1y V ow2

lii vitaIj i rt ts i, t.) conluim t. lv.i ty bi 4i' c; r 1l1s.9-91. IUR/?tI

w .il n, m n n Fi n 31 . . The? psiddocks are deiep and tlnlslI i tableAh

I'nre I' Ish proullilet. Inn o, IllIt. (m<III ci he I niproved by f e rt. i zatlion

niril !4t.oclc I ng rid cnltCe rinl tuirn prorhirt;Inn.

Tniatns 1 ye' ciii t lvi. I. ino or roidlnnt,n 1 ansiR nec:ensF i ntes, the

nPIpt I irrt. Inn no' orgnr r Arid inorganic rrt.i 1 I zers and

pesticides which Are later washed down into stagnant poolrs

swamps And reservoir. nirect. pet.eic.ide poisoning duiring

nppl ination is nlson ormmon. l'Washing of pesticide cont.ainers

vi Fto Hi 41tsiVraeui pjollvI nl' ittler IS kisniwut 1.4ti IW L Ioic lint) l.a

fIsh andi humans PrLting the fish. Althouigh fadams a.t.ivity

i n the States visitedi was low sonme signs of pol lut.ion of

_sirface waters were observed.

The Nat i onal Pol i oy nf the Envi ronmF-nt hy the Ferieral

Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) title.d "GuJ i de i nes

And Standnards for F.nvironment.Al Polluitoin Control in

Nigeria" has taklen adeqtuate care of wate-r quality guidelines

. r thle tam n rVnlgnt. ar .^|I rn amid gr-otiaia w ci I..'rt. limo

j.scv-.eff7ltent: .limitation guiidelinesl coven rs All Cat.egories; of

JhtAnts totuh Frinrm industries and ngrncheminals. FF.PA has

f-te Pol icies on agris-irltural cheminals and ha.s- outlined

1tgiest to minimize the! adverse impacLn of chemicals on

1 healt.h and the environment.

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' I.'

(Ilti ifel i fies for t.he monitoring of gromilridwiter wliirli is

I i Is 1I Vo . til ' l t E .CiIt .'1-wIi 1 isitil nIlOIMIb'At' ir I' ti1 1.1 cii fl nC:1 I :I tI ci' I is i11 i 11 t iIt'o Agfntvy *vS i u Is I i c, 1. i sil F.,I (1 i Jel i nes And

Ie I II, f1S.. r . FmIIv' i ImratCI'II I i I it 1 Ita II i1. i nr Co, IIt. ri I . A

,o.n ilprhoIw'iv i ¶* 1 i st. nr i nri,t..i -I i.ns enpanblt o f provi ri ng

rr S'qmm i 1 alahorntory -.nrvictS nrR givef%n tn the tnxt..

Thie mwijori t. y of fishermen fi ciiing nloin the major

R i vPrr; N i ger n nd Hlnitt?e n prer Ie on ril 1 -t. i mft arid art ahI e t.o

irov ile 1i )is i o-srre. nor prnt-in to t;ho inhinhlil.nnts of Lhe

miridil e hlt. Stat.es, of Kwnrn, Niger, Kogi, Reniie, PI atenti

Anf( TnrAtn. To ti.te i nhnhiA ints or thes I. St.n Leaf

par-L:i c-ii I-ri I t.Iiome 1 ivi rig c-lose to time ptrenrniial rivers,

fiRh is the major proteiin saiwrne. Th.ty aoccalpy l.hn second

most produictive aquatic region in t.he onuint.ry second only to

t.he coast.al St.ate.s.

Rome. rpeommendations havp hp-en ndvhnvc ,i t.o mi tignt.e the

impact.s and assist. in t.ht smooth operationr of t.h tani fieid

ext.ension servicnt sstsem oF thet ADP. Among the

recommendations are t.he npecd for incie reased extcension

* fttizedunation t.o farmers on the right. Il.Ste oF fert. iIi v.ars and

Pesticides and precautions to te rn-ake, dutiring nppl ir.nt.ion.

*- oMnitoring of retsiduies in st.agnant waters of pooIs, lakCes

- Ond restrvni rS has bheen advoctn.ed ancd the need l;o 1 e.i slate

4l&2M+ .ls t importatoin of harzargloias pesticr ides int.o the

rtryhaR been emphasized. FrPA has this mandate.

'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c iia

The' i mpo rt.nnre n rcons'rvnt. ion o n gen e' i Jr resoil rceRs in

,;%IlIII' pRl.' aaaa alI po1Bl , nilYlLl;tt r ai 7' the I mtpnct. o f drouglht, and

t I n .! l lC-III t '0o1 1 ti ritrin i !; n I !.; h It! l I i lt I t' .

F I ra. I Iy I . hit N ,C¢fia tiril.'a,I I It. 1I. lia'. I'R'th r i is perscnnne1l

;1 a lTnllia Ia th. A I)s shoiiI11 heI ir re nnserl t.hrotagh rerrisitnment.

;AIIII iiifl IIICii III, (Ir 1evIo.l' I o III. iia oralit r 1. t 'entinralre r tel- ns I on

ediluc1.il:cn. n nistrihitifon of fishing inpiuts to fishemnriepn

:'I arill! tw i IIt i ,t114ati. (1 f itii taF i Fi[tll 144 i s dvcA I.edi. Al sn the

mWRTIiVtaCllit 0 r pe. renii ni ponos I nt.I aiai ning pAddorcsr, shoasi d he

PnfclCfI rf.l I I y (lenmonis t.rixt.io.n * r miaingemtnlv t. techtinIqui es in

model p.nIdocks And pools 1biy VillnWge XFdtensirion Age-nts in aIll

the A1iP zones.

4 . T rinn g.e_L OJJv;.\ Ul rgnfla¶

The s.turdy shows that mAnagemenrt. of i rri gated c:rops

tinder fnrmetrs cond it.ion haS hbeetn mn3r3e inefficient due -..

lArgely to mi,i t.i rarai otss prohlem,. Thesee problenms includie

lack of l; RIotIr snving lndsl preepnrat inn. met.hods, it a ii ty t.o

procurte improved high yieF1lding k nnd disease tolerant. seeds,

tanavailabil ityv ATc1 high c-s7 ot. c.hemica.l j- rt.i1 i mer%,

Pe sRtic. ides, hferbic i des , engine -pUmps., ani wat.er hoses.

COther prohlemsx are lack of credr it. facilitiies, poor condition

- °t of access roands and inadeoqnmte st.orage falcil it ies. Farmers

strongly of the apinion t.1unt. ianless Lhese i 1n55es are

mu nly addressed, the proposed eep.anded; fadama project

J5 fai lure. They req!e'st.ed for fill) participation at

ages Of planning and implementation for the project.

'c iv _______

Prrv inm% SO soil IIitl Wi ter i nPCIT-t.. I n l ta I rig the

imgm,m I 1S Ian I .ala, ii I 4r1mn s1m1a1: - I -*I- IHal l l e'Sl I NI) l II nt #III 1 the

MAcil ? flr'( nn flu;1t Ztmii',,1 Fa.t'e i 1il tye'Crrpblt. Khoiu'x t litl. re,f

rarlaj, rte'alI r im a r)4 J ai if I r I * lu --I I I of i mtit'! e rolp rouist-i' . I oil

tin th *, rte it c( n il I no rgn nitr rt' r I. i 1 i c rx inmi s t. he app I i eil to

.s0ill ls in fera ii ity with due regari rsl'ln Ft o il t:fest:ing.

%lto ranvPr nil the sqlI ini Iy and sRolicity Int)irnt.nrs were

lowt; !;eaigStestirI thait. there sIrn no immedint-r. risk of sal initiy

is I 1 stl i 14 . S i t i I lt r t y i e.hr' c:c,t.te tn F tl f go I imt I h sLI 1 a*34 and

%A1 te's Vrcf r I er It rtri Cui coitndrit.Ir v it arc w I* ti nitt nr-rePjAft.n InP

limits- for irrigation wAter. A call wra5, hnwever, matde fnr

rt-i.ll ;pe ont i Lori ng of walr ritin I i ty nrti qtinitit ty for t.imely

deat.ection of stn Iinit.v nntl aqui f er deaspl:etion res?pecf.t.ivel y.

Thlc- prcraposetl rfadinilit projf els sliid noLt. addJ 3reRs t.imn I astIe

of soil adequatel y and thfe nfeed fo r detail eel soil suirvey of

' nareas w i l:h eCel lent. Fndamna potent.iAlI for the piurpose of

asidequiatfe land muse planning nfnd deve-lopment. Moreover, thhis

. eR erci V fse is A prerequiRsite for suqstained iste of the fadama.

A review or the existing pest. and disease managpmont by

f fanrmners reve-falefl th at most. rnrmers do not use chPmical

cnnt- rl mennsa nct inrInye I n)'c :nir O-rli. 1 n rg P I v I it....I.P...a.r.. t I I i' runt. cl. m gF thlie

mFaterials. * Some indigenouis kcnowledg-e surch as IJL.e of

c detergents. sash jan.? kite.rosetne rc" L.ar' Co t.rI l nfo cert.n. I n

* *¶ insects were identifipd and recommendation made for fuirther

eval uati on of theste locFil control measuires. The possibility

.of inreansed incidenie of pests anti diseases as irrigated

. -

r…-s----

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

eropping hbeonmes more intePns iv sar hfghl ighted. A more

rat. i ni)n I AppL rnA t.n hrck; I ng this proJ i ferat ion 1 1 es in sAn

inrPgrnlt.d pest mnnigpinelnt mpprosAch which c.omprises of

neIMIIn.I.e' Inrid prepHmration, isn or improverl nrnp variet.ies,

tiimely application for cultural practici;es and iRse of

Approprinte agrochemicals for control oftp#eFt afnd disefanoe.

Ctirrent farmers' crop slpection is Retipfactory. The crops

are both adnpted to t.he environment, and are of high vatliae

except for A few species. Their timing of plant.ing dn not.

reqiaire serin ms mod i fi cations cso long AFs there are organised

maret.% tc pturchahse, t.hei r prodtuce. The seqtuener or cropping

sthoiil'l he- 9tich as to enc.niarati t neretal - vegetable and cereal _

- leismm rrt kinn.

Thie conflict related to market, forces in which large

qUantities of perish.able vegetables from irrigation scbhems

a re lost,t dule to glilt and low prin-es is n -major economic

problem t.o farmers. Privat.e investment involvempnt, in the

esstahlishment. of veget.anble processing plants neor large

?adama, areas shoujld be encouiraged.

-. Socifal Ant.hroDolno¢y

Conf I i c t. i n fadnina resot rcre ua ,e i s .atised by

intennification of resource ise and expansion of fadama use.

TntnsRifiant.ion may he populat.ion driven or market driven.

i <h ever form of renoiurc.A use, competition for use isi

.l1y the end result. Tensfion and conflict- car. he groiuped

two distinet categories vix:- "Within grousp" atnd.

}~tWe groulp."xv

xvi

W J II. Ii ri jrcu1 " sa3p i"} n*r rirmiiP,/rr'nrmpr,

1p.1st 0 I-a i '41 Z| t () 'n 1 i 1 tt 'i41f':tl' .h'lll.

rhi - Iu I % n IC uLj 111f1 A 111 i s I; r Via rriie r/ un i t.gi i* i I i , ra rmeX r/

r i ;iiv rm?a iiic a w pimt1n r-il i i so / r I qiioritil,,a

vism nino f roqaae,i t rorm or tfer14minii tindi co,a ri i ct. Im the

"between trtoip" whearte thi farmer/pnRt.nrnllAt. conflict. in the

utom. frrtq-arit. andr signi rirnnt., involving ptnple of divergent

Ir thnle nr4l a- I u. Crop ibijanIg- *eiisesAa hi ela- isn, 1inintA I thIe mniAj,r

soarnp of confi lct and t.ension. Conf ic:t. between ot.her

scroups; ri- ii n mirinl . Tr ai:aoI. rtsPI4 , tb.- fVFt hrXwnr n r'e nl mc

the same people that. npprn t.e t.he cont.i giotls farml sn .

ronfl ir l ue weprn f Finhrermen lint] Viarme r- i m, Ihrre f re. vry

rare. There were, howevevr, reports of conflict.R

betwee-n Vi shermen itifrl herdi!4mnon. Fis4hiermen optirat.in g nlong

the Tartaba River in Taraba state, for inst.ance, complained

of regtular disruption of their hooks and t.rnps by catt..le

drinkcing along the shore nf L.he river. The confI cot is not.

as serinous q-, t.hose hetweei? dt Ry eanon fnarnters auiul hPrC]RdM4n

aLnd coiuld he ens il y resol ved i f f i she rmen agrfee t.o show

eonnp Ic0lli s igtls in slir-1, ni- imSa r car SivoiIdnrnoe- hy herdssnlen.

Disrupti on of honks and traps coiilci crea te prnbl ems for

* 'erdsmen s-iriefs tlif ir et1.1c costld 1] tjl liookedI oir wolitided by

I a traps. Tt. is, t.hereforie, to t.he Fanvant.age or herdsmen to

'Vi iswc-b fi14h;ng local.ic,ra.~

-O-ther so0araes of conflict. are. social in nat.irfe and not.

Bt.d t.o resource isse/compe-i ti. on.

'hxvi i

*IIme1 iii.' 11( ll n6'IrI i el rsoo( I v iti r! Ctnr I I r If t dPe'nEt I on the

ml ii m** I1t til IIall PtI iiir i1 r - i r ' 11 r r I I 4c#I 1.. I- i i Pt tI4lM whlere

+fl 1 i C- I Itaq II'Mon oQ itniqIon'f3l toy e!I'tp sIt'f: .rle! l on s4l where

1t It I nf f tnf I I n hIrdl Si.nn n nin itES gPi 11 .I I ri E.frper r0nm 1

PI r ionIienl9 1 r. 4 oire r.-nscher1l. rnrlpi'n4i t'ion 1 lnry ing in nmouinh.R

,'t, racf t.rs demanidedci ari p Iid hy past.or ri'l I st. A. Where

jn Perpercrtn n l reFtlatHtion iR.- not. poossihle, the villAge hestd

nnrl/nrrlo is rn Ii lci in. Whe re tIis Vi raIli^ Ile' lhsw

pnforcenfient agent is hroight, in. Ocnafional1 F, Stat.e Pol ice

and/Or t.h n mil I i t.nry Is ri fn Ft.d wlsefe ecin f 1 Int. Isi 1r cyAl e

Involving whole groiips.

rfl t11 I e-IaIu4o, List1 P1;LJ(.H4I-d LpPnji'c l. tire'niq ni-ec IiHmnd tby

pastoral i As d *! s- m s , snn gratAi ng resollre!e- NOmIl.lIC

herd,smren, whinme he rdiRize nveramged 260() entt.le ar firRt t.o

Arri ve in t.h e early part. of the dry eason

(fOc.t.ober/Novemher). They st.ay for periods rAnging from 4

WPPek to 5 mont.hs, depenriing on avAilnbilit.y of feed and

Wxt.er resoutroeR' A well nS snrin'l hiarmony and n3 ect.t.nt. of

fAdAma cropping in the dry season. ri snme cxses, thfe

her.lmmet nligO rIl i x oplS smisln1 1 ' ve'4 .n ts .e't)

It WAS nlbserved that plinres witlh high nAttler pnpilAtion

| ('igh Rtoc'.king rnte) rec.orded t.he higheSt. cAusS or roonfI i t.

* htt.Wtn PuRtoral ists ansd farmers, viS-a-vis 1 imit.ed dry

RO3; grazing resoureer.

- !0;i Ribility t.n dry season graw.ing and W:Sttering point.s

8jor constraint to livestock mnnagement. when the NFDP

'cvi ii

e'.lillf o7n sxlm*'.tnm. Th l wateil nrear iit.mtI the rplofr.t.iOn of

:.i -. iti:,1 i 4t -4' I: I I n *1 It IIeI nlI.c'ulIotlnt. I ro I I In11 4 o f renr-IJ11tRt.ing

tn n'w ond il -Inticn 4t1iw wnyiy nr 1ir T t pngot.oAnlist-4 nrQ not.

Ii'lpln*ril. thir gi-/jiviiiz niOlil will lte rmiilia1lIv nlierdl nnul

r: Is t n Il I,v reclnued . Tlhty wi I 1, there fore, he forcted t.o

I lI I 1l. I 1f '., dit.'I(P i 2 or i'iui,l i,int igtment. iel lI tid ing

I)Oqg fl i i I I .y nOf ces toio'kig nncl/nl he t{l spl i t. ti g.

A .signi fiirnt. prnpor t.inn of t.he women fol It rrs e ongeged

i ri Ar i couiltu i:ral I p roil. i arin, proeAsni ng, sItoragPe and

mnrklting. WnmPn griaups piirniue n vnriety or gnal which arp

i ltimntely dirmected Rt. improving the livelihond of theiir

fami i y memhers. Som' n or theme women grotips have heen

regist.ered into cooperative A2ssociations. Fadama farming

formst nn ancive. component. of the ACt.iviitie nf mosR. nf t.he

women groupR. Mnjor nonstraintR t;he women face incrltide

crediti, nrici prnparntion, tiimely stipply of farti: 1npiitR,

limited exte.ns2ion -ont.Act And marketing hott.lenecks at peak

prdiicrtion pn ricorl.

A major prohlem the women will face when project.

commences in thAt of nereRsihility t.o farmilnnd. Land is not.

owned by women aS individa3ln and so they wouIld have t.o

depen3d on t.he menfolk to provide f6dama farminnrl.

Women participat.ion in increased irrigat.ion farming

,g ill grenat.l r 0invn r Ihe 1 i v i vng s. IdnlinilI'' or woI)llhl sr1 I.hi41rp.amilr memhersc,

, r

-I I a II I I t'1 Pi pi aI I 1','14 n11ut 1 ' p, i 1V lit.hL) ou r

r itnY,'r, e. ) .s: r- r,tt*.ua.. I ot%t', .ADP q'vrl r I, . I ? alnd. I ...

i tite rn3l I IA I I nVPl s.

At. t lie' fVn iane r c' I , ornp nrin rs hioti Ili he enrou raged

l.t rial IH' motIe 1 I t'fes toril Lo tril.her ei-nilen c-rop/i I ven tkak

i lie' rie r .I cZl .t .

PARtoral i st.s sholilel lIe ernninrnguc t.o mnkce anl sRtorr hny

during tihe rniny SPblROln rtr uxe in dry., l searson. Thisi will

prnairde ftgl mnate rinls tn nnimmns Innt limimIt. Iltr- pnt.ni.llInl or

iric fnci(t's n t' rnOit I in: r 'raom graz I ng nn I mnal s on fadama land I n

(I r rsmnn.

'Credit. and Land shotuld hbe readily avaflnhle to women

f fairmors who hn%e consI-Atimol. the tsleovitiel' i ninLo reg I rs Lred

assoc it ions.

As fnr its prtnsible, sraiJ pfir-:hitele'r!y Ira cantf I it- r1¢Jflen

areas, farm land (fadama) shouild lie fenced with life P

materials, especially species that are isefial for animatl

feetld as weIlI a s weTi A fldnapt.ed to the lcal i ty.

Secourilt.y nnd lnnd uise committee-s should he e.stahlished

at local andi State levls nf govfernment, to monitor and

adjiad Itce at ri nnd and - rel st.ed di Hpast.r'R.

At the AT)P levelI the extPenSion ou3tfi t shoiild he

.* consiridernbly strengthened to make the desi re-d impacts on

.$ ruiral farmi-ng and fadamn farming in particislar.

The, ADPs shouild collaborate, to the' extent possible,

*rwith teh River Basin Development Aujthority (RBDA) especially

In thhe area of water rcsoairces develoipment.

_R~~~~~~~~x

V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~it' eW'cr'ci e C it. Ing t.e PLnlinmn project., on ly parialrL

rI,*ie' I njiii'all :il I.E lie' r*itilaui e 1e 1 Iil the 11 1. I ilFI-M II ICP

(nilv nhoilt. 7.5% C :r Jin qiv'n V n1I;e,FL it ri1 stoslrif he' cirvnl 'V1I t

it nIe' en * 1y yen rs nf' tht proJe'c I..

41; t.he notlronl leve I cattl:ne.t. corridors, t.he

enrhroAchment. of which has often consi.ituted major soutrce of

li' ritlef'' ? l'4 tt'~il'f I'M lrn iX' I . , 141tCtI idz lie' Put -e@t 111.1 IN i'd , it1 I{|. 1l.Aid

ann; prn trl.011PI

WI-t.er nss! ayr.azinig rt,Hotirrvt'x ctisetle mItio tinrl i l1o1ile r'ar

I If liMe' cVr , eru ls f.r. The'1 bf t I c' cin mun 1 i I .y 1P. PI eles' rean gren t.1 y

assist in thils re-tgrd.

Livestock service centres, farm service centres whpre

i npit.s wvoiI d he rendily nvailinblo t.n farmrnis r Rhnoile d be

est.ahil ishird at. sl.rn-t.e-gir nied Accessible places. Veterinary

d druIrs sh ouldei be nvA I mlial e to rnrmers/pnst.oriil IlutLR Pt.

r.nmpeit.ive price.

NGOs, sucfh as rPl igionIs orgnn i zfit.i ons (f.g. rCWA,

Ca:thol ic Chu:rch), farmers' associations, Women Prodiuction

Associations, ProfesRiona.l agricultural as.socintions, e. c.

especially those that. ronstitute important inpuat servicea

points to the locfal comon i ties, sihold he stppnrt.ed1 by

government.

0 lipt ! 4c)cI inal I rS t t. run tat eA, sltirIt As arccessm roanlIs

grazing reserves watering points for livestock, heaIth

Centre sholIId he available at place easily- Ac ces'sible to

ruraxlprodticers.

X ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --:- - - - - -

O'nitii r I c -iu i n r i n%4 ipi ititt I it)ttilt r# I 'i.'I PH4 slii1 lii jJ') l r.ogot l C¶FR

i I 111 ell I I n lig Iiloitl ('11111 Vl 1 I I II&( I I VI'14tua(l04 (II MMDfl'tN . ,l I' I y

warn rrI nit d'v i erat hoe:lri h1 e emhin rkied optcaon by cnnt. I guioeas nA I Inil

S V it to-I .

* EPI:hl I c 14'nItIh

A rv i ew of 1 i tratntire nn the i nfl cience o F sml l

; r r i /lt ; Ott YStlilE o'me -4 I n r Iit iio)fbl 1 Iii n r Nrflirifera wiN mn nlIP. 1The

sIvn i 1 nabl 1 i terntiarp hns teen scAntyv Andi i nrl i Icat.es that.

mAlnria ndi schistosomIasia Are the common infectinns

* ffect:i ng t.hu fnrmetrs nl 1 over iit thr t.rrnip i en I ret Ion A

rerernt. World PaiAnk report ind icat.erl that. irrigation

dpvfel2opment in Niger i a resial ted in the incre-ase of

i ne n i d e orF t.wn vArieties of' RilinrzInsis I i nt.es t. i na l and

u3rinary), hilminthinsis aind

gastroenteric lise ases. Hnowever, mnstt of thite reported *

literatujre ins based on large scale irrigation dams.

This sttirly is thertfort- plpsninied to find olit, the impatct

of small irrigation schemes suich as fAdnmA development

covering shallow water souirres on the henl Nt of farmers in

thel m;iddle belt StAtes of Nigeria. The resu:lts indicatPd

that. in the stuidy area, the orzmmon diseases were malaria,

dinrrhoea, schistnsoo.:iasis, Arkd hlelminthinsiR.

,L: Onchoceri si s wais prevaplent in some pockects i n the States.

-n Taraba state Onchnocerria&is is the most. prevalent diseafse

n Bal i and GAnshnlra Rrens. tTn Plateaui state al so i t Was

reorded lup to R1.1%. TrypanosomiAsis and fluineaworm ware

I 1L ,.~~~~~~~~~~'ci

no t. fc nftlulmoii In t.ho 'onimiiniti eN vi.ito,- 1 , honce giuirneaworm

i ' ili*,s' rn I nwet, itit 1"s. It"ldl'lO ii' I1s It %VII I#8 III li,'1 341 IIIi} itr'i

n A 54rt-n WA 1.n1. . nt ci' Ing,qeI Piwn.mipy nr'nm ri n il I the

it-IirI 1 I .4 t I I1.e:4 Rhowner hi lh prnvon I etren ofr mnl a r in fii

%th nixoom I as I R.

AmonW lI.h vectnrlx Anophel ne, Cu 1 Pc nntd Aeade

mosqtiitonCs wo re c-ommon in all the a.reaR; snAIl ver t.orp

RiIlinui nnd RioinphalriL wepre fninAii In All t.he areas. Rlnck

P1 le? fAnd3 tetIse Fl iets nre seasonAl, most.ly at. the heginning

t of rLi ny sRASo, or 1ciirin g pealk nf rniny ppirindr, when t.he

river riow inerenfses and trees have large oninopy. However,

M m 1 nre i) ,c' Ro?u4L-)Ufl Arrld at1. l;the Jiulee Af Sl1ltI ty iti Nov-emmhbr,

thei r infestation was moderate. Snakes, Scnrpions and

l ewcher? wPere no-mal 1 y encoiznlLered by the rarmners hist. they

are not serinious problems in the AreaS.

Farmers hAve not been pract.ising any serioiIs prot'.ective

devi ces from thsne vecrtors. Only against mosquitoes, they

Ilse insectiride sprays or nse bted nets. Otherwise, their

habit. of work on farm or rPlaatiriOn mt home make them

victims of insect. hit.es.

Al thouigh mont. of the farmers own pit I ntri nres anr

prac:tice washing of handns hefore eft.ing, it. is disturbing t.o

notI.e th' b Iyvi r*n I.e .f iii:r-Isc', sm ior.n t. c:o.nai iii I.te. ' o

s kreat. ex-trnt the living areas with dirt.y environment

flhisnlc.pe this condition.

,+^, ;UseJSf! of ugrochemicals on farm is very low. There i s A

0 ^PnCF of increAsed utSe in Plateau St.AtA. However, thei r

,, ~~~~ " R w-~~~~xi i i

-'-. ----

g i tl 1 11 hi4'fi l j>it l liii.I ont or wnt %'r 4oggrr':i nld rimuc of he.8l th

gos Illelt I .gg~ 1 1.g. gl' I I I I I I i D llis I 1iIdI e.u iii. tit' li.41's

Ii.i, |1u~~t I e i It' i itiggi 'l sl 1 gl I gig.'; 1 * 4:*I,, I Jltl42 IieaUlVeg' I egI It I I |1

w I'd It )t- rift i ii I rA ri t. 4

1nmtii I on t.himPt rI ni Ingm c-#rt.aI n rntitin monitoring

lItlI,(Q'nAillin'M{ Otgjllt nljlil#% Elillt 1t : 11 ntl Wi,g'l*,i 'A^ wr' k wgg¶iFt L.feII

whhic:h AT)Ps inA inc-1iid#v In thelir extension wc,rk nnd si PIn ri

pl Ans. her mon nI 1 r' I ng r pvn r#iniinvtFi m,iy i nc 11 fiPe thP f I nil I ng nf

pi-VAIhnnf nof mninrla, diIArrhoeA And achie.osominxim

miapported hy 1 1horflhory dIAgn minnoi i mcn I tori ng nof ver. .or

hreending Anfi restt1ng plAene. The mitigntion nistitrem will

i ncludiie crontrol or prevenl.ion of breeding of mo1sqlIi I.on,

snails. and other ventors, prvsnt.inn nf di nrrhnen t.hroiigh

bptt.tr pereotnAl hygienre and) pnvI ronmen tal ani tatIaon

practices at home andi work placep.

*. ^

-M. iv

_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

FXECIJTTVE SUDINIARY AWn R.RCOMME$NnWATON

Tn trodiliI tIwn

The l;:tvi ronnamXnt.n1 Tmpac:t. Asterssamntnt (PTA) s4tuldy of the

P'Jpn?IdE,d Wn I. I onirt1 PAlamm nflvel opinent. Pronej:c ( NKJ)P) In the

sio'athern atAhs, Is t.hnt fncns of this stuady. The report. lIs InoA

tn proposp Ai, etnvironmsntnl mnnngnmpnt plin (EMP) thiAt. will

*'11A11lI' topthimium agrI cuiltural yields in conserved

fndnmas/ f I nodpl n a ns.

The term fadsiama' A northern N igerian terminology is

synonymoujs with 'floodplain 'or 'swWmp' in msdathhern Nigeril. The

term floodplain or swamp is _^pplicable to those depressionR

. &:wet.landn in the soujthnrn stateR where soil rpmains ssturated or

Pjcmore! or less permanently covered with shallow watert and which

,upports ctharacteristic', growth of fish, wildlife, farmed crops

* AflftfbVCgetationf palatatle for liveRtoclkfeeds, typical of tho

@Th;l.ronment. Tn thiR report Fadama is al s tierme as A,~~~~~~~~~~~~T &I ti l teme As .

sin.

- to -*¶tL1 *Team of f con.sqjltant. consisting of special ists in

i1 n Agro,omy, Fresh Water FiRheries, Wildlife - *Riology,

.¶ a eland, Puiblic Hfenlth and Social Anthropology (ns Team Leader)

.'. Mn pinted to conducot an environmental impact aseRssment study

4 '-* 4The slates covered are:

Og-n, Oquin, Fdn, Tmo, and Rivers. Tt i 1 xexpectefad that RTA

;; lfrom them will be nip-l)1ieab!lbe to other:.remai ning Southern

--t{see figujre 1.1 in the teet).

M'

-. _r "

',1wfh hnIl oh.nI-,; I vI n r ti, re r N Ft.uuiy iii t.o nAII Inin Anil

i den 1. i ry I'Jre oero 1 og I eno1 aInd 5o0 In I Iflnfl t-ts i whi eli NFPP wnti 1 d hlatve

on expanded fandama dieveelopment, in the snot.hern Rtntats; assess the

riskm assoc i ated with irrigsted Agricuijltum3re, and formiulateP

mitigsLtinn anid management. Acti on plans for a i nc.1 is ion in thhe

design nnd mnAnAgemtnt. of NFDP.

The environmentAl co:ncerns Are explicitly tat.ned in the

specific t.erms nf reference of t.hle. stiudy hy the noncsultants.

SPRCTPTFC FTNOTNOS

Tn order to address direhtly the specifil. % risks and

:problenms of development associatted with fadama in the states

dtudied, we will present. the E.T.A findings according to the

allowing components: Trrigntion, Freshwatner fisheries, Wildlife

f. ngeland, Social Conflict. and Women in NDivelopment, and Pujbl ic

ellj.h . This will he followeud by recommendat ions And

implement.ation time chart..

m Poteenteials Of nSouithprn States

study has est.ahlished the potfential areas of fadama in the

ampled souithern states of Nigeria as-- 54,OO0ha in Ogiin,

Ol n in Onuin , 73, fOOhn i,. i o Ig R" , !) 9In II In I nic tlfl! I )0, OC0iha

ivers State. These are to be irrigated by direct lift

St, use of tubewell s/washbhores and in snme cases, flood

7

4- -- .11, .~~~~C

4'

Wil thr _RO1 roa,.rr,

The shal low grotindiwatFtr Aquii ter st.aidien uindert.nken in Ostin, Fdo

And Turn hm ive proved that t.her., ^. Ad u6eittlc stirratcen And groulntd

wnter t.n I rr i gii t$e the earinarked Farlianin nren.e4 o s t.he st i.t.e4. A l I

the thirfee stat.es have alreaidy dr illl>d monitoring tujhewellIs t.o

assesS. the diR hArge/recharge rat.CR snd t h i s deterin i n. t.hel r

yields and pot.ent.lal it.ies. No Aqtii fer study was condctietd by

Ogiun and Rivers StAt.e.

Soil And Water

Nno detai led soi l siurvey:s were commi ssioned by any of t.he five

Pt.Ates. ilowev.-r, resillt.s or rartcioRn soil sample analvsis In t.het

stuidy revFaled that. the soils nre generally of low pH iespec ially3

Ir'. .i n FPio, Tmo and Rivers stat.es wit.h pH<5.0, low EC x 10

ailimns/cm <1.0 and high Exchangeahle Acidit.y(EA) 1.4-2.8

iCnd ating t'he soilR to -be ic:idirC in natarie. The resujlts of t.he

*ater (suirface and grouind) analysis confirmAd the acid natujre of

t4 r Oje, noi l s. The sroil s are generally poor in niutriient st.atius as a

- xilt. of imbal anne in the disi.ribhat.ion of mac ro and

4 -'.cro elements which become low as a result of low pH.

2- t ' w11thoatgh nn prohl em of sal i ni t.y hazard was estahl i sheld bot.h by

* nd o .m..b=- r-:sation and water nnalynis , occjrence canriot. he rti 1 ed

^ ^-,l*t in fixture if t.he acid noils I Are ARel iorat.ed and thereafter

-g1owLd by poor water management and drainage practices.

Ai -on is also a serinus envi ronment.al :problem in Tmo stat.e.U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

' Mrs the- erosion menape- is clhecked, it. may1 pose some problem t.o

, 'tX!RUc'es;s of fadama development programme.

..

A..

. lroiP Mnnsadement. Zatl^

F,rmfbr.R are mAinly growing vegmti.1h..s in t.he dry Reason. TheRse

n me I 11114 ir' 1 tPhI 14 vcit, t I i I _ I;I,i mu h.p ,

C,onrchorursn! (C. rnl itorit1s), Cfelosi.M (C.ArAtentPA) anti somre friuit.

vtel: l tln I e.4 1 I ki- lcr..r (C -i.l mo.hs hij ehUentulnrm) , To3nna to

2serOnt.nus) and Grarden egg (S. melonninn). Ot;her crops grows Are

maize (greeen), soyabrian arndc rowpea iinder irrigation.

Tliu. c rntriJ it V mn I n I F i n (t'rtt.r.td ly -E;'I1 I I IC .nLfliA9XLit-

Li Ct .rp.Qlj l ,i V I I t-It oi l C' I tu- el ItIL,ii I-,@LLrLe IIu(it

Amaranthuis pinogRis and Panie,um spp. Pests And diseases are AlSo

preval ent i r t.h. F;tinina Arfetl.ai;. Trh.se I nc:l ide Grasshoppers

(7onocerus vari etYatis), l ear beet.l es (.atri a vilJosI ), l eaf

,caterpi I I ar (Frvmeninia recurvaliss) and aphids (Aphis spp). Most.

_-i,rmers do not spray pestinide t.in cont.rol the weeds, pests or

sn erses due to high cost. of t.he pest.icides and sprayers.

Fvouthough the fertility level of the.f soilci are low, farmprs

fertilizers; only at: sub-opt.imnal level dilue to uvIavail bi1ity

high cost. Tn some locat.ions, farmers suappl ement. the

noTganic fertil izers with bird'n droppings (guano) which they

_!Lnd npply to vegCtaqbl &o.

- e .. lmain soatrze of w,tt.er for irrigaition is suirface water from

txa and rivers. Farmers make use of bucikets and watering

U to fetch water from the streams and rivers. Os;in, ldo and

't.es have -dri 1 ed some demonstrati on tuhewel ls for suppl y

_ undwat.er to irrigatte Fadama crops. W'ith exception of

_ all other sampled stat.en have purchased portable puimps

iv

f¢r dlistrilstition t.o farmers and farmor grouips on creciti has is:.

Snin indlivi duilb1 frrmi rs n a lso nour persnnAl ptimps whic:h t.h8eF Isse

11d somnt.iimeR hi rci uiit. t.o nnighhours. 0L.htr fariner.s wIsh tn

piirchaRs and own pumrnps al so.

Mnrkv tinlt And Stnrnge, Ot Prndiie'c1

Farmers A.lwAys have ready marke-ts f.,r their fadama. crops which

are sold nt fArm gAt.es or taken t.o markets. Traders conme from

o3rhan cnnI.r'Rs t.o piirchAuse and transport. t.o cities. TrrAspentliv

of pricing, vetnttAhle prodcic.tion in thee dry cnauon is pro iftahleI

According to the farmers. Tnfact., prices douible t.owards t.hbe end

* of dry srn,4n *ilua tlo :;ioarc i t.y ad hi gher rIeanAtld. Storagp of

vaget.abl fs nnly t.a.kes pltaqc. i;n Osiun sR.t.et . whtere with indigenous<

technology, veget.ahles can be kept. fresh for uip to one week. No

ag. fani I i t.y i R avai I lh ae i n ot.he r stat.e R.

- t.c¢omme.ndat.i ons

h 'h following recommendatl.ions are piut. forwnrd hbaseRd on t.he

,a ave findings for inclusion in t.he project, derigns of t.he

thorn stAtes t.o mitigat.e any possible potential prohlems t.hat.

s o and ensuire suiccessful Fadnma c:rap production.

:Need t.o tindertake rel iable grouindwater shallow aqtl fer

* ,.,* s .uRt.udies in all the southern st.ai.es to ascertain the

V4a ilabilit.y of adequgate water frBm bot.h surface Find

gr^ou3ndwate.Rr soturces to irrigate t.he potential fadama

3.

A ~~~~~~~A.

.): .. .@ . '.~~~

S "'

2. A dPti i IL ti 01i I niirv-y nf the fAdAmA. areas of the sonit.hern

x I:n t. e shoai I dJ hbe cornm i ss i otierl i nimed i ate 1 y to g I ve ain

nppropri,1I;e land iust ploinninr pal. tern tha;sl wl l1 hI

incorporated int.n the projec.t. de%ign:s of t.he st.ates tn make

t.he proje r. .s:istusi nah I e .

3. Thie An1Ps shouild eAt.Ahl1sh t.heir soil and' we:-er anal yt.i ca.1

I oLhoriat.ori es to enable them monit.or soil and watfer qtal i t.y

oa n roujtine hasis t.o prevent. aridity or salinit:..- probhlem.

4. Tt i : n'co-s:na ry to imonri i.n r uiwc nppl I :n t. I sil ci r ret ri* I i .. 1-1 r,

peiCt.icide P etr. hy farmrrs in order t.o check stirface and

grnojndwJater poll ution. Fert.li?er application.R shouild hp

st.rictly hased on need while an integrat.ed pest. managRement

approaeh shou lId he promoted to minimize t.hF ises; of

pesticideR.

5,. Farmers should be enacisraged t.o diversify t.he t.ype of crops

thRy grow by introdujcing new onaes tn provent the hbuild uap

of diseases, pesls anci sir!.oders. Trhe sonio-economic aspeCt.

*S of t.he marketability ant' prnofithilii.y of the selected crops

- - should he t.aken into consideration.

.. Tne i s;sme of erosion menace in Tmn State shoujld he addressed

_t;, E nvei'tl' r!naoflsin 1 ntirrl Ic IK.4t!4 t. iit rIyI Is i I Iy a I-s0 I o

P -speci;allI,y ast Arondixuogu in Orluj son The Nat.ional

_Resonrce Conservation Cot3ncil (NRCr) could a-ssis;t to check

_ vt~~~.h p robl Sm .

I4eed for manpower deovelopmert, in t.he preas' or;

_aE$) Trrigation Tngineering to drill sLnd maintain tube

: .hEal l s/washbc.res .

,-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. wi

1i - .~~~~~~~~~~~1

(hM Trt.gratod Pet Mrinnatuempnt. for pI4 1t. nnrl r In mrsn

mon i t n r i rig AIlid S. fe A ppl itAt.ion o f peRt. mRnA gempnt.

1E) Soil nnd wAt.er nnalyRir, for AOP lahoratorieR.

A. NXeed t.n conimission tht- development. or simple t.echnologies

for t.e storage noF veget.ahle crope to bie able to cope with

e'cpect.fd inorpase in prodiurtion uinder the FadanmA projert.

FTSH1RTFS

The fi shrt- 1hs.I. i nhnbi t. ihRe river/.s: r.rm chatintel 9 nnrl Ihe

floodplains in Ogt)n, 0shi3n, >Rdo, Tmn nnd Rlivers' SkhnFer% croInprI Red

23 fish familiteR (78 fish sperfi'et.F). The hlackfihsh. commianity

which are mora or les, permanently re.RidFent on t.h floodplain

:' compriRLesR spe.ies, of t.he families, Polypteridae, Tepidoctirenidne,

Glarridep, aome SIIlirnidR and Syprinids. Thie whlt.e fish

nmit.Vty, compr is i ng fi xh families ChFracidae, Ropset.idae,

chilidne, Ost.eoghessidae, Citharinidra, Centropomidae,

Cpeidne and nFist.ichondant.icdae: are temporary rexident f i nhes

-hat. migrate between thR main river channel and t.he floodplain

anly for feeding'and oarcansionally for hreeding.

On the floodplain wheres fadama agricuiltural pract.ices are

- tended to take place actively, the litt.oral zone is very

Ortant as breeding and fe-eding groundq fnr hot;h whiterish andl

; w ki.fiqh commutnit.ies. The dest.rietiont of, the floodplain by

> -l>~ive deveget.at.ion (t.o provide land for farmin.g) has oft.en

w to limited breeding succe'ss/total hreeding failurt,

vii.: .S:

pArticlllrl for hlnc?kflh rnmminninty; rAndl 1 or or ri(lI feeIlg

groiinal r.,t' I'i 4hi. . '110.P LOW I. 1 f l #h cin t.ch/NIippl y Anil earn i ng frnin

f'isherit I I;n t riool pinin )ianinn annimiin iti#s wntil4.1 him thrent.eerd.

Sniim,e rive-r'4 in l:.hP t'ivl pit:eq nr&i nAmnr1. The impn e:,R or

dA1`ed riverK onr f iheriR anidi f IroidplAin agriI lt.iare nre:

Ai'rt.Fi 1ripiI fInooding nf the plAtin, changem 'in fi th nommilinitt.

st-runtaarp fram :p n onaI sRp.wnirm r.no fish RpecIe, with morn

fleviclb sppawning/hredming. Tn nddit.ion, tho nuttrint. cycle (for

agri ciil t.auro) n n t.hr f 1 ncdpl iti fi ch!ar,igos And ,lhe qvnnt. i ty or

depoRit.ed al#l'vial silt is Affected. TOw deposition of a1IviAl

si l t. on thp plain nan no longer f?ertilize t.he sails, thereby

requiring period ic./reglar ii.e of inorganic fertilizerc in

int.ensive floodpl ain farming.

Among t.he exist.ing occupations on t.he flood1plains, ruilt.ime

armirm ng was domirnant. over fishing in Ogun'St.ate and Edo StIate.

.it n R2lverm St.ate and TImo sIl;at.e, farmLer cdotibling asi fishermen, wa-s.

dominant. Tn ORicn St.ate, fiilltime fishermen and fVIllt.ime farmers

t !were Rigni fiCantlv important. Tnterachions hetween floodplain

farmers. and fishermen were qllit.e limited.

Fis:h was a major supply of animalns prot.ein t..t fIoodplinin

thuman comminit.ies. Most. of the fishes catigtLa. a crh day enter

irectly into t.heir diet account.ing for 90.9 percent of

j j l animal protein consujmed. In addt.ion, ,fishing waS done as A

dAry onc:zzpation. The relat.l.ve importance 0of fisheries As

.es of animal protein and empToyment to riverine/floadplain

viii

cfl)ingrI mu i. I i I 1 . I.hn 1. tr * l o 1n.nul l. I n irag r I c il .irutv1 p 'v- tac fA Rhohnll di

cr naeorm i 1., r pi f r1 I iRl rie's ( fi shing, crOp-cttm-

fiRh farmingy.

From th.i annl yS iA nf 1 5 suirfaee tnwtAer RAmpl a. (riv e rs andi

' rrtnrmm) rrc)iI o ilh' h 'riv SI.nI.urJ t.hin tpI Il lyy tf WneI.nr whsiI good, anvd

rApnhle of sust.nining the wellbeing of riter and Floodplalin

fishes. Ulsn.LgJ, af innrgAn1 fert i1i erR, pe t.IIeis andi

herbhiidxs were generally low. Tn t.he meantime, wiater qiiality is

not. t.hreatenel hby pollit.ion from upisgn of agronhemicals. Tf usage

of agrochbmniCals increases in fiut.ujre dcue to int.ensive farming on

t.he flnodplain, perindic monitoring of surface waRer qiinlit.y is

recommenrdrd, Lndi stirfmce water qi;al it.y maint.ained at. Siafte

I 'limits1levelsA renommended hy Federal F.nvironmentnl Protlect.ion

w~~1hgenc:y (F.1..P.A.) and World Health OrganiSat.ion (WHO).

b'Rctmmendalst on.s

Tntegration annd popular adoption of filkh-cum ri ce- farming

and/or nrops cirm fish farming (erlensiver fi?h farmi tg,

intensive fish farming syst.ems) on floodplain agricilture.

C (ont.rolled/ral:onal uSe af agrochomi cals by farme rs; at

levels that. do not. threaten environmental water and soil

qlial it y, f ish, wi li ii re end lhumnii heeal th. Usue or

agrochemicals shbould not. exceed t.hb levels approved by FlRPA

f -see Tables 3.2.9 a;.d 3.2.10 for surFace water and Table

* : 3.2.11 for grotindwater in t.he t.ext..

-Rational i3.Se of agrochemicals will rpgjqfre intensive and

Xt.eonsive ePducat.ion of pract.ising farmers, adoption of

* ':t ix.. -~~~~~.

niort-n r N co l,lip n farming t.echnology and rational tsRe of

fis ro)dltaI rii icn 1 4 hy foirmine-i4 i.o 1be .hrl t-vned Ithroiagh aggreseyivo

ext.ensinn services programme.

4. Perindin mnnitoring of soil And water quality, fish quality,

pnrt iriil anrly for le@Vls of prst.icides. A qti a .erly

environment.al monit.oring progra mme (At 4 tmont.hs int.erval) is

recommended when the Fadama Agrictilt.iral Project has fully

takeni off.

S. For suarface wAter qtialiE. ansses.sment. for fis;he ries/Aquat.ic

1 i fr>, the fol ow¢;sl n parnmi'nters shollIdi he% menRusred:

T1emper:at.ire, pH, Do, nit.rAt.e, nitrit.e, ammonia, K, NA, CA, t.otal

sol iA., COn), ... il"lel;...

G . radual replacement. of pesticides/herhicides, wit.h

:i- biological control methodcs or use of disease resist.ant. crip

. varieties t.hrough estahblihmRnt of research/pilot, farms hy

ADP in collahoration with IJniversit.ies/re1evaint. research

4.-. i nst.i t.i t.es.

~LTD T.TFE

a.i There is pane.it.y of inFormation on fnAdnmn wilcllife' In t.he

ve stat.es listed above- mainly hecause, t.here has hfeen very

tt.le work done on the wildlife of t.he t.ropica.l forest.s of

_f hrn Nigeria. Fu:rt;hermiore there was no pizbl ished information

'he avifatana of t.his region. However, Ajayi (1972) reported

UrveysR carried out. by the Wederal Office of Statistics in

at.ht btuishmeat accotant.ed for as mucnh as 14-25% of the t.ot.nl

.~~~ w

; >,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.9

q ,'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.9

s l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

nn i mnl pro tea I n corstimAri hy people in ri.rn I rnes i n t le then

lWestern, Mlid West.rn aiui EFactern Nigeria. There W'AR no rpE9b.ifi c

ment. ion of wlIi: 1. mpton i Y const. I tu hted the " hiuasmeat." .The vAl ie of

totnl hiamlen mnt, nnoriFiime'd in 1 !Gr) w:u vw n1 1i. N32m nral I lintl. wi, Inil

for ahou:t. 4I of t.he GNP of the pre-nil Nigerian Rconnmy. Rield

stuidiPs howePver roveAled that. wilil i re pinopilatinns hAve *leI i nmd

c'ofnsirnbilh1y hbeatise of the incrensing popul^tion pressiiro whhiih

has rosqil 1I-el in e't pnxive fnrming nctivities Antl overhuint.ing

everywhere.

Wild] ir'e han thiis het-coene. scAnty, eP-. pt. i lI I egal 1 l

consti t-.ui ted Onme Resprves atit in t.he fadamas. The hial k of whBt.

i I eft. of wildlI i fe in tho s tb.idiy ArAcst are farmland wi ldl1 i fe -

part.i clAr',rl fvrdainm wildl i iife. This is be. a.RII fadamas now

riepreent. t.he last. front.ier for wildlif'e - with t.he attendant

- .food and water Rsipply, providing a focal point also for upland

ipywildlife in t.he. dry seson. The terrestial wildlife identified

are mainly rodents and birds, which can he desnrihed as small

* 'jgame" animalr. Thtey are- neverthel ess prolific. bre-eietrs thnt; nre

highly ndopta-nble t.o t.he madi fie.d far-nmland ecosystems, and the

.¢ AdJarent. ipl nnl woodl ands. rhese spec i es, even i n t.he I r rather

preen.aricni^ nonservat.ion stat.iis, arcoint for 11.4 of total measP.

-Cons qumedsl 1s,b lornl coniuintinit is on nnntaal hnA'is in Oguin St.11te;

in Ostin Stat.e.; 22.4% in Fl¢do State; 1:.RX in Tmo state;

d 11 in Rivers State. Wildlife has a wide varieties of use.s

.,,traditinnal medicine among the. local communities.

,'t* 'Cx

Tt. iR tihe Rame WI1d1 fe Rptc. iesR t.hat. provide menh for

fFrmers that arc' incriminat.edI AS "pestsR" t. farmers crnp. Pest.

Ja I . i V i . i ex la [ 4 iImM t!tl II.n 1iV 1. VI9,. i "I, It j -t t, Ii . sina II sh II ,41rfow Is R A

relnt ively severe nn rreral and vecet.nhlei crnpn, nn innd y reRilt.

in total 1 aoss of crops to farm&rs.

FarmlAnd wild i fe mus.t. hte rega.rded hy farmers nnd loc al

rommin ties as 4 `val itah) eF ref-ol,rces" t.n he managed for si3stai nahl e

11 P, 4, 1.11 I1t '1 r I 1it ii 'toe 1 II g 1 i m .-.I flat P11 P1 r t' HI on 1j- r c'%t .fI'II I i l r .1 .

This ide.a mAy he fuIll of chal le!ngesf buitt. if wildIlife is to

st:rv'ivye, tbe smanll game const.il thi ng ra rml and wildlifi , must. hbe

conserveri and not. dIestroyeyd in hle name of pests.

Annthe-r method whereby ppset ncqtivit.iefs cfin hp minimized iS

for farmers- to adopt a system of grouip farming. For example, an

! g5 extensive fadama with jusst nne fnrm is likely to attract more

wildlife and conFseqUently morn pest activitiesc than saty 10

farmers on the. same fadiama. The larger the hbectarage of farms,

the less the intensity of damage/loss to individual farmer

be ecaunse wildlife popullat ion o,densities tennd t.n redijce

correspondingly per farm unit.

T .V Wi I l I i Cr s)rl rlm i 1tuasls n P11I to lit- rega rderl AR valtat)Ile

resouirces for saistainable use, then appropriate. measures must be

.... , taken to preserve their hnbhitnts. - r this regard, i t. I s

4 recommenaed that 20% of totfal fadama and an equial proportion of

1mmediat.e tipland vegetgation hb preserved wi th farmers act.ivi t.es

*lded for conseRrvation. This is in consonance with the

n ternational Conservation Strategy of 19R0 on conservation of

Attilurall res;oiurcPes, and Nige-rian Conservation Strat.egy of 1985.

xii

_ b~~~~~t

_t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ThEa nnly nrt.pi t.Iha wns founi-d to he ti- ensitive tO wFLterfowl is

l;)hb 0LTHl.tu Iau k14'a nitli 1ht 1 idJo I n j nin li re- findnmam LhAt1 1 le wi li in

OSilt.i elalel F tihorni I,nctl 1 Ve't vv' rIFtsn t ,I 1 loci r v I I. I a-it ( VI(A " ) . 'I'llta ret1 # rr

niPmer n1a er'or oe1 i I intis and shoutr 10 spc I toes resp?esEnt I ng A

popilIAt.ionl of ovear 1000 semi-aqtiatic birds that. ilt.i I i V. this

1 Alnrk The Tmo Rhnt.e govornmpnt. hain nl rencly 4AnrmMarknrl i.ii i Fl rimnul

complex for NFDP, and therefore may bh- under t.hreat. h farm erst

i ncirs i7 nn i n ln ar. o i WA1i t." r fowl hnh i I n F 4.

Rec'ommrPnrlnt. i nns

1. Rt.ahl i sh FnrnstRry ArinI Wi I il i fe d iv vioro i t FACUl nrid nl thth

st.at.at;s ADPs. This development. will he in consonnnne wi t.h

t.he Importa. n cte t f wi I il i fe/Forest ry rosoau.rcos to Nigerian

A gri oulI t.ure and t.o t.he wel fare of fa imers and 1 oc'al

commlinit.ies.

26 Conservat.ion of 20% of fadama lands fbr the prot.ect.ion or

fish sanct.iary, wildlife, hiodiverRit.y (florar and fauina) ,

and where possible for livestock grazzing ptirposes. Tn

a.ddiiti.otn, equial proport.an of t.hfe immnediat;e spland woodland

* - mmust. be ronserved as wildlife sannrt.uAry Pnd

hiodiversity (flora fand fauna)

'-3. Regard fadmnr. wi Ilil i fe. as-R a resRolrce for .rat.innal uise- rather

t.han peSt.R thAt are meant for tatal extermination.

4.. Group farming and conservation methods of game harvesting

Rhnuild he encoujrnged as manajtement. tools ro)r minimizing pest.

_Ct.ivit.ies by wildlife.

, ~~~~~~~~(xiii )

_i'. -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

f. 01)FtjAitI i ...i kc4 pi nd the l,inij rl i;g ?nhdnmAS to eli rie eirrI n e

V0t)1%I4,A'11%,1 I tlll l1 N'tl . 'I'Mm. i J 1'1'01 Im tu tif- I)I-I' IZtl t iRi1 A£. li v1 T

fI 1 -I'ItIV1 . -. I ,li' II V iaEi I ' It I :11r1-1t I' 1 i 41 to -t ' C% I I' it aIII sI I"'O'1 t I II

hRAh I t al l ii.

RANGE1: IM1

''llw' r'er t v uow 117f,I ) 000 en 1. .11 I f.lpt' ititl I l V.() i )1' I * 31 o r

PFst.imnt.el 1 .R ml1i Inn rnt.1llo in the' nn t I oinl herdi (FMA/ TTI2

1 J90 . Ih a -. I d P nl si t y In ?IhP 7tne ;R i 1 . :1/km 1A4 apgaa InI'2 2

1 3.RAlI;n in etuuih-hiirnirl ti nna ndti .19.Iii/kuuu in Aridl vnnie.

P1r}Z rt r- hrnineiai.1 y tirte-t mitringemernt. sr-LrImi4 in t.hoe vt.iinI

nrems: Traothitiinatrne pn st.orai) IIm, Agro-prest-orn i sm, ,ntriJ S.en"m-

1n t Pl4riVs , I wh ;r' Anli mn11 rr- it.' I..'dr1 it .rmun.I 1.1,t )Imt't I 'as.i it

*i . ziro-graozed nr ni nIIwed to grm z rommianri ly grnss aIira nVt.er thr

-i harvetsting of ornops.

* ; .1 'he probl emn ;t tioc nted wi t.h ca.ttl e managemerut. air

Z{' esPnefnti itlly thInAe of feed lWit1 er, iii lt' i, ht('r.I1 I Vti re' jitsil i I. I (art,

socio-riil 11t.iral , market.ing and ; nst.i t-.it.ional sipport.. Thf-

qgrpa.1A.e1. proh Iem t.o c 1t.1 t F Pvelnpeiinpt. iinrIr t;he pn nt.orAl

i ~ ~~~ pod%3r. t. i o- S. N ;t.am is: Roc^i-c-tnitulrAl. Pas;toXral tt.i tilde.

ta - -nrnoI:rn g 1.61 . cCrrttfltll fl.1 lI or fv;<.e'f-ivie cofl .1.1 C Itf'mr-tiq ;aitel cotilorntOi

exploit.nt.ion of gry.zirg rsou:rces. Th... orf-t.aice rromn thei tr herd

Ix f.r helow t:efiriinll y feasitile - evT.vl *an.t does inot. respondl t.o

demand-suippl y pressttre.

Tn thr- AD)Ps, there is riearth of speeini ised 1 iv ventn k stArf

21fl -l i thp Stat^es visit.ed, exc!ept Ogin S"te. Thorp iS lack of

Jtppreciat.ion of pastora1 prod3maction syst.em And int.er-dliscipl inary

:-approach in offering soliztions to past.orl ists' problems.

Vx' i v)

. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~b

Ge

fr. 1.r the stty nreA, most. of the pastoral itts intervi wed

roportred tho iusa of fsdmAm srnma for dry seasnn grsi.ing, however,

tht' i r rni i n Potir'." or rIiitldf' I^ n4 ( ghl et 4 id I t IIg;I it II' ive#II t. . T'l,t'

fadamrnx ArASR wniilli bP more imporhmnt. to the CtAtlP AR slOircs nof

WhAter. Tn ERfn St. tet, t.here Is wite spread llnse of glyricidiai fnr

fPn ing fa rml lAns i and shaking aF yamrs. *;ich a pi-rnttirPe. mAy

facilit.1 e the e'pln1t.t.Lton of integrated nrop-liveslt.ork farming.

lThi- ncrrint natIaonal programmes whic.h nrc intended l.o

mitigate the problems assolnait. ld with past.oral ist. hsashAndry

xys:tem includ*e animal health; nut.rikion aLnd foods, and hreeding.

The ma,jor animal hePnllrh programmes are the Control or rinderpest

and dontAgt.nos lIovine plueroptianonin (CRPP) ,aniJ tons rneovery

druig revolving schemA for ot.her diseases.

A! bw The int.gratr d use of stterile male fl ies, delt.amet.hrine

limpregnated screens and t.raps, have heen stc.cessfujlly implemented

on a pilot. basis. Mleanwhile expansion of atrabl I Alnd and>

ntensification of land use have reduceed the tset.se nhallenge in

Z._the st.tidy Lrea.

Most. of the agro-pastoralist.s. interviewed in the study area

|-rComplained of lack of satisfactory animnl henit.h rnre. ThW Feed

.. _and nut.rition programmes incliude: astabl ishmant of grazing

PRArves and range improvement And uize of sRipplement.ary feed,

odder hanic and aLl I ey cropping.

3 Woddar banlk-s And irrigAtAtd pasttuires are also not. relevant t.o

pa pastoral production syst.pm bhna.unp of costs, 1lnd tenture and

_ coommercial natujre of operations. Some food and medicinal

_flts were identified in the fadama Areas; of the States.

(cv)

MI .#1 I. cL el r !ho' "%P' I )Ji; t. II t. } 1re l ". hns 1been i nneur rred on Nrinmn

t :I 1e', in.mpcrI n L i.n ritii oipl i cn1. ion AnA n ist.ri hijt.ion to fPt rm1flr

t. 1.tio I 1I. i .I ~I -m .c hoit (!$) r-.1 r.1 t~wh !" Ifi his vr' ncispis .vil to thIe P hlm I if

sns pi v i rznrr,tn P h2vme %-Pn.4 RufI g ren t. r s.ign i f i ce In the farming

1! .J n n MnF itr 1#br.ofmenr1er1 nrc:

1. Si p pcr:. for privnte sect.or initintiveR in exploit.nt.ion of

ahindFant. rangce resniirr:ts for fit.t.enIng in thei' st.iisd aren.

2. ':aRpansion of ra.nge rpRouirz-es thrmigh the control of te. t.fs.

f°1 id. I a b r ancs i -p l i II tjrt I im t,I Ii:; usrid ti he. *-:4i sitsIo i. miticti-io. 1) r

wst.ring point.s away fron: fAdiama and dunleivy ciii vated fairm

3. PromotF i o nof crop-1 i vesttnc k i ntegrati on i n the f adaman re.as

and el sewhere.

4. The conservattion of food and medirrinal trees in the fadama

5. Tni it i t ional st.rengthening wit.hin the I ivest;ock sect ion of

t he A DP.c nn d: the zonnl syst.emcs repsearch ins t i t.IlIt.ee.s

SOCTAT, C0NPT.TrC.' 4%-n WOM!WN. TN D1)VEL0PME:NT

T-And tc'niirc- sncl 1 FIndj ase

Farmi ng artivitie,-s` is a family Affair in riiral Ogiin, Oscuin,

rdo, Tmo and Rivers state. Land ownership is based on oust.ormary

:1h t.s of occ-lpqnnc:y (CR0). All llnnds mder CRO ran h¢ pA.se.d

rom one generation to anoth.er.

.'K 1

.~~~~~~~~

Land heldl .:nrter CR0, can he 1fsiep4l olit. to peopl tind er An

Fag reAd l' rmf,S, Iist. 1l7y tr 1-.angrs nf money, gnoos , o r ser'Ivces. No

1 nrnd *li xputvtz wa reparhenrl ti):. rearmrs in the mtuidy Area. However,

i s~,ti I t.ea: nrac : r whvell t.herei are enc ronchments int.o frmmlandR by

jittl *:i %%1.1 i'd*. I

TlP. is also s%ignificant tn nnte tsAt no disputes were

recotderl btMtween farmters art(i rishermuoen nn the u3se oir Cniooplains/

RA(nJIA i n th.eli f i s 't.at. ps .

Tha- nvearnag farm Fltz. in tlie Vfiarning hoeatncttlt lItds suIrveys Ist

.5 hn .

ConfI io.t. LocationR and Period - -

* Tihe lo cat.ion o f con fl icr. i s res;t rictetdl to three stateR - ni-n'4. ..-;- 0mm Omun and Fda. Tt .ccu: rs After post-harvest period in

March/April. Duiring t he planting of Fadama crops in

farml ands..1

Tvpe of Conflicts

G e- neral ob,ervatr i aon in the three stnt.es mefnt.i oned above

shows a nommon patftrn in the causes antl t.ypes of conflict..

T;:lhorns vlia-n thiree crnaa.se; iIent.ifind. The-.se a re.

1 * . location of farms along cattle routes.

2 lncation of farms near grazing grotinds; and

-*_ bg. hloc.kale. of wattering points.

W,.

., i

Tt'lie mow. r. conmmnn sntizre n r conP lo'it jA i c7 :otion of fusrm,m

IlaW , rf -A I iiL rair1i I uIr . 111 h. rnin I n i eaiq two a titt en, T inn .aj,gd

RI j %e ': r t.Its I tV&I t a r l ii c it.:: 1i nFt t ins a nI fi Cnt. to .hq ext.ent.

t.hntl 1 It c'.an hi tndc.en AA norn-i-: i stlrnen.

roanf I ielR^n e cr.I;ehi n

Fi.1Ird ohAtervat.i on shows tinat. All t.he r?onfl Irt.s recorded in

th; I o vIt. I , I y:v' Iec 1it.( tI. 1..I. 1 Itie aI 1 , .I Iit t I (rn .I l.retIp I(IoWII.-.

We notP t. h,t most. c F1 Iic:t.s are sP.t.l tr1 ami7cab i l * . ThiR is duie to

the d implny: o. iindshrst.nnrding or the loonpo viernAC.rIl Ar (Voriibha) hy

FullAni pAStot"l ihsA in t.hn Rt.. r.h,,t. arI prone t.c c.onfl icts.

T'hlere ste five meit.horls Ih4t,d ir the sinttlement. or ronfIi rct..

These Are:

1. between salveR,

| 2. chieft/elderRs.

I loal government,

4 state government agenciesf, and ' '

c courts.

Aniong t.he farming hnouse;hnlds surrveyed, 72% havev had no

traible W; itl pst.orali Rts. This refers to t.he three states prone

. to conflict sit.uat.ion over the use of fadama key resotirc:fe.

WOMFN TVI fFrnr'Rr.iiMNrr

Women part i ci pate i n t.he drr sens6n ei t.her as inrividYiial s or

.1 in gro ps. Apart from farn artivi t.ies they are involved in

et.ohing water,gaJt.hering of firewood, cooking, child bearing alnd

re, and Ratisfyij,g hishbands' needs.

. w.~~~~~~~xiii

The' we'n.*'r c-i1l tl ratlI dIsv'%ni Ion whi r'h rliin I to1 womr.n righ. t. o

rcll r fi 1r I 11 r'e. pe4 i-s i It V01 it! i 1g} P I he' f Ve st.A teq. Thre

1:.nil h.'o I l, : i I.1 o3 h womein f::'r dt- .n nson fnrmi n is p eIther

AII OCA te.li 'y 1hi:IR 1.ilt)i n r I oe .tEni oti t. hiy- thm ch i e fPs or ^onniriin I t. i tR

Som onF rhlh wormen int.-rvieiwqd n:limed thWiir hisshands dn help

t.hPm in lnndl prp3irar.in n and weeding. ThP pIAnt.ing and

hArv xt. i n iR C-n.rried ont hy thn-m or help from he.r ohi I irrn

Anil I trod I II hllc i. The prnhleim or h i reul 1 Ptnii r c? r PAt.P M I'ot

hardship Among single women.or single parents, who inonstitiite lOX

of memhorshiip in women in ngritcultiire groiips.

Fi nanee

Access;i1 it.Y tno lnnir is srtil diffirislt. for wonein. RnnkR

re sti I1 rel uot.ant. to gi v- women I onsn- wi thott. c.ol I ateral. MHot

men stiIl In riot. wish to atnnul AR gIlarMnritors on behalr of t.he ir

'L e si.ve r Moreso, women are afraid t.o sse thii conventional banking ;

.:ystem. They prpfer -.he tr.a!eNti onsnl hariking system (Fsustu).

ReoommRendati nn

C-onflict

1 . The exist.ing various sncial contacts between farmers and

pa} tostoral is ; nare mtuFfiri ent.lI efncoulraging. T'Ihe pres Fnt.

* -' inst.ituitions in place t.o solve -conFlict.s are suifficient

enoigh to gaanrnnt.ee penve. Fiarthermore the rnle and anf of

native vernacu1ar (Yoruzba) in the set.tlement of conflict.s

have ennotiraged and consolidated cuaIti r;aal uanderst.andings.

'Y i :

This nreA shnioldl h- fNirther ecploiti-d to gisnrantee peace and

ha rmnony,. Th"ire is nF npfe I n snt, Itp oZt.he r pA rallell

or'4nni nLn.1c tro intaervenret on rdispit l.m.

Wnmen in levemloment

2. The re. i 4 tbht need to int roduNcr ljihionr qsnvinng dcv icsR for

nttietal titrc' atnd proesms in-, nr fArm prodsune. lThis will help

rn reriJue 1 ahoijr prohl emsm.

C odl i t. Fnrn i I i Ey top women -4hniciI i II macIe gtendrer spect i r i c, and

cnn either he in cash or in kinds.

The iise of collateral For lor.ns by women shnoild hbe set aside

temporarily, until surh A time ruiral women can he convi nerd

of thte sdvantages of uising convnlHionnal banking s,ystem.

5 PUrT Fnir F oA rrT of data1. wpre use;d for the study which covered

* 'Qiflve sample so tArFs namfely: Oguin, Ostan, Edo, Tmo, and Rivers

tates. Thp data collpctpd was on the incidhnce of water related

Iiseae datA from thhe Stat.e Hinistries of Health; from individual

farmers and general Farm communities; quial itative information on

kEa3dama watepr uisagre .and rel ated sentinel diseases, wnter qujality

s analysiss in t.he fNAInLma a.ssociiated water-bodies wh-ich are also

{ beaing Xused for domestic pusr-poses hy the farmers.. The datan from

|individual farmers als:o ir.ciuiedi farmin'- relat.ed diseases.

The dAtn, from the Mfinistries of Health showed that the

ais.eases malari-a, diarrhoea, schistosomiasis among other water-

* plated diseAses were very prevalent-. in the st.n ten. Thes4e hasve

he potential of being spread to the farms even if they were

_k-~~~~~~~~x

Absentr nt this time. ParAgnnlmilAsl is very common in the Souith-

P110 F: IR' ; 1- Ni t.r X wit i )w'r' h tisou nt III Scu.i iht Wfst I +rn NI geit' 11n.

'T1 In ha I': l r I'f) lIlri a i t. y' i lu r cv t (wx en rn I' ruiti ttlie p r'.'vsit ti n r *l I I

the wna 'r rU I neod tl4i R0nlSP$ reports¢l at. thoe Snt.t1S 1Vel"1 . HoweVer,

ga1 i nPewnrnt hra:4 hCPnI r:nmpl n tMp l y rciI Ci:t r':l ra AS 1: 0 rinc I dencve Wnm

fouind. Apnrt frnm mnlarirt and dinrrhno^, thAb incidenc-ep of other

dijsengeP i R V:ithf-l I OW.

Tlihere' wCrr' C 1:4 o few rnpnrt.ed nAevidlantu nor poison I rig hy

otgro-chmintincl nsuse hby thhe fsrmers. Accefwss to thespe cheminals

wns liowrvnr 1 owu :I; 1 n rra I tl 1. *.r i , III1Cn- sl t4 i 1 it.y an t I i h cons t.

S%nak;e hit.es Anlli rMt infestations on the farms, are. generally low.

Farmers wi-re rosind to take preventive ensures agAinst. mosqqu ito

hites which will reduice malariia.

4 # The nuitIpt o or rcc' I nhl e sa ii liary dottiest ir. water t.o tnost. of

Abe farmers is poor; only 3SX of the farmers have a^ccess to pipe

borne or sanitnry well water suppliem. The' reRsil ts of anal1 ys i s

f the saMples of fAMndA-relAted wnters collected, which wuere

-;reportedly uised for domesttic. piurpossR hy farmers showed that

Pexc.ept for 2 or 3 marginally elevated indices in the groujnd

W| ate rs, the level oF the c:heminal parameters are within

permissib7e limits.

'c,c i