3

\nba]mTw

tIcf kwkvYm\ eoK¬ k¿Δokkv AtXmdn‰n

sIm-®n- ˛ 682 031

sSen-/^m-Iv-kv- : 0484 2396717,- 2562919

sslkvIqƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈\nba t_m[\ ¢mkp-I-f-n-te°v th≠ntIcf kwÿm\ eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv

AtXm-dn´n {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv

eo-K¬- sl¬-∏v-sse≥-:

9846700100

4

Title : NIYAMAPADAM(Malayalam)

Copyright : ©ReservedNinth Edition : November, 2011Copies : 4,45,000Layout &Printed at : Ayodhya Printers Ltd., Elamakkara, Cochin-26

Ph: 0484-2408797Published by : Kerala State Legal Services Authority (KELSA),

Niyamasahaya Bhavan, Highcourt Compound,Kochi - 682 031.

For circulation in the Legal LiteracyClasses conducted by KELSA

5

BapJwtIcf kwÿm\ eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv AtXm-dn‰n 9˛mw ¢m v

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°mbv Cu h¿jhpw \nb-a-t_m-[-h¬°-c-W-¢m- p-Iƒ \S-

Øm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. \ΩpsS cmPysØ ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-

ß-sf-°p-dn®pw \nb-a-kw-hn-[m-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ _me-]m-T-߃ Dƒs°m-

≈n-®p-sIm≠v kv°qƒ hnZym¿∞nIƒ°v th≠n Xøm-dm-°nb sNdp-]p-

kvX-I-am-WnXv.

Cu sNdp-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ ap≥ ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v kl-

I-cn® bi:ico-c-\mb AUz.-F.-sI. temln-Xm-£≥, AUz. Imfo-izcw

cmPv, AUz. Un.-_n. _n\p, {ioaXn ]n.-F-kv. koa F∂n-h-scbpw Ign™

Ime-ß-fn¬ \nb-a-]-T-\-¢m- p-Iƒ \S-Øp-hm≥ A¿∏-W-t_m-[tØmsS

tIc-f-kw-kvYm\ eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv AtXm-dn-‰n-tbm-sSm∏w tN¿∂p

{]h¿Øn® kpa-\- p-I-sfbpw \μn-]q¿Δw kvacn-°p-∂p. \nb-a-߃ Ime-

Øn\v ap∂nse hgn hnf-°p-I-fmWv. kaq-l-Øns‚ Dƒ°m-gvN-I-fn¬

\nd™p ItØ≠ sISmhn-f-°p-Iƒ. \oXn-bpsS hgn-I-fn¬ Ccpƒ \nd-

bp-∂Xv \nb-a-ß-fpsS A`m-h-Øm-e√ adn®v P\-X-bpsS A⁄-

XsIm≠mWv. A\p-̀ -hn-°p-∂Xv A\o-Xn-bmWv F∂p-t]mepw Xncn-®-dn-bm-

\m-hm-Ø-hn[w A⁄-cmWv \ΩpsS P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ `qcn]£-hpw. Cu

Ccp-fn-emWv \ap°v Adn-hns‚ {]Imiw sNmcn-tb-≠Xv; \oXnbpsS ]I-

ep-Iƒ Xo¿t°-≠-Xv. eoK¬ k¿Δokkv AtXm-dn‰n Cu e£y-km-£m-

XvIm-c-Øn-\mbn cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-́ -Xm-Wv.

\ΩpsS ̀ c-W-L-S-\-sb-°p-dn®pw AXn¬ ]d-™n-́ p≈ auen-I-amb

Ah-Im-i-ß-sfbpw ISa-I-sfbpw Ipdn®pw ̀ c-W-LS\m\p-kr-X-ambn \nb-

a-\n¿Ωm-W-k-`-Iƒ D≠m-°nb \nb-a-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Cu sNdp

]pkvXIØn¬ Npcp-°n- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Ign™ ]Xn-∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-

Ønb \nb-a-ß-sf-°q-SmsX \nb-a-tk-h\ AtXm-dn‰n \nb-aw, _me-\oXn

\nb-aw, C≥Uy≥ in£m \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p∂ in£m \S-]-Sn-Iƒ,

kvIqfp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]T-\-bm-{X-Iƒ°pw hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-Iƒ°pw t]mIp-

tºmƒ \S-tØ-≠p∂ aps∂mcp-°-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw kzoI-cn-t°-≠p∂ ap≥I-

cp-X-ep-I-sf-°p-dn®pw k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® am¿§-\n¿t±-i-߃ F∂nh

Dƒs∏-SpØn ]cn-jvI-cn-®n-´p≈ \nb-a-]m-T-Øns‚ Cu ]pXnb ]Xn∏v

hnZym¿∞n kaq-l-Øn-\mbn ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

Gh¿°pw \∑-Iƒ t\¿∂p-sIm-≠v,

PÃnkv kn.-F≥. cma-N-{μ≥\m-b¿

FIvknIyq´ohv sNb¿am≥

tIcfm tÉv eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv AtXm-dn‰n

-

6

B-ap-Jw-tI-c-f- kw-kv-Ym-\- eo-K¬- k¿-ho-k-kv- A-tXmdn-‰n- 9˛mw- ¢m-kvv-

hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°m-bn- \n-b-a-t_m-[-\-¢m-kp-Iƒ- B-hn-jv-°-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. A-Xn-\p-th-≠n- X-ømdm-°n-b- ]m-Tm-h-en-bm-Wn-Xv.- Ip-´n-I-sf D-t±-in-®p- X-ømdm-°n-b- Cu- ]m-Tm-h-en- B-hp-∂-{X- e-fn-X-am-°m≥- ]-cn-{i-an-®n-´p-≠v.- -

Cu- ]m-Tm-h-en-bp-sS- \n¿-Ωm-W-Øn¬- k-l-I-cn-®-h-tcm-Sv -

A-tXmdn‰n-°v- Ir-X-Pv-R-X-bp-≠v.- ]m-T-߃- X-ømdm-°m-\pw- F-Un-‰v-

sN-øm-\pw- X-ømdm-b- k¿Δ{io- F.-sI.- tem-ln-Xm-£-≥,- Imfoizcw

cmPv, Un._n. _n\p F∂nh¿°pw \n-b-a-k-ao-£-bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-I¿-

°pw- a-‰v- A-`n-`m-j-I¿-°pw- R-߃- \-μn- ]d-bp-∂p.- C-°m-cy-Øn¬- D-

]-tZ-i- \n¿-t±-i-߃- \¬-In-b P-kv-‰n-kv- sI.- kp-Ip-am-c-t\mSv R߃°v

IS∏mSp≠v.- A-Xp-t]m-se- Cu]-cn-]m-Sn-bp-sS- hn-P-b-Øn-\m-bn- kv-Iqƒ-

A-[n-Ir-X-cp-tS-bpw- A-[ym-]-I-cp-tS-bpw- k-lm-b- k-l-I-c-W-߃- A-̀ y¿-

∞n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.-

\-Ωp-sS- cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥d- `-c-W-L-S-\-sb-°pdn-®pw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-

kw-hn-[m-\-sØ-°pdn-®pw- Ip-´n-I-sf- t_m-[-h¬-°-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv- Cu-

]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s≥d- D-t±-iyw.- sa-®-s∏-´- ]u-c-∑m-sc- h-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp-°m-

\p-≈- H-cp- F-fn-b]-cn-{i-aw- am-{X-am-Wn-Xv.-

aw-K-fm-iw-k-I-tfm-sS- Cu- ]p-kv-X-Iw- `m-hn-]u-c-∑m¿-°p-ap-∂n¬-

k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂p.-

P-kv-‰n-kv- sI.-F.- A-_v-Zp¬- K-^q¿FIvknIyq´ohv sNb¿am≥

tI-c-f- kw-kv-Ym-\- eo-K¬- k¿-ho-k-kv- A-tXmdn-‰n.--

H∂mw -]-Xn-∏ns‚

7

D≈S°w`mKw H-∂v-\ΩpsS C¥y]mTw 1. C¥ybnse P\ßfmb \mw 11]mTw 2 AhImißfpw ISaIfpw 13]mTw 3 P\m[n]Xyhpw A[nImc hn`P\hpw 21]mTw 4 cmPy`cWw 25]mTw 5 sXcs™Sp∏pw P\ßfpw 29]mTw 6 tImSXnIƒ 31]mTw 7 k¿°m¿ k¿hokv 39]mTw 8 A[nImcw P\ßfnte°v 41]mTw 9 a\pjymhImi߃ 49

`mKw c-≠v-F{Xsb{X \nba߃!]mTw 10 \nbaßfnte°v Hcp FØnt\m´w 54]mTw 11 Ip‰hpw in£bpw 57]mTw 12 \nbahpw {]IrXnkwc£Whpw 70]mTw 13 D]t`mIvXmhpw \nbahpw 76]mTw 14 tamt´m¿ hml\ \nba߃ 79]mTw 15 dmKnßv \ntcm-[\ \nbaw 83]mTw 16 hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-\n-baw 85]mTw 17 s]mXp-ap-X¬ \in-∏n-°p-∂Xv XS-bp∂ \nbaw 91]mTw 18 s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn-se

]pI-hen in£m¿l-amWv 93]mTw 19 amXm]n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw apXn-¿∂

]uc≥am-cp-sSbpw Pnh-\mw-i-Øn\pw t£a-Øn-\p-am-bp≈ \nbaw 2007 96

]mTw 20 \nbahpw kmaqly]cnjv°cWhpw 99]mTw 21 _me-\o-Xn- \n-baw 103]mTw 22 X¿°ßƒ ]d™p Xo¿°¬ 105]mTw 23 hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-bv°v H-cp-ßp-tºmƒ 111

8

{]XnPvR

""P\߃°pth≠n cmjv{Sw

cmjv{SØn\pth≠n P\߃''

Rm≥ Fs≥d cmjv{SsØ kvt\ln°p∂p. cmjv{S

Øns≥d `cWLS\sb°pdn®pw \nbaßsf°pdn®pw

]Tn°m≥ Rm≥ {ian°pw. `cWLS\bpsS alØmb

e£yßsf km£mXv°cn°m≥ Rm≥ bXv\n°pw. cmjv{S

\n¿ΩmW {]{Inbbn¬ Rm≥ Ft≥dXmb ]¶phln°pw.

PmXnbpsStbm aXØns≥dtbm `mjbpsStbm {]tZiØn

s≥dtbm t]cn¬ Rm≥ Hcp C¥y°mct\mSpw AI¬®

ImWn°pIbn√. Hcp alØmb ss]XrIØns≥d

DSaIfmWv \mw F∂v Rm≥ a\ nem°p∂p.- A-Xp-

t]m-se- Hcp alØmb P\m[n]XyØns≥d kq£n∏pImcp-

am-Wv- \m-sa-∂v- Rm≥- a-\- n-em-°p-∂p.-

P\߃°pth≠n cmjv{Sw;

cmjv{SØn\pth≠n P\߃.

9

`m-Kw H-∂v-

\-Ωp-sS- C-¥y-

10

11

]mTw 1

C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-ß-fm-b- \mw-"-"-C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-ß-fm-b- \mw-'-'-- Cu- hm-N-I-tØm-sS-bm-Wv- \-

Ωp-sS- -̀c-W-L-S-\- Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv.-C-¥y-sb- H-cp- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v - a-tX-X-c-

P-\m-[n-]-Xy- dn-∏-ªn-°m-bn- sI-́ n-∏-Sp-°p-I-bpw- F-√m- ]u-c-∑m¿-°pw-k-a-Xz-hpw- \o-Xn-bpw- kzm-X-{¥y-hpw- e-̀ y-am-°p-I-bpw- km-tlm-Z-cyw-h-f¿-Øp-I-bp-am-Wv- C-¥y-bp-sS- e-£y-sa-∂v- -̀c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-J-Øn¬- hy-Iv-X-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-

B-ap-J-Øn¬- {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-´- e-£y-Øn-te-°v- C-¥y-sb-\-bn-°m-\p-≈- I-S-a- B¿-°m-Wv-? - C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-ß-fm-b-\-ap-°p-X-s∂. -̀c-W-L-S-\-bn-se- sI-́ pw- a-́ pw- D-≈-S-°-hpw- \-Ωp-sSI-S-a-Iƒ- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-ap-≠v.-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- H-∂mw-`m-K-Øn¬- C-¥y-bn¬- G-sX-√mw-{]-tZ-i-߃- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-sa-∂v- hn-h-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- c-≠mw-̀ m-Kw- \-Ωp-sS-]u-c-Xz-Øn-s≥d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-߃- F-s¥m-s°-bm-sW-∂v- ]d-bp-∂p.-aq-∂mw-̀ m-K-Øn¬- \-Ωp-sS- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fm-Wv- {]-Xn-]m-Zn--®n-́ p-≈-Xv.- \memw `mKØn¬ \n¿t±iIXXzßfpw `mKw 4 Fbn¬auenI NpaXeIfpw Fs¥ms°sb∂v ]d™n cn°p∂p. A-Xp-I-gn-™m¬,- \-Ωp-sS- -̀c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s≥d- L-S-\-bm-Wv.- bq-Wn-b≥,- kv-t‰-‰p-Iƒ,- ]-©m-b-Øv-- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ- F-∂n-ß-s\- aq-∂v-X-́ p-I-fp-≈-Xm-Wv- C-¥y≥- -̀c-W-kw-hn-[m-\w.-

\n¿-Ωm-W-k-an-Xn- -̀c-W-L-S-\- ]m-km-°n-b-Xv- 1949 \-hw-_¿-26mw -Xo-b-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- B- N-cn-{X-ap-lq¿-Ø-Øn¬- -̀c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- {]-[m-\- in¬-∏n-bm-bn-cp-∂ tUm.- Aw-t_-Zv-I¿- C-ß-s\- ]d-bp-I-bp˛ ≠m-bn.- "-"-C-∂s-e-h-sc- C-¥y-bp-sS- Ip-‰-߃-°pw- Ipd-hp-Iƒ-°pw- \-ap-°p- ]-gn- ]d-bm≥- {_n-́ o-jp-Im-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-∂p-ap-X¬-A-Xn-\v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bn-√m-sX-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- C-\n-b-tßm-́ v- \-Ωp-sS- Ip-‰-߃-°pw- Ipd-hp-Iƒ-°pw- \mw- \-sΩ-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv- Ip-‰w ]d-tb-≠-Xv-'-'.- C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-ß-fm-b \-sΩ D-t±-in-®m-bn-cp-∂p- Aw-t_-Zv-

12

I¿- ta¬-{]-Im-cw- ]d-™-Xv.- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- -̀c-W-{I-a-Øn-s≥d- hn-P-b-]-cm-P-b-߃- P-\-ß-fp-sS- Pm-{K-X-sb- B-{i-bn-®m-Wv- \n¿-Æ-bn-°-s∏-Sp-I.- Cu- a¿-Ω-{]-[m-\-am-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-X-Xz-Øn-te-°v- hn-c¬-Nq-≠p-∂-Xm-Wv- Aw-t_-Zv-Idp-sS- hm-°p-Iƒ.- A-Xm-b-Xv- C-hn-sS- F-¥p-\-S-∂m-epw- A-Xv- a-‰p-≈-h-cp-sS- Ip-‰w-sIm-≠m-sW-∂p-]d-™v- H-cp- ]u-c-\pw- A-h-bp-sS-sbm-s°- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn¬-\n-∂v H-gn-™p-amdm≥-]-‰p-I-bn-√.- A-Xn-s≥d- ]m-]-̀ m-c-Øn¬- H-cp- ]-¶v- Hm-tcm- ]u-c-\p-ap-≠v.-{_n-́ -\n-se- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s≥d- A-Sn-Ød- {_n -́\n-se- P-\-ß-fp-sS-]u-c-t_m-[-am-sW-∂v- {]-kn-≤-am-Wv.- A-hn-sS- ]m¿- e-sa≥dn-s\- \n-b-{¥n-°m≥- C-¥y-bn-se-bpw- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se-bpw- a-‰pw- -̀c-W-L-S-\-I-fn-ep-≈-Xp-t]m-se- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sfm-∂pw C-tX-h-sc- hy-h-kv-Y- sN-bv-Xn-́ n-√.- {_n-́ -\n¬- F-gp-X-s∏-́ - H-cp- -̀c-W-L-S-\-bpw- C-√.- F-∂n-́ pw- {_n-́ o-jv- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw- i-Iv-X-am-bn- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv- P-\-ß-fp-sS- ]u-c-t_m-[w-sIm-≠pw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fp-sS- Im-cy-£-a-X-sIm-≠p-am-Wv.-

C-¥y-bn-se- hn-Zym-k-º-∂¿-t]m-epw- \m-́ n¬- \-S-°p-∂- F-√msIm-≈-cp-Xm-bv-a-I-fp-sS-bpw- t\¿-°v- I-Æ-S-bv-°p-I-bm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv.-{]-Xn-I-cn-°m≥- ap-t∂m-́ p-h-cp-∂-h¿- hn-c-en-se-Æm≥- am-{X-ta-bp-≈q.C-Xn-s\m-cp- {]-[m-\- Im-c-Ww- \n-b-a-]-c-am-b- \n-c-£-c-X-bm-Wv.- hn-Zym-k-º-∂-cn¬-t]m-epw- A-[n-Iw-t]-cpw- \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn- \n-c-£-c-cm-Wv.- Cu- h-kv-Xp-X-bn-te-°v- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn- \-Ωp-sS- {i-≤- £-Wn-°p-∂-Xv- C-ß-s\-bm-Wv.-

"-"-a-\p-jy-cp-sS s]-cp-am-‰w \n-b-{¥n°p∂ iIvXnbmWv \n-b-aw-F-∂m-Wv- \n-b-a-Pv-R-∑m-cp-sS A-̀ n-{]m-bw.- F-∂m¬,- \n-b-aw- k-aq-l-Øn-se- B-fp-Iƒ- H-c-f-hn¬- ssI-s°m-≈-Ww.- A-√m-Ø-]-£w- H-cp-\n-b-a-Øn-\pw- -̂e-{]-Z-am-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-hm≥- ]-‰p-I-bn-√.- P-\-ß-fpw-\n-b-a-ß-fpw- X-Ωn¬- s]m-cp-Ø-s∏-S-Ww.-- A-Xv- kzm-̀ m-hn-I-am-bn-kw-̀ -hn-°-Ww.- F-¶n-te- \n-b-a-߃-°v- kp-K-a-am-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-°m≥- km-[n-°p-I-bp-≈q.- P-\-߃- \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-°-Ww.-- AXp-sIm-≠v- P-\-߃-°v- \n-b-a-ß-sf- kw-_-\v-[n-®- A-h-t_m-[w B-h-iy-am-Wv.- \n-b-a-߃- B-cv- D-≠m-°p-∂p-?- F-¥n-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv- \n-b-a-߃? C-°m-cy-߃- P-\-ß-fdn-b-Ww.- A-X-\p-k-cn-°-W-sa-∂v- ]d-bp-∂-Xn-s≥d- ]n-∂n-ep-≈- X-Xzw- A-h¿-°v- a-\- n-em-I-Ww.- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv- P-\-߃-°v- \n-b-a-t_m-[w- \¬-Im-\p-≈- \-S-]-Sn-I-fp-sS- {]-k-Iv-Xn.- X-ß-fp-sS- s]-cp-am-‰w- \n-b-a-ß-f-\p-k-cn-®v- Nn-́ -s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv- A-\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂- t_m-[w- P-\-ß-fn¬- kr-jv-Sn-°-Ww''.

Np-cp-°-Øn¬,- cm-Pyw- ]p-tcm-K-an-°-W-sa-¶n¬- \n-b-a-hm-gv-N-bpw-\n-b-am-h-t_m-[-hpw- D-≠m-I-Ww.- C-h- c-≠p-an-s√-¶n¬- \mw- {]m-Ir-X-tem-I-tØ-°v- Iq-∏p-Ip-Øn- ho-Wp-t]m-Ipw.- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥d-bpw-]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\w-X-s∂-bm-Wv- \n-b-aw- F-∂¿-∞w.-

13

]mTw 2

A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw- I-S-a-I-fpw-km-[m-c-W- A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpw-

H-cmƒ- H-cp- h-gn- 20 h¿-j-am-bn- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®ph-cp-∂p.- B- h-gn- \n¬-°p-∂- kv-Y-e-Øn-s≥d- D-S-a-kv-Ym-h-Im-iw-a-s‰m-cmƒ-°m-Wv.- F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw- h-gn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥- A-bmƒ-°-h-Im-i-ap-s≠-∂v- \n-b-aw- ]d-bp-∂p.- Cu-kv-sa≥dv- A-h-Im-iw-A-Y-hm- ku-I-cym-h-Im-iw- F-∂m-Wn-Xn-s≥d- t]-cv.- kv-Y-e-ap-S-a-h-gn-bp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬-\n-∂v- ku-I-cym-h-Im-i-°m-c-s\- X-S- -s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-Xv.- C-Xv- kv-Y-e-ap-S-a-bp-sS- I-S-a-bm-Wv.- Cu- A-h-Im-i-hpw- I-S-a-bpw- ku-I-cym-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn-s≥d- kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv.- \n-b-aw- ap-tJ-\- A-h- F-Sp-Øp-I-f-bp-I-tbm- A-h-bn¬- am-‰w- h-cp-Øp-I-tbm- sN-ømw. A-Xn-\v- ]m-I-Øn¬- \n-b-aw- \n¿-Ωn-°p-I-tbm- t`-Z-K-Xn- h-cp-Øp-I-tbm- sN-bv-Xm¬- a-Xn.-

18 h-b- v- ]q¿-Øn-bm-b- G-sXm-cp- ]u-c-\pw- a-‰v- A-tbm-Ky-X-I-sfm-∂p-an-√m-Ø-]-£w- thm-´dm-bn- c-Pn-kv-‰¿- sN-bv-Xp- In-´m≥-A-h-Im-i-ap-s≠-∂v- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.- (A-\ptOZw326)- t\-c-sØ- \n¿-t±-in-®- h-b- v- 21 B-bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xv- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- kr-jv-Sn-bm-b- H-cp- km-[m-c-W- A-h-Im-i-am-Wv.- C-ß-s\-km-[m-c-W- \n-b-am-h-Im-i-ß-fpw- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- A-h-Im-i-ß-fp-ap-≠v.- A-h- _-\v-[-s∏-´- \n-b-a-tam- `-c-W-L-S-\-tbm- \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.-

\-Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\- B-cpw- \-ap-°v- Zm-\-am-bn-\¬-In-b-X-√.-\mw- X-s∂-kr-jv-Sn-®v- \-ap-°p- X-s∂- k-a¿-∏n-®-Xm-Wv.-

a-l-Øm-sbm-cp- N-cn-{X-am-Wv- C-¥y-bp-tS-Xv.- kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-cw-B- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- D-÷z-e-am-b- A-[ym-b-am-Wv.- tZ-io-b-t\-Xm-°ƒ-\-ap-°v- kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-Ø-∂p.- H-cp- kz-X-{¥- cm-jv-{S-sa-∂- \n-e-bn¬- \-ap-°v- ap-t∂m-´p- t]m-I-Ww.- C-¥y-sb- H-cp- t£-a-cm-jv-{S-am-°-Ww.- C-¥y°m¿-°v- im-¥n-bpw- k-ar-≤n-bpw D-≠m-I-Ww.- \-ap-°v-A-h-Im-i-߃- D-≠v-, I-S-a-Iƒ- D-≠v, kz-]v-\-ß-fpw- D-≠v.- C-h-sb-

14

°pdn-s®-√mw- ]d-bp-∂, C-h-sb-√mw- A-S-ßn-b,- cm-Py-Øn-s≥d-A-Sn-kv-Ym-\ \nb-a-am-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\.-

F-s¥-√m-am-Wv- \-Ωp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- e-£y-߃-?- F-ß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww- \-Ωp-sS- cm-Pyw-?- C-¥y≥- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS-B-ap-J-Øn¬-X-s∂ C-Xn-\p-≈- D-Ø-cw- D-≠v.-

˛ C¥y- Hcp- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-cm-Py-am-I-Ww.-˛ tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- cm-Py-am-I-Ww--˛ a-tX-X-c-cm-Py-am-I-Ww-˛ P\m-[n-]Xy- cm-Py-am-IWw-˛ -kz-X-{¥-cm-Py-am-bn- \n-e-\n¬-°-Ww.-]-e-t∏m-gpw- ]-{X-ß-fn¬- \n-∂pw- ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw-

{]-kw-K-ß-fn¬- \n-∂pw- \n-߃-°v- Cu- ]-Z-ß-fpw- {]-tbm-K-ß-fpw- ]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.- h-en-b- A¿-∞-߃- D-≈-h-bm-Wv- C-h-tbm-tcm-∂pw.- A-Xn-\m¬- C-h-tbm-tcm-∂pw- {]-[m-\-am-Wv.-

au-en-Im-h-Im-i-߃- - C-¥y≥- ̀ -c-W-L-S-\-bn¬-au-en-Im-h-Im-i-߃- ew-Ln-®p-sIm-≠p-≈- F-s¥-¶n-epw- \-

S-]-Sn- F-Sp-°m≥- tI-{μ- k¿-°mdn-t\m- kw-kv-Ym--\- k¿-°mdn-t\m-k¿-°m¿- kv-Ym-]-\-߃-t°m,- k¿-°m¿- \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-ep-≈- kv-Ym-]-\߃-t°m,- X-t±-i- kz-bw-`-c-W- kv-Ym]-\-߃-t°m- A-[n-Im-c-an-√.- au-en-Im-h-Im-iw- ew-Ln-°-s∏-´m¬- G-sXm-cmƒ-°pw- t\-cn-´v- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-sb-tbm,- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-sb-tbm- k-ao-]n-°m≥-A-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.- bp-Iv-X-am-b- \n¿-t±-i-ß-tfm- dn-´p-I-tfm- ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®v- {]-Xn-hn-[n \¬-Im≥- Cu- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-°v- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.-

cm-jv-{S-Øn-\v- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-Ww,- Im-cy-\n¿-Δ-l-Ww,- \o-Xn-\n¿-Δ-l-Ww F-∂o- aq-∂v- A-h-b-h-ß-fp-s≠-∂v- ]d-bmw.- Cu- A-h-b-h-߃- {]h¿Øn∏nt°≠Xv au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf- kv-]¿-in-°m-sX-th-Ww.-

C-\n- \-ap-°v- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°pdn-®v- Nn-¥n-°mw.- A-h]u-c-∑m-cp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-b- A-h-Im-i-ß-fm-Wv.- au-en-Iw-F-∂p-h-®m¬- " -A-Sn -kv -Ym-\-]-cw-' - -" -A-Sn -Ød-bm-bn-´p -≈-Xv -' --F-s∂-√m-am-Wv A¿-∞w. ]u-c-Xz-Øn-s≥d-bpw- k-aq-l-Øn-s≥d-bpw- A-ß-s\- cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥d-bpw- A-Sn-Ød-X-s∂-bm-Wv- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-߃- F-∂p- ]d-bmw.-

F-¥m-Wv- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-߃-?-\n-߃- A-Sp-Ø- h¿-jw- F-kv.-F-kv.-F¬.-k-n.- ]-co-£- F-gp-

Xp-∂p. - H-cp- {]-tXy-I-X-cw- kn-e-_-km-Wv- \n-߃- ]-Tn-°p-∂-Xv.-\n-߃ ]-Tn-°p-∂- ]m-Ty-`m-K-߃- tI-c-f-Øn-se- e-£-°-W-°n-\v- Ip-´n-Iƒ- ]-Tn-°p-∂p.- A-h-sc-√mw- H-tc- ]-co-£- F-gp-Xp-∂p.- H-tc- tNm-Zy-߃-°v- D-Ø-cw- F-gp-Xp-∂p.- D-Ø-c-I-S-em-kp-Iƒ- H-tc-co-Xn-bn-ep-≈- aq-ey- \n¿-Æ-b-Øn-\v- hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂p.- `-c-W-L-S-\-

15

]d-bp-∂- k-a-Xz-Øn-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- B-Wv- C-Xpd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xv.- t\-sc-adn-®v- H-tc-X-cw- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- t\-Sn-b- Ip-´n-Iƒ-°v- hn-hn-[-X-cw- tNm-Zy-ß-f-S-ßn-b hn-hn-[-X-cw- ]-co-£-Iƒ- \-S-Øn-bm-tem?-Nn-e¿-°v- F-fp-∏-ap-≈- tNm-Zy-߃- In-´pw-.- th-td- Nn-e¿-°v- _p-≤n-ap-´p-f-f- tNm-Zy-߃.- A-hn-sS- A-k-a-Xzw- D-≠m-Ipw.- F-∂p-sh-®m¬- k-a-Xz-Øn-\m-bp-≈ au-en-Im-h-Im-iw- \n-tj-[n-°-s∏-Spw.-

tPm-en-°m-bp-≈- H-cp- a-Xv-k-c-]-co-£-bp-sS- Im-cyw- F-Sp-°p-I.- A-Xn¬- t\-Sp-∂- am¿-°n-s≥d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- H-cp- en-kv-‰v- X-ømdm-°mw.-D-b¿-∂- am¿-°p-≈-h¿- en-kv-‰n-\p- ap-I-fn-ep-≠m-Ipw. Ipd-™- am¿-°p-≈-h¿- Xm-sg. D-b¿-∂- am¿-°p-≈-bmƒ-°v-, tPm-en-sIm-Sp-°m-sX- Ipd-™- am¿-°p-≈-h¿-°v- tPm-en- sIm-Sp-°m-tam?- km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬- ]m-Sn-√.- A-ß-s\- sN-øp-∂-Xv- \n-b-a-Øn-\p-ap-∂n-se- Xp-ey-X-bv-°v,- A-Xm-b-Xv- \n-b-a-k-a-Xz-Øn-\v,- F-Xn-cm-bn-cn-°pw.- F-∂m¬, km-aq-ln-I-am-bpw-a-‰pw- ]n-t∂m-°-°m-cm-b- hn-`m-K-߃-°v- {]-tXy-I-am-b- B-\p-Iq-ey-ap-≠v.- ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fm-bn- Nq-j-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-´p-t]m-cp-∂- ]n-t∂m-°-hn-`m-K-ß-sf- a-‰p-≈-h¿-s°m-∏w- F-Øn-°m≥- th-≠n-bm-Wn-ß-s\- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- kw-h-c-Ww- F-∂m-WnXn-\p- ]d-bp-I.- kw-h-c-Ww,- k-a-Xz-Øn-\m-bp-≈- ]-cn-{i-a-Øn-s≥d- `m-K-am-Wv- F-∂¿-∞w.- kw-h-c-W-Øn-s≥d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- ]nd-In-ep-≈- H-cmƒ-°v- ap-I-fn-ep-≈-bm-sf- A-t]-£n-®v- sXm-gn¬-km-≤y-X- Iq-SpX-em-bn- D-≠m-Ipw.- C-tX-°pdn-®v- h-gn-tb- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-i-Z-am-°mw.-

F-¥m-Wv- \n-b-a-k-a-Xzw-? - \-∂m-bn- ]-Tn -°p-∂- Ip-´n -°pw-]-Tn-°m-Ø- Ip-´n-°pw- H-cp-t]m-se- am¿-°v- \¬-I-W-sa-∂m-tWm-?- A-√,-]-Tn-°m-\p-≈- A-h-k-cw- F-√m-h¿-°pw- Xp-ey-am-bn- \¬-I-W-sa-∂m-Wv.-A-Xm-b-Xv- k-a-∑m¿-°n-S-bn-em-Wv- k-a-Xzw.-

\n-ß-fp-sS- \m-´n -epw- \-K-c-Øn-epw- B-fp-Iƒ- kw-L-Sn -®v -Pm-Y-bm-bn- t]m-Ip-∂-Xv- Im-Wmw.- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ- kw-L-Sn-°mdp-≠v,-k¿-°m¿- Po -h -\ -°m-cpw - A-[ym -] -I -cpw - kw -L-Sn -°mdp -≠v. -bp-h-P-\-ß-fpw- kv-{Xo-I-fpw- a-‰pw- kw-L-S-\-Iƒ- cq-]o-I-cn-°mdp-≠v.- AXvAh-cpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m\pw {]Xn-tj[w `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf Adn-bn-°m-\p-ap≈ Hcp D]m-[n-bm-Wv. Bbp-[-ß-fn-√msX kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn tbmKw tNcpI F∂Xv ]ucs‚ auenI Ah-Im-i-am-Wv. (19-˛mw A\p-t—-Zw) F∂m¬ Hcm-fns‚ auenI Ah-Im-i-Øns‚D]-tbmKw as‰m-cm-fns‚ auenI Ah-Im-isØ \ntj-[n-°p∂ hn[-Øn-em-h-cp-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv PmYbpw {]I-S-\-ßfpw \S-Øm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≈-t∏mƒ Xs∂ AXv A]-cs‚ k©mc kzmX-{¥ysØ l\n-°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂ hn[n sslt°m-SXn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xv.

t\-sc- hn-]-co-X-am-sbm-cp- A-h-kv-Y-sb-°pdn-®v- Nn-¥n-®p-t\m-°q.-sNdn-b- Iq-en-am-{Xw- sIm-Sp-Øv- H-cp- ap-X-em-fn- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf- Nq-j-Ww sN-bv-Xp- F-∂p-sh-bv-°p-I.- \ym-b-am-b- Iq-en- In-´m≥-th-≠n- kw-L-Sn-°m≥ sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ- Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂p.- A-t∏mƒ- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-

16

kw-L-Sn-°m≥-t]m-epw- ]m-Sn-√- F-∂- \n-e-bn¬- H-cp- \n-b-aw- h-∂m-tem-?-F-¥p- I-jv-S-am-bn-cn-°pw- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS- kv-Yn-Xn-?-

F-∂m¬-, A-ß-s\-sbm-cp- \n-b-aw- h-cn-√.- \-Ωp-sS- ̀ -c-W-L-S-\- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂n-S-tØm-fw.- kw-L-Sn-°p-hm-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-W-t√m.- A-Xn-s\-Xn-cm-b- \n-b-aw- ̀ -c-W-L-S-\m-hn-cp-≤-am-bn-cn-°pw.-` -c -W-L-S -\ -b v -s°-Xn -cm -b - \n -b -aw - \n¿ -Ωn -°m≥- B¿-°pw -A-h-Im-i-an-√.- A-Ø-cw- \n-b-a-ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬- A-h- d-±m-°m≥- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-°pw- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-Iƒ-°pw- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.-

\n-߃- C-t∏mƒ- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂-Xv-?- 10 h¿-jw- I-gn-™v- \n-߃- ]-Tn-°m-t\m- sXm-gn¬- sN-øm-t\m- I-®-h-S-Øn-t\m- a-s‰m-cp- \m-´n-se-Øp-∂p.- A-hn-sS- \n-߃- ho-Sp-sh-t®m-ho-Sv - hm-S-I-bv-°v- hm-ßn-tbm- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂p.- ""A-Xp- ]-‰n-√.-\n-߃- Cu- \m-´p-Im-c-\-√.- C-hn-sS-\n-∂pw- \n-߃- hn-´p-t]m-I-Ww-'-'- F-∂v- B- \m-´n-ep-≈-h¿- ]d-™m-tem-?-

A-ß-s\- ]d-bm≥- B¿-°pw- A-[n-Im-c-an-√.- C-¥y-bn-se-hn-sS-bpw- Xm-a-kn-°m-\pw- Po-hn-Xw- sI-´n-∏-Sp-°m-\pw- \n-߃-°-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.- A-Xv- `-c-W-L-S-\- \¬-Ip-∂- a-s‰m-cp- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-Wv.-

19mw- A-\p-tO-Zw- Bdp-X-cw- kzm-X-{¥y-ß-sf-°pdn-®m-Wv-]d-bp-∂-Xv.- A-h- C-ß-s\-:-1.- A-`n-{]m-b{]Im-i\- kzm-X-{¥yw-2.- k-am-[m-\-]-c-am-bn- H-cp-an-®p-tN-cm-\p-≈- kzm-X-{¥yw.-3. kw-L-S-\-I-fpw- bq-Wn-b-\p-I-fpw- cq-]o-I-cn-°m-\p-≈- kzm-X-{¥yw-4.- C-¥y-bn-se-hn-sS-bpw- kz-X-{¥-am-bn- k-©-cn-°m-\p-≈- kzm-X-{¥yw-5. C-¥y-bn-se-hn -sS-bpw- Xm-a-kn-°m-\pw- Po-hn -°m-\p-ap -≈-

kzm-X-{¥yw-6. H-cmƒ- sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂- sXm-gn-tem- I-®-h-S-tam- sN-øm-\p-≈-

kzm-X-{¥yw.-

Pm-Xn,- a-Xw,- hn-th-N-\w...\n-b-a-k-a-Xzw- F-∂p-am-{Xw- ]d-bp-tºmƒ- A-Xv- km-am-\y-am-

b- H-cm-i-bw- am-{X-ta- B-Ip-∂p-≈q.- A-tXm-sSm-∏w- hn-th-N-\-Øn-\v- hn-e-°v- I¬-∏n-°p-I-bpw- th-Ww.- ]-¥n-bn¬- ]-£-`-Zw- ]m-Sn-√-F-∂ ]-g-sam-gn- tI-´n-´n-t√-?- "-"-F-√m-h-cpw- \n-b-a-Øn-s≥d- ap-ºn¬-Xp-ey-cm-Wv,- \n-b-a-Øn-s≥d- Xp-ey-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\¿-l-cp-am-Wv-'-'-C-ß-s\-bm-Wv- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- {]-Jym-]-\-Øn-se- hm-°p-Iƒ.-\-Ωp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- hn-th-N-\-a-cp-sX-∂v- ]d-bp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w- -a-Xw,- Pm-Xn,- h¿-§w,- enw-Kw,- P\\-kv-Y-ew-'-'- F-∂n-h-bp-sS- t]-cn¬- hn-th-N-\w- A-cp-sX-∂v- F-Sp-Øp-]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.- ( A-\p-:-15 (1) ).-

atXXcXzw\ΩpsS cmjv{SØns≥d B[mcinebmWv atXXcXzw.

\m\m aXßfp≈ cmPyamWv C¥y. \m\mXcw PohnXcoXnIƒ;\m\mXcw kwkvImc߃. ""\m\mXzØn¬ GIXzw'' ˛ CXmWv

17

\ΩpsS am¿§hpw e£yhpw.Hcmƒ C∂nSØv C∂bmfpsS aI\mbn / aIfmbn

P\n°Ww F∂Xv AbmfpsS Xocpam\w A√. \mw hyXykvXaXßfn¬ P\n®hcmWv. \msa√mw a\pjycmWv. F√maXßfpw kvt\lsØ°pdn®pw kXysØ°pdn®pwssZhImcpWysØ°pdn®pw BWv ]dbp∂Xv. aXXXzßfpsSA¥- Ø a\knem°nbh¿ A\yaXßsf kvt\ln°p∂p;_lpam\n°p∂p. Aßs\ sNøptºmƒ \mw ssZhsØXs∂bmWv Bcm[n°p∂Xv. Km\v[nPnbpsS k\mX\[¿ΩsØ°pdn®v tI´n´nt√? k¿ΔaX {]m¿∞\t]mep≈I¿ΩßfneqsS almXvaPn Hcp Zcn{Zcmjv{SØn\vBXvaobssNX\yw \¬In. ""temIm kakvXm kpJnt\m ̀ h¥px-'' F∂XmWv B¿j`mcXa{¥w. tbiptZh s≥d alØmbXymKsØ°pdn®v ss__nƒ ]dbp∂p. {io_p≤≥Alnwksb°pdn®v ]d™p. GI ssZhØns≥d Afh‰ImcpWysØ°pdn®pw A]mcamb Adnhns\°pdn®pw C…mw]dbp∂p. ChbpsSsb√mw kmcmwiw kvt\lamWv. Ihn]mSnbXpt]mse, "kvt\lamWJnekmcaqgnbn¬''.

C\n, `cWLS\bnte°v hcnI. atXXcXzw `cWLS\bpsS B[mcinebmsW∂Xn\v BapJw Xs∂ sXfnhv.1976˛se t`ZKXnbneqsSbmWv BapJØn¬ atXXcXzw IqSntN¿ØXv. aX]camb kzmX{¥y߃ F√mh¿°pw D≠v.aXØn¬/ aXßfn¬ hnizkn°m\pw hnizkn°mXncn°m\pwkzmX{¥yw D≠v. F∂m¬ aXØns≥d t]cn¬ Bcpw Bscbpw]oUn∏n°cpXv; hnthN\w Im´cpXv; hntZzjw krjvSn°cpXv.atXXcXzw tIhew Hcp Nn¥mKXn am{Xa√, C¥ybpsS\bhpw \nbahpw BWv. \ap°v HutZymKnIaXw C√.hnizmkØns≥dbpw Bcm[\bpsSbpw kzmX{¥yamWv \mwBtLmjn°p∂Xv. `cWLS\bpsS 25 apX¬ 28 hscA\ptOZ߃ C°mcyw hyIvXam°p∂p. cmjv{SØns≥d"HutZymKnI aX߃' C∂n∂hbmsW∂p ]dbp∂`cWLS\bmWv ]e cmPyßfnepw D≈Xv. \mw Ahsc°mƒapt∂m´pt]mbhcmWv. atXXcXzw \ΩpsS P\m[n]XyØns≥dXs∂ Dƒ°cpØmWv.

AXn\m¬, aXØns≥d t]cn¬ tNmcNo¥m≥ ]mSn√;s\‰n Npfnbm≥t]mepw ]mSn√.

atXXcXzw XIcp∂p F∂psh®m¬ C¥y XIcp∂pF∂mW¿∞w. Aßs\ kw`hn®pIqSm.

sXm´pIqSmbva\n¿-`m-Ky-I-c-sa-∂p-]d-b-s´,- C-∂pw ]-e- kv-Y-e-ß-fn-epw- a-\p-

jy-sc- c-≠mw-In-S-°m-cm-bn Im-Wp-∂- k-{º-Zm-bw- Xp-S-cp-∂p-≠v.- {]-iv-\w- "-"-sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-bv-a-'-'- F-∂ A-\m-Nm-c-am-Wv.- tI-c-f-Øn¬- C-∂v-

18

C-Xn-\v- Adp-Xn-h-∂n-´p-≠v.- F-∂m¬ Nn-e h-S-t°- C-¥y≥- kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn¬- C-∂pw- Pm-Xn-bp-sS- t]-cn-ep-≈- hn-th-N-\w- Xp-S-cp-∂p-≠v.- Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ InW-‰n¬ \n∂pw sh≈w IpSn-®-Xns‚t]cn¬, InW¿ "Aip≤-'-am-°n-sb-∂m-tcm-]n®v Xmgv∂ PmXn-°msc Iq´-tØmsS sIme sNbvX kw`-h-߃ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.A-Ø-cw- hm¿-Ø-Iƒ- \n-߃- ]-{X-Øn¬- hm-bn-®n-´p-≠m-Ipw.- Nm-b-∏o-Sn-I-I-fn¬- a-‰p-≈-h-tcm-sSm-∏w- C-cp-∂v- `-£-W-]m-\o-b-߃-I-gn-°m≥- Io-gv-Pm-Xn-°m-sc- A-\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√. A-h¿-°v- ]pd-Øv-a¨-]m-{X-ß-fn¬- `-£-Ww- sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- ]-Xn-hv.- A-Xpw \n-e-Øp-sh-®v- sIm-Sp-°p-I-tb- D-≈q.- tI-c-f-Øn-epw- ]-≠v- Nn-e- {]-[m-\ ln-μp-t£-{X-ß-fn¬- Xm-W Pm-Xn-°m¿-°v- I-S-°m≥- ]m-Sn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- t£-{X-]-cn-k-c-Øp-≈- s]m-Xp-h-gn-Iƒ-t]m-epw A-h¿-°v- D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥- ]m-Sn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. C-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-bm-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m- ssh-°w k-Xym-{K-l-hpw- Kp-cp-hm-bq¿ k-Xym-{K-l-hpw- a-‰pw \-S-∂-Xv.- C-sXm-∂pw- Cu- \m-´n¬- C-\n- B-h¿-Øn-°-cp-Xv- F-∂- D-t±-iy-tØm-sS- cq-]w sIm-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv- hn-th-N-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp-≈ ta-ep-≤-cn-®- hy-h-kv-Y-Iƒ.- C-{X-bpw- sIm-≠v- a-Xn-h-cm-sX -\-Ωp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\m-inev]nIƒ- sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-bv-a-sb- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- H-cp- {]-tXy-I A-\p-Nv-tO-Z-w X-s∂- `m-Kw 3-˛¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- A-Xn-{]-Im-c-am-Wv

"-"-sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-bv-a- C-√m-bv-a- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- G-sX-¶n-epw-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- A-Xn-s≥d- B-N-c-Ww- \n-tcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- C-\n-ta¬- A-Xn -s≥d- B-N-c -Ww- in -£m¿-l-am -b - H -cp - Ip -‰ -Ir-Xy-am-Wv-'-'. (A-\p-:- 17).-

Cu- \n-e-bn-ep-≈- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- \n-b-aw- A-[n-Iw- Xm-a-kn-bm-sX- ]m¿-e-sa≥dv- ]m-km-°n, 1955-˛se- kn-hn¬- A-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw.-]t£, A-Xpw- hn-Nm-cn-®- ^-ew- sN-bv-Xn-√.- 1989˛¬- Ip-td-°q-Sn- I¿-i-\-am-b- in-£-Iƒ hy-h-kv-Y sN-øp-∂ H-cp- \n-b-aw ]m-km-°n.- A-X-\p-k-cn-®v- ta¬-hn-h-c-®- hn-th-N-\-߃- Kp-cp-X-c-am-b Ip-‰-am-Wv.-Ip-‰w- B-tcm-]n-°-s∏-´-h¿-°v- Pm-ayw-t]m-epw- e-`n-°p-I- F-fp-∏-a-√.-

kv-{Xo-Iƒ-, Ip-́ n-Iƒ...-a-Xw,- h¿-§w,- Pm-Xn,- enw-Kw,- P-\-\-kv-Y-ew- C-h-bp-sS- A-Sn-kv-

Ym-\-Øn¬ ]u-c-∑msc- X-Ωn¬- XcwXncn®pImWcpsX-∂m-W-t√m-]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- enw-K-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- hn-th-Nn-°-cp-Xv- F-∂p-]d-™m¬ kv-{Xo-]p-cp-j- ]-£-]m-Xw- Im-Wn-°-cp-Xv-F∂¿∞w. F∂m¬ kv{XoIƒ°pw Zp¿_ehn`mK߃°pw{]tXyI ]cnKW\ \¬Ip∂Xn\v `cWLS\ FXnc√. hn-th-N-\w- A-cp-sX-∂p- ]d-bp-∂- A-\p-Nv-tO-Zw- 15 ¬- X-s∂- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- hyhkvYbp≠v. A-Xn-ß-s\-:--

19

"-"-Cu- A-\p-Nv-tO-Z-Øn-ep-≈ bm-sXm-∂pw kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°pw Ip-´n-Iƒ-°pw- {]-tXy-I hy-h-kv-Y D-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\v- X-S- -a-√-'-'.- A-Xm-b-Xv,- {]-tXy-I- {i-≤-bpw- ]-cn-N-c-W-hpw- th-≠-h¿-°v- A-h- \¬-I-W-sa-∂-Xm-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- Xm¬-]-cyw.-

kw-h-c-Ww-hnZym`ymk]cambpw kmaqly]cambpw ]nt∂m°mhkvY

bnep≈h¿°pw ]´nIPmXn˛]´nIh¿§ßƒ°pw {]-tXy-I hy-h-kv-Y-I-fm-Imw.- kw-h-c-W-sØ-°pdn-®v- ap-ºv- kq-Nn-∏n-®p-h-t√m.- A-tX-°pdn-®v- Ipd-®p-Iq-Sn ]d-bmw. C-¥y-bn¬- h-en-sbm-cp- hn-`m-Kw- P-\-߃- k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ ap-Jy-[m-c-bv-°v- ]pd-Øm-W C-∂p-ap-≈-Xv. Km-\v-[n-Pn- A-h-sc- l-cn-P-\-߃- F-∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®p.--A-h¿-°v- {]-tXy-I-]-cn-K-W-\ \¬-In. \q-‰m-≠p-I-fm-bn- A-\p-`-hn-®p-h-cp-∂- ]n-t∂m-°m-h-kv-Y- Im-c-Ww- hn-Zym-`ym-k-]-c-hpw- km-º-Øn-I-hpw- km-aq-ln-I-hp-am-b- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-sS- ^-ew- A-\p-`-hn-°m≥- A-h¿-°v-km-[y-a-√m-Ø H-c-h-kv-Y-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. a-‰p-≈-h-tcm-Sv- a-Xv-k-cn-®v- D-b¿-∂p-h-cm≥- A-h¿-°v I-gn-hn-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠v- A-h¿- {]-tXy-I- ]-cn-K-W-\- A¿-ln-°p-∂p.- hn-Zym-`ym-k-kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fn¬ {]-tXy-Im-\p-Iq-ey-߃- A-h¿-°v- \¬-I-Ww.- k¿-°m-cp-tZym-K-ß-fn¬- A-h¿-°v- G-Xm-\pw- X-kv-Xn-I-Iƒ \o-°n-sh-bv-°-Ww. F-¶n-te A-h-sc D-b¿-Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cm≥ I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q. Cu- e-£yw- ap-∂n¬- I-≠p-sIm-≠v- h¿-§-Øn-s‚bpw- Pm-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- t]-cn¬- hn-th-N-\w- A-cp-sX-∂p- ]d-bp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w ]n-t∂m-°-hn-`m-K-°m¿-°v- {]-tXy-I ]-cn-K-W-\- \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\v- X-S- -an-√- F-∂pw- `cWLS\ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.-

\n¿t±iIXØz߃cmjv{Sw ]n¥pStc≠p∂ alØmb BZ¿ißfpw

am¿§ßfpw e£yßfpamWv \n¿t±iIXØzßfn¬hnhcn°s∏´n´p≈Xv. as‰mcp hnt[\]d™m¬ cmjv{SØns‚""am\ns^kv vt‰m'' BWh. 38 apX¬ 51 hscbp≈A\ptOZßfn¬ Ch hnhcn°s∏´ncn°p∂p. t£acmjv{S\n¿ΩnXnbmWv \ΩpsS e£yw. AXn\v kmºØnIhpwkmaqlnIhpamb \S]SnIƒ thWw. hn`hßsf icnbmbpw\oXnbpIvXambpw D]tbmKn°Ww. XpeytPmen°vXpeythX\w XpSßnb XØz߃ \S∏nemhWw.sXmgnemfnIfpsS BtcmKyw kwc£n°s∏SWw. Ip´nIsf \√coXnbn¬ hf¿Øm≥ IgnbWw. AhcpsS IgnhpIsfhnIkn∏n°Ww. Xpey\oXn \S∏n¬ hcWw. Bhiyap≈h¿°v kuP\yambn \nba klmbw e`n°Ww. sXmgn¬A¥co£w sa®s∏SWw. sXmgnemfnIƒ°v am\yamb thX\wIn´Ww. kuP\yhpw \n¿_\v[nXhpamb {]mYanI

20

hnZym`ymkw thWw. s]mXpP\mtcmKyw sa®s∏SWw.]nt∂m°hn`mKßsf ap∂nseØn°Ww. {]IrXnkwc£WØn\v \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°Ww ˛ Chbvs°√sam∏wa‰p ]eXpw, \n¿t±i IXØzßfn¬s∏Sp∂p. Ah Hcpcmjv{SØns‚ alØmb A`nemjßfmWv. \sΩ apt∂m´p\bn°p∂ {]Xo£Ifpw.

auenI ISaIƒ1976˛se t`ZKXnbneqsSbmWv auenI ISaIsf

kw_\v[n® 4˛F `mKw `cWLS\bn¬ Iq´nt®¿ØXv. Ah1977 apX¬ {]m_eyØn¬ h∂p. tZiob ]XmItbbpwtZiobKm\tØbpw _lpam\n°Wsa∂pw kzmX{¥ykacØns≥d alØmb BZ¿ißsf ]n≥XpScWsa∂pwcmjv{SØns≥d sFIyw ImØpkq£n°Wsa∂pw a‰pw CXn¬]dbp∂p. ]uc∑m¿°nSbn¬ kmtlmZcyw hf¿ØWsa∂pwkmwkvIm cnI ss]XrIhpw {]IrXnkºØpw imkv{Xmht_m[hpw am\hnIXbpw a‰pw ImØpkq£n°m≥ Hmtcm]uc\pw NpaXebps≠∂pw Cu `mKw ]dbp∂p.k¿ΔtXm∑pJamb ]ptcmKXn°mbn Iq´mbn {ian°m\p≈`cWLS\m]camb Blzm\amWnXv. ChbpsS km^eyØn\mbn bXv\n°m≥ \mw _m[ykvYcmWv.

21

]mTw 3

P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hpw- A-[n-Im-c-hn-`-P-\-hpw-\n-b-a-߃- [m-cm-f-ap-≠v.- \n-b-a-߃- A-\p-k-cn-°m-\p-≈-Xm-

Wv.- ew-Ln-°m-\p-≈-X-√.- \n-b-a-߃- \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xv- \mw- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- \mw- F-∂m¬-?-

C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-߃-C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-ß-fm-b- \mw- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- \-ap-°p-th-≠n-

bp-≈- \n-b-a-߃- \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xv.- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-Whn`mKw- cm-jv-{S-Øn-s‚ aq-∂v- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-hn-̀ m-K-ß-fn¬- H-∂m-Wv.- a-‰p- c-≠v- hn-̀ m-K-߃- Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W-h-Ip-∏pw- \o-Xn-\ym-b-h-Ip-∏pw.- Cu- aq-∂v-hn-`m-K-ß-sf-°pdn-®v- \-ap-s°m-cp- [m-c-W-th-Ww.- A-Xn-\p-ti-jw-\n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-sØ-°pdn-®v- {]-tXy-I-am-bn- ]-Tn-°mw.- C-°m-cy߃Xm-sg- Im-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂- hn-[-Øn¬- Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°mw.-

C-¥y≥- bq-Wn-b≥-

\n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-hn-`m-Kw- Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W-hn-`m-Kw- \o-Xn-\ym-b-hn-̀ m-Kw-

]m¿-e-sa≥dv-

kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-k-̀ -

cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-

tI{μ a-{¥n-k-`-K-h¿-Æ¿-

cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- tem-I-k-` cm-Py-k-̀ -

kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn

-ssl-t°m-S-Xn-Iƒ

Pn-√m-t°m-S-Xn-Iƒ-

k-_v-tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-ap≥-kn-̂ v- a-Pn-kv-t{S-‰v-

tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-

a-{¥m-e-b-߃-tI-{μ-

k¿-°m¿-Hm-̂ o-kp-Iƒ-D-tZym-K-kv-Y¿-

kwkvYm\

a-{¥n-k-`-sk-{I-´dn-tb-‰v-ap-X¬- hn-t√-Pv-

Hm-^o-kv- h-sc-bp-≈-]-e-X-cw- k¿-°m¿-

Hm-̂ o-kp-I-fpw-

Po-h-\-°m-cpw.-

\n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-

Iu¨-kn¬-

\n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-A-kw-ªn-

22

ap-I-fn¬- hn-h-cn-®- ]-´n-I-bn¬-\n-∂v- \n-߃-°v- H-cp- Im-cyw- a-\- n-em-°mw.- aq-∂v- hn-`m-K-߃- C-¥y≥- bq-Wn-b-\p- am-{X-a-√- Hm-tcm- kw-kv-Ym-\-Øn-\pw- sh-tΔ-sd-bm-bn-Ø-s∂- D-s≠-∂- Im-cyw.-C-\n- \nba\n¿-Ωm-W-hn-̀ m-K-sØ-°pdn-®v- {]-tXy-I-am-bn- ]-Tn-°mw.-\n-b-a-\n¿Ωm-W-k-`-I-fm-Wv- \n-b-a-߃- \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-sX-∂v- a-\- n-em-b-t√m. \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-k-`-bn-se- Aw-K-ß-sf- B-cm-Wv- sX-c-s™-Sp°p-∂-Xv?

\mw- C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-߃-. A-Xn-\m¬- \-Ωp-sS- \n-b-a-߃-\n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xpw- C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-ßfmb \mwX-s∂.- A-√m-sX-G-sX-¶n-epw- cm-Pm-thm ]-´m-f-ta-[m-hn-tbm- hn-tZ-i-i-Iv-Xn-tbm- A-√.- \-Ωp-sS- cm-jv-{S-Ø-e-h-t\-bpw- k¿-°m-cn-t\-bpw- C-Xp-t]m-se-\mw X-s∂- sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.-

\n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-Ww-ap-I-fn-se- ]-´n-I- H-cn-°¬-Iq-Sn- {i-≤n-°p-I.-cmjv{S]Xnbpw- tem-I-k-`-bpw- cmPyk`bpw tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv-

tI-{μ-Øn-se- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-hn-̀ m-Kw- F-∂p- a-\- n-em-b-t√m.- C-Xm-Wv- ]m¿-e-sa‚ v.- kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn-epw \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-hn-̀ m-K-ap-≠v.- _o-lm¿,- a-lm-cm-jv-{S, I¿-Æm-S-I,- D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv- F-∂o- kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn¬-\n-b-a-k-̀ -bv-°v- c-≠v- a-Wv-U-e-ß-fp-≠v. a-‰v- kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn¬- H-cp- a-Wv-U-e-ta-bp-≈q. K-h¿-Wdpw c-≠p a-Wv-U-e-ß-fp-≈ kwkvYm\ßfn¬-\n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS- c-≠p- a-Wv-U-e-ß-fpw- a-‰p- kwkvYm\ßfn¬Kh¿Wdpw \n-b-a-k-̀ -bpw- tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv- kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W- hn`mKw.- C-ß-s\-bm-Wv- -̀c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- ]d-bp-∂-Xv.-

tem-I-k-`-bn-te-bpw- kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-k-`-I-fn-te-bpw- Aw-K-ß-fp-sS- Im-em-h-[n- A-©p-h¿-j-am-Wv.- A-©p-h¿-jw- ]q¿-Øn-bm-bm¬- k-̀ - ]n-cn-®p-hn-S-Ww.- cm-Py-k-̀ -bpw kw-kv-Ym-\ \n-b-a- Iu -̈kn-epw- ]n-cn-®p-hn-S-en-\v- hn-t[-b-a-√.- Aw-K-ß-fp-sS 3 ¬- 1 `m-Kw-Cu- c-≠v- h¿-jw- ]q¿-Øn-bm-Ip-tºm-gpw- ]n-cn-™p-t]m-I-Ww.- H-gn-hp-h-∂-- kv-Ym-\-߃- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS- \n-I-Øpw.-

H-cp- _n¬- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-k-`-bn-se- G-sXm-cw-K-Øn-\pw-A-h-X-cn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- ]-t£-, k-`-bn¬- `q-cn-]-£-ap-≈- I-£n-bp-sS- ]n≥-_-e-ap-s≠-¶n-te- A-Xv- ]m-km-hp-I-bp≈q.- A-Xp-Im-c-Ww-A-[n-Iw- \n-b-a-ß-fpw A-[n-Im-c-Øn-ep-≈- k¿°mcns\- {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-®v- a-{¥n-am-cm-Wv- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°mdv.- Cu L-´-Øn¬- A-Xn-\v- "-_n-√v'- F-∂m-Wv- ]d-bp-I. _n-√v- k-`- ]m-km-°n-bm¬- A-Xv-B-Iv-Sv- (\n-b-aw)- B-bn.-

]m¿-e-sa≥dv- ]m-km-°p-∂- \n-b-a-߃-°v- tI-{μ-\n-b-a-߃-F-∂pw- kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-k-`- ]m-km-°p-∂-h-bv-°v- kw-kv-Ym-\-\n-b-a-߃- F-∂p-am-Wv- t]-cv.- tI-{μ-\n-b-a-ß-fn¬- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bpw-kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-ß-fn¬- K-h¿-W-d-pw- H-∏n-S-Ww.-

23

H-cp- tI-{μ-_n¬- cm-Py-k-`-bn-tem- tem-I-k-`-bn-tem- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°mw. C-cp-k-`-I-fpw A-Xv- ]m-km-°-Ww.- ]-t£,- [-\-Im-cy-_n-√p-Iƒ- tem-I-k-̀ -bn¬- am-{X-ta- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p-Iq-Sq.- kw-kv-Ym-\ \n-b-a-k-`-I-sf- kw-_-\v-[n-®- hy-h-kv-Y-I-fpw- k-Zr-i-ß-fm-Wv.-

cmjv{S]Xn°pw K-h¿-W¿-am¿-°pw- k-`- ]m-km-°n-b- _n¬-ap-gp-h-\m-tbm- A-Xn-se- G-sX-¶n-epw- hy-h-kv-Y-tbm- H-∂p-Iq-Sn-]-cn-K-Wn-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-´v- H-cn-°¬- Xn-cn-®-b-bv-°mw. k-`- A-Xv- kzo-I-cn-t®m- kzo-I-cn-°m-sX-tbm- ho-≠pw- ]m-km-°n- Xn-cn-®-b-®m¬- H-∏n-S-W-sa-∂v- \n¿-_-\v-[-am-Wv.-

\n-߃-°v- sN-øm-hp-∂-h-:-C-\n- Xm-sg- ]d-bp-∂- Im-cy-߃- sN-bv-Xp-t\m-°p-Itc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-:

-\n-ß-fp-sS- ho-´n¬- F-{X- thm-´¿-am-cp-≠v-?-

A-h¿- A-h-km-\-am-bn- thm-´p-sN-bv-X-Xv- F-t∏m-gm-Wv-?-

\n-ß-fp-sS {]-tZ-iw- G-Xv- tem-I-k-̀ m-a-Wv-U-e-Øn¬- h-cp-∂p-?-G-Xv- \n-b-a-k-`m-a-Wv-U-e-Øn¬- h-cp-∂p-?-

\n-ß-fp-sS- Fw.-]n- B-cm-Wv-?-

\n-ß-fp-sS- Fw.-F¬.-F- B-cm-Wv-?-

kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-k-`- A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øv- \n¿-Ωn-®- c-≠p-\n-b-a-߃- G-h-?-

]m¿-e-sa≥dv- A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øv- ]m-km-°n-b- G-sX-¶n-epw- H-cp- \n-b-a-Øn-s≥d- t]-cp-]d-bp-I.-

C≥d¿-hyq- \-S-Øp-I-kv-Y-e-sØ- H-cp- cm-jv-{So-b- {]-h¿-Ø-I≥-

kv-Y-e-sØ- H-cp- A-`n-`m-j-I≥-Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv- 10 tNm-Zy-ß-sf-¶n-epw- A-h-tcm-Sv- tNm-Zn-°p-I.-

A-h¿- ]d-bp-∂- D-Ø-c-߃- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.-tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- D-Ø-c-߃- A-[ym-]-I-s\- Im-Wn-®v- N¿-®-

sN-øp-I.-

D-Ø-cw- F-gp-Xp-I-Xm-sg- ]d-bp-∂-h¿- cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥d- GXp cw-K-Øm-Wv-

h-cp-∂-Xv-?- A-h¿- _-\v-[-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- G-Xp- ta-J-e-tbm-Sm-Wv-?1.- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-hn-`m-Kw-2.- `cW\n¿-Δ-l-W-hn-`m-Kw-3.- \o-Xn-\ym-b-hn-`m-Kw-Hm-tcm-∂n-\pw-t\-sc- D-Ø-c-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v- (1)- (2)- (3)- F-∂n-h-

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bn¬- \n-∂pw- sX-c-s™-Sp-Øv- A-°w- tN¿-°p-I.-

t]m-eo-kv- k-_v- C≥-kv-s]-Iv-S¿-

kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-

hn-Zym-`ym-k- Hm-^o-k¿-

Fw.-]n.- (]m¿-e-sa≥dv- sa-º¿)-

Pn-√m- P-Uv-Pn-

X-l-kn¬-Zm¿-

Fw.-F¬.-F-

Pn-√m-I-f-Iv-S¿-

\n-b-a-k-`m-kv-]o-°¿-

-\n-ß-fp-sS- ¢m-kn¬- H-cp- A-kw-ªn- cq-]o-I-cn-°p-I-

\n-ß-fp-sS- ¢m-kn-\p-th-≠n- aq-∂p- \n-b-a-߃- B- A-kw-ªnbn-eq-sS \n¿-Ωn-°p-I.-

25

]m-Tw- 4

cm-Py-̀ -c-Ww-\-Ωp-sS- X-e-kv-Ym-\- \-K-c-am-b- U¬-ln-bn¬- 304 apdn-I-fp-≈-

A-Xn-{]u-V-am-b- H-cp- a-μn-c-ap-≠v.- A-Xn-s≥d- ap-I-fn¬- \-Ωp-sS-{Xn-h¿-W- ]-Xm-I- ]mdn-°-fn-°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw.- A-Xm-Wv- \-Ωp-sS- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-`-h≥.- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂-Xpw- cm-Py-Im-cy-߃-t\m-°p-∂-Xpw- A-hn-sS-sh-®m-Wv.- A-Xv- I-gn-™m¬- a-{¥n-a-μn-c-ß-fn-epw sk-{I-´dn-tb-‰n-se- X-ß-fp-sS- hnim-e-am-b- apdn-I-fn-epw-C-cp-∂v- tPm-en-sN-øp-∂- a-{¥n-am-cp-sS- H-cp- h-en-b- kw-Lw.- ]n-s∂-bp-≈-Xv- D-b¿-∂ DZy-K-kv-Y-∑m-cp-sS- _w-•m-hp-I-fpw- B-^o-kp-apdn-I-fp-am-Wv.- A-h¿-°p-Io-gn¬- \n-c-\n-c-bm-bn- ta-i-bv-°p-ap-ºn-en-cp-∂v- tPm-en- sN-øp-∂- A-\-h-[n- t]¿.- C-ß-s\- F-{X-sb-{X- B-^o-kp-Iƒ.- C-h-sb-√mw- tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv- tI-{μ-k¿-°m¿.- tI-{μ-`-c-Ww- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv- C-h-cm-Wv.

C-Xp-t]m-se- Hm-tcm- kw-kv-Ym-\-Øpw- D-≠v K-h¿-W¿-am-cpw-a-{¥n-am-cpw- D-b¿-∂- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m-cpw- A-h-cp-sS- Io-gn-ep-≈- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m-cpw.- Pn-√-I-fn¬- `-c-W-tI-{μw- I-e-Iv-Sdm-^o-kp-I-fm-Wv.- A-\-h-[n- h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- A-hn-sS-bp-ap-≠v.- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fn-epw-ap-\nkn- ∏m-en-‰n-I-fn-epw- `-c-W-Øn-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw-\¬-Ip-∂-Xv P-\-߃ sX-c-s™ -Sp-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.- Im-cy-߃- sN-øp-∂-Xv- sk-{I-́ dn-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- H-cp-]-‰w D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m-cm-Wv.- G-‰-hpw-Xm-sg- hn-t√-Pv- Hm-^o-kp-Iƒ.- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øp-∂- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn,- a-{¥n-am¿,- ]-©m-b-Øv--ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fn-se- {]-kn-U≥dp-am¿,- AwK߃- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-cm-Wv- `-c-W-Øn-s≥d- X-e-∏-Øp-≈-Xv.- ]-t£,- A-h-sc-√m-h-cpw- Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂m-epw-k¿-°m¿- B-hn-√. - cmjv{S]Xnbpw K-h¿-W¿-am-cpw H-∏n-´p -tPmenbn¬ \n-b-an-®-h¿- Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂-Xm-Wv- k¿-°m¿.- a-s‰m-cp-hn-t[-\- ]d-™m¬- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-hn-`m-Kw- (_yq-tdm-{I-kn)- \-Ωp-sS-`-c-W-Øn-s‚- \-s´-√m-Wv.- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- \n-∂v- P-bn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m -se -b -√ - k¿-°m¿ - k¿-ho -kn¬- DtZymKw e`n°p

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∂Xv. Hmtcm D-tZym-K-Øn-\pw- C-∂n-∂- tbm-Ky-X- th-W-sa-∂v- \n-b-a-ß-fn¬- ]d-bpw.- \n-b-a-\Øn-\v- sX-c-s™-Sp-t°-≠- co-Xn-bpw-\n-b-a-ß-fn-ep-≠v.- sF.-F.-F-kv,- sF.-]n.-F-kv- Xp-S-ßn-b- ]-co-£-IfneqsSbmWv Db¿∂ DtZymKßfnte°v BfpIsfsXcs™Sp°p∂Xv. A-Xv- \-S-tØ-≠- co-Xn- ]m¿-en-sa≥dv- ]m-km-°n-b- \n-b-a-ß-fn-ep-ap-≠v.- ]-co-£-Iƒ- F-gp-Xn- ]m-km-I-Ww.-\n-b-a-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- ]-cn-io-e-\-hpw- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°-Ww.- \n¿-±n-jv-S-hn-Zym`ym-k-tbm-Ky-X-bp-≈-h¿-°v- \n-iv-Nn-X {]m-b-]-cn-[n-°p-≈n¬-a-Xv-k-c-∏-co-£-I-fn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-°mw.-

`-c-Ww- \-S-Øp-∂-h-sc-∏-‰n-bm-Wv- C-Xp-h-sc- ]d-™-Xv.- F-ß-s\-bm-W-Xv- \-S-tØ-≠-sX-∂-s√-?- cmjv{S]Xn,- a-{¥n-am¿,- K-h¿-W¿-am¿- F-∂n-h-cp-sS Np-a-X-e-Iƒ- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.-A-h-tcm-tcm-cp-Ø-cpw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-epw- \n-b-a-ß-fn-epw- ]d-bp-∂-X-\p-k-cn-®p- th-Ww- `-c-Ww-\-S-Øp-hm≥.- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m-cp-sS-Np-a-X-e-Iƒ- A-Xm-Xv- \n-b-a-ß-fn¬- ]d-™n-cn-°pw.- a-{¥n-k-`-bp-sS- Xo-cp-am-\-߃- \-S-∏m-°p-∂- Np-a-X-e-bpw- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m¿-°m-Wv.- a-{¥n-k-`-bv-°v- F-¥p- Xo-cp-am-\-hpw- C-jv-Sw-t]m-se- F-Sp-°m≥- A-[n-Im-c-an-√.- `-cW- L-S-\-bn-epw- \n-b-a-Øn-epw- ]d-bp-∂-Xn-s\- A-£-cw-{]-Xn- A-\p-kcn-®p-≈- Xo-cp-am-\-ß-tf- F-Sp-°m-hq.-

[-\-Im-cyw-F-¥n-\pw- ]-Ww- ap-∂n¬-\-S-°-W-sa-∂v- ]d-bmdp-≠v.- \-Ωp-sS-

Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-sc- kw-_-\v-[n-®p-am-{X-a-√- cm-Py-Im-cy-ß-sf- kw-_-\v-[n-®pw- C-Xv i-cn-bm-Wv.- cm-Py-Im-cy-߃-°v h≥-Xp-I- th-W-sa-∂v-]d-tb-≠-Xn-√-t√m.- i-º-f-hpw- s]≥-j-\pw- sIm-Sp-°m≥-X-s∂- H-cp-]m-Sv- ]-Ww- th-Ww.- ]n-s∂- B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fpw- kv-Iq-fp-I-fpw-a-‰pw-\-S-Ø-Ww.- sh-≈-s∏m-°-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ- B-izm-k-\-S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-°-Ww.- \n-c-Øp-Iƒ- \n¿-an-°p-I-bpw- kw-c-£n-°p-I-bpw- th-Ww.- A-ß-s\- ]d-™m-e-h-km-\-an-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv- cm-Py-Im-cy-߃.-

\n-Ip-Xn -:- P-\-ß-fp-sS- ]-Ww-sN-e-hp-sN-øm≥- h-cp-am-\w- I-s≠-Ø-Ww.- \n-Ip-Xn-I-fpw-

Np-¶-ß-fpw sse-k≥-kv- ^o-kp-I-fp-am-Wv- K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚- {]-[m-\- h-cp-am-\-am¿-K-߃. "-"-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚- B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-tbm-sS-b-√m-sX H-cp \n-Ip-Xn-bpw- Np-a-Øcp-Xv-'-'- F-∂v- `-c-W-L-S-\- hn-e-°p-∂p.- A-t∏mƒ- \n-Ip-Xn- Np-a-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ B-Zyw sN-tø-≠-Xv- H-cp \n-b-aw- \n¿-an-°p-I-bm-Wv.- B-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn-°v- ]m¿-en-sa≥dv- ]m-km-°n-b- B-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn \n-b-a-ap-≠v. hn¬-∏-\-\n-Ip-Xn-°v- kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-ß-fp-≠v.- H-cp- ]m-kv-t]m¿-´v- e-`n-°m≥- ^o-kv- sIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.- H-cp hy-h-km-bw- Xp-S-ßm≥- sse-k≥-kv- th-W-sa-

27

∂v- \n¿-_-\v-[n-°p-∂- \n-b-a-ß-fp-≠v.- hm-l-\-߃- s]m-Xp-\n-c-Øp-I-fn¬- Hm-Sn-°p-hm≥- hm-l-\-\n-Ip-Xn- sIm-Sp-°-Ww. tI-{μ-hpw kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fpw- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fpw ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fpw F-√mw- \n-Ip-Xn-]n-cn-®m-Wv- \n-Xy-sN-e-hn-\v- h-I-bp-≠m-°p-∂-Xv.-

ta¬-]d-™-{]-Im-cw- ]n-cn-™p-In-´p-∂- ]-Ww- kq-£n-°p-∂-kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fm-Wv- {S-jdn-Iƒ.- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ ]-W-s∏-´n-I-fm-W-h.-Cu- ]-W-s∏-´n-bn¬- F-Øp-∂- ]-Ww- c-≠p- h-I-bn¬- I-W-°p-sh-bv-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- ]d-bp-∂-Xv.- knw-l-`m-K-hpw-"-k-©n-X-\n-[n'- F-∂-t]-cn¬- sh-bv-°-Ww.- Ipd-®v- ]-Ww- A-∏-t∏mƒ-th-≠n-h-cp-∂- sN-e-hp-Iƒ-°v- \o-°n-sh-bv-°mw.- ssI-s®-e-hn-\v-Ipd-®v- Im-iv- Io-i-bn¬- sh-°mdn-t√-?- A-Xp-t]m-se.-

F-¥m-Wv- _-P-‰v- ?-k-©n-X-\n-[n-bn¬- I-W-s°-gp-Xn-b- ]-Ww- \n-b-a-Øn-s≥d-

B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-tbm-sS- am-{X-ta- Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°m≥- ]m-Sp-≈q-sh-∂v- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- {]-tXy-Iw- ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.- F-s¥-√mw- B-h-iy-߃-°v- F-{X- ]-Ww F-Sp-°m-sa-∂v- ap≥-Iq-´n- I-W-°m-°-Ww.- A-Xn-\v--̀c-W-L-S-\- \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv- Hm-tcm- h¿-jm-cw-̀ -Øn-epw- k¿°m¿-

B-Zyw- sN-tø-≠-Xv- h-c-hp--sN-e-hp-I-fp-sS- H-cp- a-Xn-∏v- I-W-°p-≠m-°p-I-bm-Wv.- C-Xv- tI-{μ-k¿-°m-cpw- kw-kv-Ym-\- k¿-°m-cpw- ap-S-ßm-sX- sN-ø-Ww. F-∂n-´-Xv- ]m¿-en-sa≥dn-epw- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-epw-N¿-®-bv-°v- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww. N¿-®-sN-bv-Xv ]m-km-°-Ww.- hm¿-jn-I [-\-Im-cy- \n¿-t±-iw- F-∂m-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se {]-tbm-Kw. _-P-‰v- F-∂m-Wv- s]m-Xp-hn¬- ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- sN-e-hp-sN-øp-∂-Xv-Cu- I-W-°n-s≥d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬-am-{X-ta- ]m-Sp-≈q. sN-e-hp-sN-øm-\pw- k-`-bp-sS- A-\p-a-Xn- hm-ß-Ww. A-Xm-b-Xv- I-W-°v- k-`-bn-e-h-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.- k-`- ]m-km-°-Ww.- s]-s´-∂v- A-{]-Xo-£n-X-am-b H-cp- sN-e-hv-h-∂m¬- A-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b- Xp-I-bpw- k-`-sb-s°m-≠v- Aw-Ko-I-cn-∏n-®v- hm-ß-Ww.- k¿°mcns≥d- a¿-a-{]-[m-\-am-b-H-cp- h-Ip-∏m-Wv- [-\-Im-cy-h-Ip-∏v.- ]-W-s∏-´n-bp-sS- Xm-t°m¬- kq-£n-°p-∂-Xv- Cu- h-Ip-∏m-Wv.- ]-Ww- Xn-I-bm-sX- h-cp-tºmƒ- I-Sw-hm-ßp-∂-Xv- k¿°mcns≥d H-cp- ]-Xn-hm-Wv.- I-S-∏-{Xw- ap-tJ-\- P-\-ß-tfm-Sv- I-Sw-hm-ßmdp-≠v.- B- h-I-bn¬- h≥-Xp-I- In-´m≥- km-[y-X- Ipd-hm-Wv.- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv- tem-I-_m-¶pw- G-jy≥- hn-I-k-\-_m-¶pw- k-lm-b-[-\w- \¬-Im≥- X-ømdp-≈- hn-tZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fpw-cw-K-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xv.- C-ß-s\- In-´p-∂- Xp-I-I-fpw- I-W-°n¬- tN¿-°-Ww.-

h-c-hpsN-e-hp-I-fp-sS- I-W-°-∏n-≈-h-c-hpw - sN-e-hpw - k¿°mcns≥d- hn -hn -[- h-Ip -∏p -Iƒ-

I-Wn-i-am-bn- I-W-°p-sh-bv-°p-∂p-t≠m- F-∂v- ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥-H-cp-tZym-K-kv-Y-\p-≠v.- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- C-u DtZymKkvYs\∏‰n

28

{]-tXy-Iw- ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.- At±lsØ- {]-kn-U≥dv- \n-b-an-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿-t±-iw.- H-cn-°¬- \n-b-an-®p-I-gn-™m¬-]pd-Øm-°m≥- ]m¿-en-sa‚n¬- H-cp- {]-ta-bw- ]m-km-°-Ww.- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn, ssl-t°m-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-am-sc- ]pd-Øm-°m-\p-≈- A-tX- \-S-]-Sn.- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- Iw-]v-t{Sm-f¿- B≥dv- Hm-Un-‰¿- P-\d¬- F-∂m-Wvt]-cv- ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- k¿°mcns≥d- F-√m- h-Ip-∏p-I-fp-sS-bpw- I-W-°p-Iƒ- Hm-Un-‰v- sN-øp-∂- Np-a-X-e- Cu- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-s≥d- Io-gn-ep-≈- h-Ip-∏n-\m-Wv.- h-√- Xp-I-bpw- h-I-amdn- sN-e-hp-sN-bv-Xm¬- A-Xv- Cu- I-W-°-∏n-≈-bp-sS- Bƒ-°m¿- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®v- dn-t∏m¿-´p- sN-øpw.- h-I-amdn- sN-e-hp-sN-bv-X-h¿- k-am-[m-\w- t_m-[n-∏n-°m≥- \n¿-_-\v-[n-X-cm-Ipw. A-ß-s\- sN-bv-X-h-cn¬-\n-∂v - A-[n-Iw- sN-e-hm-°n-b- Xp-I Cu-Sm-°m≥- \-S-]-Sn -bpw-D≠mIpw.- Cu-h-I- Im-cy-ß-sfm-∂pw- P-\-߃-°dn-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- ]-e- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m¿-°pw- k¿°mcns≥d- ]-Ww- Zp¿-hy-bw-sN-øm≥- ss[-cy-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. P-\-߃- Pm-{K-X-]m-en-®m¬- a-Xn.- Im-cy-ß-sf-√mw I-gn-bp-∂-{X- -̀c-W-L-S-\-bn-epw- \n-b-a-ß-fn-epw-F-gp-Xn-sh-®-Xp-t]m-se- apd-bv-°v- \-S-°pw.-

\n-߃-°v- sN-øm-hp-∂-h-:-1.- \n-ß-fp-sS- \m-´n-se- H-cp- ]-©m-b-Øv- Aw-K-sØ / -ap-\n-kn-

∏m-en-‰n- Iu¨-kn-e-sd- t\-cn¬-Im-Wp-I.- ]-©m-b-Øn-se-- / ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-bn-se- `-c-Ww- G-Xp-\n-e-bn-em-Wv- \-S-°p-∂-sX-∂v- tNm-Zn-®p- a-\- n-em-°p-I. I-gn-™- c-≠p-h¿-j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ \-S-Øn-b-hn-I-k-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- F-s¥-√m-amsW-∂v- B-cm-bp-I.- A-h-bp-sS- ]-Ww- I-s≠-Øn-b-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂v- a-\- n-em-°p-I.- ]-©m-b-Øv-- / ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n- _-P-‰n-s≥d- H-cp- tIm-∏n- ti-J-cn-°p-I-;- ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I.-

2.- H-cp- k¿-°m¿- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-\p-am-bn- A-`n-ap-Jw- \-S-Øp-I.-A-bm-fp-sS- h-Ip-∏n-s≥d- L-S-\-sb-°pdn-®pw- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-°pdn-®pw- A-t\z-jn-®v- H-cp- Ipdn-∏v- X-ømdm-°p-I.-

29

]mTw 5

sXcs™Sp∏pw P\ßfpwsXcs™Sp∏pIƒ F¥msW∂v \n߃°dnbmat√m.

temI k`bnte°pw \nbak`bnte°pw Xt±ikzbw`cWÿm]\ßfnte°pw sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ \S°p∂p. \nßfpsSho´nse apXn¿∂h¿ B sXc s™Sp∏pIfn¬ thm´psNømdp≠v. \n߃°v ]s£ thm´psNøm≥ Ign™n´n√.F¥psIm≠v?

Fs¥∂m¬ thm´psNøWsa¶n¬ 18 hb v XnIbWw.{]mb]q¿Øn thm´hImiw BWv \ΩpsS \m´n¬.

`cWLS\bpsS 326˛mw A\ptOZw AtX°pdn®v ]dbp∂p.AXn\m¬ `cWLS\ {]Imcw \n߃°v thm´psNøm≥Ignbn√. \nbaw a‰p XcØn¬ AtbmKycm°nbn´ns√¶n¬ 18hb v ]q¿Ønbmb HcmfpsS thm´hImiw \ntj[n°phm\pwHcmƒ°pw Ignbn√. AXmWv `cWLS\bpsS A\pimk\w.

BcmWv sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ \SØp∂Xv?apJysXcs™Sp∏p IΩojWsd IqSmsX a‰p c≠v

IΩojWsd IqSn \nban°msa∂v 324˛mw A\ptOZw]dbp∂p≠v. Aßs\sb¶n¬ IΩojs≥d A≤y£≥ No^vCe£≥ IΩojW¿ Xs∂bmbncn°pw. 1989˛¬ BWvBZyambn H∂n¬IqSpX¬ sXcs™Sp∏p IΩojW¿D≠mbXv.

sXcs™Sp∏p \SØn∏v, AXn\mhiyamb \n¿t±i߃\¬I¬ DØchpIƒ ]pds∏Sphn°¬, X¿°ßfn¬Xocpam\saSp°¬ F∂nßs\ t]mIp∂p sXcs™Sp∏pIΩojs≥d NpaXeIfpw A[nImcßfpw. IΩoj\nseAwKßsf \nban°p∂Xv cmjv{S]XnbmWv.

sXcs™Sp∏v \SØn∏ns\ kw_\v[n®v Ht´sd Imcy߃D≠v. Ahbn¬ tImSXnIƒ km[mcWKXnbn¬ CSs]SpIbn√.(329˛mw A\ptOZw).

30

F∂m¬, \nba{]Imcw sImSp°p∂ sXcs™Sp∏pl¿PnIƒhgn sXcs™Sp∏p coXnIsfbpw ^esØbpwtImSXnbn¬ tNmZyw sNømw.

\nba{]Imcw F∂psh®mtem?sXcs™Sp∏p kw_\v[n® \nba߃ {]Imcw F∂¿∞w.F¥mWv B \nba߃?1950˛sebpw 1951˛sebpw P\{]mXn\n[y \nba߃.1962˛sebpw 1972˛sebpw AXn¿Øn \n¿Wb\nba߃.

\ntbmPI afießfpsS cq]hpw ]cn[nbpw \nivNbn°p∂Xpkw_\v[n® \nbaßfmWv Ch.

sXcs™Sp∏v l¿PnIƒ FhnsSbmWv ^b¬ sNtø≠Xv?sslt°mSXnIƒ°mWv Ah ]cntim[n°m\[nImcw.

sslt°mSXn hn[ns°Xnsc kp{]owtImSXnbn¬ A∏o¬t]mImw.

"kzX{¥amb sXcs™Sp∏p IΩoj≥' AXmWv`cWLS\bpsS e£yw. AXns≥d {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬CSs]Sm≥ `cWI£nt°m cmjv{Sob ]m¿´nIƒt°mAhImian√. kzX{¥amb sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ \S∂m¬ am{XtaP\m[n]Xyw A¿∞hØmIq. _qØp]nSpØw, Bfv amdnthm´psNø¬, t]mfnwKv _qØpIƒ°SpØv B{IaWw \Sج,a‰p≈h¿ thm´psNøp∂Xv XSb¬˛Chsb√mw Ip‰IrXyßfmWv: in£m¿lhpamWv.

kXyk\v[ambn \n¿hlnt°≠ Hcp AhImihpw ISabpwBWv thm´psNø¬.

icnbmb sXcs™Sp∏pIfn¬\n∂pam{Xta icnbmbP\m[n]Xyw D≠mIq.

\n߃°v sNømhp∂hCu \nba ]T\¢mkn¬ kw_\v[n°p∂ Ip´nIƒ tN¿∂v

Hcp sXcs™Sp∏p IΩoj≥ cq]oIcn®v Hcp sXcs™Sp∏p\SØn t\m°pI. \nßfpsS ¢mkns\ Hcp \ntbmPIaWvUeambn k¶¬∏n°pI. Hcp AwKsØ kvIqƒ]m¿esa≥dnte°v sXcs™Sp°p∂Xmbn hn`mh\w sNøpI.AXn\mbn cq]oIcn°p∂ IΩoj≥ Fs¥√mw sNøWw?\nßfmWv apJysXcs™Sp∏p IΩojWsd¶n¬ F¥psNøpw?Hcp Ipdn∏v FgpXpI.

31

]mTw 6

tImSXnIƒ\oXn\ymbhIp∏v

kp{]owtImSXnbpw sslt°mSXnbpw Iogvt°mSXnIfpwDƒs°m≈p∂XmWv \oXn\ymb kwhn[m\w. Hcp ]ncanUns≥damXrIbnemWv tImSXnIfpsS kwhn[m\w. G‰hpw apIfn¬kp{]owtImSXn. kwkvYm\ßfnse D∂X \oXn]oT߃sslt°m SXnIfmWv. Hmtcm sslt°mSXnbpsSbpw XmsgPn√m ˛ skj≥kv tImSXnIƒ. Ahbv°v Xmsgkt_m¿Unt\‰v ˛ Aknkv‰≥dv skj≥kv PUvPnam¿. G‰hpwASnØ´n¬ ap≥kn^v tImSXnIfpw aPnkvt{S‰p tImSXnIfpw.{]tXyI ss{S_yqWepIƒ thsdbp≠v. Chsb√mwtN¿∂XmWv C¥ybnse \oXn\ymb kwhn[m\w.

kp{]owtImSXn Hcp No^v Pkv‰nkpw ap∏Xv PUvPnamcpaSßp∂XmWv

kp{]owtImSXn. auenImhImi߃ \S∏m°nIn´m≥ GsXmcp]uc\pw kp{]owtImSXnsb t\cn´v kao]n°msa∂v \n߃a\ nem°nbn´p≠t√m. auenImhImi kwc£WamWvkp{]owtImSXnbpsS G‰hpw {][m\s∏´ I¿Øhyw.GsXmcmƒ°pw G‰hpw hnes∏´Xv kz¥w Poh\pwkzmX{¥yhpamWs√m. `cWLS\ Dd∏p\¬Ip∂ G‰hpw{][m\w auenIhImihpw Pohs≥dbpw kzmX{¥yØns≥dbpwkwc£WamWv. Cu ImcyØn¬ kp{]owtImSXn kzbw\S]SnIsfSpØXn\v DZmlcWßfp≠v. _olmdn¬t]meokpIm¿ IfhptIkpIƒ Btcm]n®v GXm\pwt]scAdkv‰ v sNbvXv tem°∏nem°n. Ah¿ ÿncwIp‰hmfnIfmsW∂v kwibn®v AhcpsS IÆpIƒIpØns∏m´n®p. CXns\ kw_\v[n® ]{Xhm¿Ø{i≤bn¬s∏SpØnbXns≥d ASnkvYm\Øn¬ kp{]owtImSXnk¿°mcns\Xnsc tIs SpØp \jvS]cnlmcw \¬Im≥

32

I¬∏n°pIbp≠mbn. a\pjy Pohs≥dbpw kzmX{¥yØns≥dbpw ImcyØn¬ Hu]NmcnIamb Hcp l¿Pnt_m[n∏n°s∏SWsa∂pt]mepw C√. hnhcw kp{]owtImSXnbpsS {i≤bn¬s∏´m¬aXn. tImSXn bp‡amb\S]SnIsfSptØ°mw.

k¿°mcpIƒ XΩnep≈ AhImiØ¿°ßƒ hnNmcWsNøphm≥ kp{]owtImSXn°v am{Xta A[nImcap≈p. a‰ptImSXnIfpsS hn[nIƒ°pw DØchpIƒ°pw FXnsckm[mcW \nebn¬ kp{]owtImSXnbn¬ A∏o¬t_m[n∏n°mhp∂X√. sslt°mSXn hn[n® tI pIfn¬kp{]owtImSXn ]cnKWnt°≠ Hcp \nba{]iv\wAXneps≠∂v t_m[ys∏´m¬ am{Xta km[mcWKXnbn¬A∏o¬ kzoIcn°s∏Sq. {Inan\¬ tI pIfn¬ Iogvt°mSXnshdpsXhn´ Hcmsf A∏oen¬ sslt°mSXn acWin£°vhn[n®m¬ Abmƒ°v kp{]owtImSXnbn¬ A∏o¬ \¬Im≥AhImiap≠v. kp{]owtImSXnbpsS as‰mcp {][m\s∏´A[nImcw C¥ybnse GsXmcp tImSXnbpsSbpw GXvhn[nbpw DØchpw Xocpam\hpw ]p\x]cntim[n°p∂Xn\v{]tXyIm\paXn sImSp°mhp∂XmWv. AXv BhiyamsW∂vkp{]owtImSXn°v t_m≤ys∏SWw. \oXn B¿°pw\ntj[n°s∏SmXncn°m\p≈ Hcp ap≥IcpXemWnXv .cmjv{S]Xn°v {][m\ {]iv\ßfn¬ kp{]owtImSXnbpsSD]tZiw tXSmhp∂XmWv. {]iv\Øns≥d F√mhißfpw tI vhnNmcWbpsS AtX coXnbn¬ A`n{]mbw cq]oIcn®v{]knU≠ns\ Adnbn°pw.

C¥ybn¬ \nbaImcyßfn¬ Ahkm\hm°v kp{]owtImSXnbptSXmWv. kp{]owtImSXn hn[nIfpw AhbnseXØzßfpw C¥ybnse F√m tImSXnIfpw A\pkcn°Ww.Hcp kp{]owtImSXnhn[n ]p\x]cntim[n°m\p≈ A[nImcwkp{]owtImSXn°v am{Xtabp≈q. temIsØ G‰hpwA[nImcap≈ kp{]owtImSXn C¥ybnteXmsW∂v]dbmdp≠v.

sslt°mSXnHmtcm kwÿm\Øn\pw Hmtcm sslt°mSXnbp≠v. Hcp

sslt°mSXnhn[nbnse \nba߃ B sslt°mSXnbpsSA[nImcmXn¿Ønbnep≈ {]tZißfnse tImSXnIƒ\n¿_‘ambpw A\pkcn°Ww. auenImhImi߃\S∏nem°m≥ dn´pIƒ ]pds∏Sphn°m≥ sslt°mSXnIƒ°pwA[nImcap≠v. auenImhImi߃°p am{Xa√ a‰mhiy߃°pw dn´pIƒ ]pds∏Sphn°mhp∂XmWv. sIme

33

°p‰ßƒ hnNmcW sNbvXv in£n°m\p≈ A[nImcwskj≥kv tImSXnIƒ°mWv. F∂m¬, skj≥kv tImSXnacWin£ \¬Inbm¬ AXv sslt°mSXn ÿncoIcn°Ww.sslt°mSXnbpsS A∏oe[nImcw hfsc hn]peamWv. ]eXcwknhn¬ tIkpIfnepw {Inan\¬ tIkpIfnepw Iogvt°mSXnhn[nIƒs°Xnsc sslt°mSXnbn¬ A∏o¬ t_m[n∏n°m≥hyhÿbp≠v. sslt°mSXnbn¬ A∏o¬ t_m[n∏n°mw F∂vHcp \nbaØn¬ ]d™ncn°Ww. IpSpw_tImSXnIfpsShn[nIƒs°Xnsc sslt°mSXn°mWv A∏o¬ A[nImcsa∂vIpSpw_tImSXn \nbaØn¬ ]dbp∂p≠v. AXpt]mseNnebn\w knhn¬tIkpIfn¬ IogvtImSXnbpsS hn[ns°XnscA∏o¬ A[nImcw sslt°mSXn°msW∂v tIcfknhn¬tImSXn\nbaØn¬ ]dbp∂p≠v. {Inan\¬ tI pIfnepw,AXns≥d kz`mha\pkcn®v sslt°mSXn°v A∏o¬A[nImcw D≠v.

Hcp sslt°mSXnbpsS Iognep≈ F√m tImSXnIfptSbpwta¬t\m´m[nImcw sslt°mSXn°mWv. Hmtcm Pn√bntebpwtImSXnIfpsS ta¬t\m´w Hmtcm PUvPnsb NpaXes∏SpØpIbmWv sslt°mSXn sNøp∂Xv.

dn´[nImcw"dn´v' F∂ hm°ns≥d A¿∞w "I¬∏\' F∂mWv. C∂Xv

sNøWw Ft∂m sNøcpXv Ft∂m tImSXn I¬∏n°p∂Xn\mWv dn´p ]pds∏Sphn°pI F∂v ]dbpI. C¥ybn¬dn´v A[nImcw kp{]owtImSXn°pw sslt°mSXnIƒ°pwam{Xtabp≈p. Cw•≠nse tImSXnIfnembncp∂pdn´[nImcØns≥d D¤hw. tl_nbkv tIm¿∏kv, am≥Uakv,tIzmhmdt≥dm, s{]mln_nj≥, sk¿tjymdmdn F∂oA©pXcw dn´pIfp≠v.

tl_nbkv tIm¿]kv"tl_nbkv tIm¿]kv' F∂Xns≥d A¿∞w "icocw

lmPcm°pI' F∂mWv. A\ymbambn XShnem°s∏´ HcmsfhnSphn°phm≥ D]tbmKn°p∂ Hcp dn´mWnXv. XShnem°s∏´BfpsS _‘pIƒt°m kplrØp°ƒt°m BbmfpsSkzmX{¥yØn¬ Xm¬]cyw D≈ GsX¶nepw Hcmƒt°m Cudn´pl¿Pn t_m[n∏n°mhp∂XmWv. XS™psh°s∏´ BsftImSXnbn¬ lmPcm°m\mhiyamb DØchpIƒ tImSXn]pds∏Sphn°pw. lmPcm°s∏´Xn\ptijw A\ymbambn´mWvXShnem°nbsX∂v I≠m¬ tImSXn Abmsf kzX{¥\m°pw.t]meokv A\ymbambn Ikv‰UnbnseSpØ Bsf hnSphn°m≥^e{]Zamb Hcp am¿§amWv Cu dn´v.

34

am≥Uakv dn v́"am≥Uakv' F∂m¬ I¬∏\ F∂mWv A¿∞w. Hcp

hy‡ntbm ÿm]\tam \nba]cambn \n¿Δlnt°≠ HcpISa \n¿Δln°p∂Xn¬ hogvN hcpØnbm¬ am≥Uakv dn´mWvAXns≥d {]Xnhn[n. Cu dn´ v k¿°mcns\XnscbpwD]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv. F√m kwkvYm\ k¿°mcpIfpwD]t`m‡rX¿°]cnlmcØn\v \n¿t±in® D]t`m‡rX¿°]cnlmc kwkvYm\ IΩoj\pIfpw Pn√m t^mdßfpwÿm]n°Wsa∂v \njvI¿jn°p∂ Hcp hIp∏v 1986˛seD]t`m‡r kwc£W \nbaØnep≠v. A{]Imcw sNøp∂XvC¥ybnse F√m kwkvYm\ k¿°mcpIfpw \o´ns°m≠pt]mbn. {]iv\w Hcp am≥Uakv dn´v aptJ\ kp{]owtImSXnbn¬ D∂bn°s∏´p. kab]cn[n \nivNbn®psIm≠vkwkvYm\ IΩoj\pIfpw Pn√m t^mdßfpw ÿm]n°m≥kp{]owtImSXn am≥Uakv dn´v ]pds∏Sphn®p.

tIzmhmdmt≥dm dn v́X\n°v AhImian√mØ Hcp kvYm\tØm ]Zhnbntem

Hcmƒ Ibdn]‰pItbm C√mØ A[nImcw {]tbmKn°pItbmat‰m sNbvXm¬ AXns\Xnsc AXn¬ ]cmXnbp≈h¿°vD]tbmKn°mhp∂ Hcp {]Xnhn[nbmWv tIzmhmdmt≥dm dn´v.\nbak`bn¬ AwKa√mØ Hcmsf a{¥nbm°mw. ]t£, BdpamkØn\p≈n¬ Abmƒ \nbak`mwKXzw t\SWw. F¶ntea{¥nkvYm\Øv XpScm≥ AhImiap≈q. AwKXzw t\SmsXHcmƒ Bdp amkØn∂∏pdhpw a{¥nbmbn XpS¿∂m¬GsXmcp ]uc\pw tIzmhmdmt≥dm dn´n\pth≠n At]£n°mhp∂XmWv. AbmfpsS a{¥nkvYm\w \jvSs∏´XmbntImSXn hn[n°pw.

s{]mln_nj≥ dn´pIƒCh kp{]owtImSXnbpw sslt°mSXnIfpw Iogvt°m

SXnIƒ°v \¬Ip∂ \ntcm[\ DØchpIƒ BWv. Hcp {]iv\wsslt°mSXnbpsS ]cnKW\bn¬ Ccn°th AtX {]iv\wHcp Iogvt°mSXn ]cnKWn°p∂psh∂v sh°pI. At∏mƒIogvt°mSXntbmSv tIkv hnNmcW AYhm tIkv ]cnKW\\n¿Ønsh°Wsa∂v sslt°mSXn°v Bhiys∏Smw.AXn\mbn s{]mln_nj≥ dn´p ]pds∏Sphn°pIbpw sNømw.

Iogvt°mSXnIƒ°v ]pdsa a‰v A[nImcnIƒ AhcpsS]cn[n ewLn°p∂]£w, Bhiysa¶n¬, DNnXambkμ¿`ßfn¬ s{]mln_nj≥ dn´pIƒ ]pds∏Sphn°msa∂v

35

\ΩpsS kp{]owtImSXn hy‡am°nbn´p≠v.

sk¿tjymdmdn dn´pIƒHcp k¿°m¿ DtZymKÿ≥ \nbahncp≤tam

`cWLS\mhncp≤tam Bb Hcp DØchv ]pds∏Sphn®p F∂psh°pI. sslt°mSXn°v AXn¬ CSs∏´v B DØchvd±m°mw. Hcp DZmlcWw ]dbmw. ÿesØ Hcp s]mXphgnHcp {]tXyI kapZmbØn¬s∏´h¿ D]tbmKn°cpsX∂v Pn√mIeIvS¿ DØchnd°nsb∂psh°pI. sslt°mSXn°vsk¿tjymdmdn dn´p]tbmKn®v AXv d±m°mw.

Iogvt°mSXnIƒsslt°mSXnbpsS sXm´p Xmsgbp≈Xv Pn√m tImSXnIfpw

skj≥kv tImSXnIfpamWv. Pn√m tImSXn Hcp knhn¬tImSXnbpw skj≥kv tImSXn Hcp {Inan\¬ tImSXnbpamWv.Hmtcm Pn√bnepw Hmtcm Pn√mtImSXnbpw skj≥kvtImSXnbpw kwkvYm\ k¿°m¿ ÿm]n°Ww. Cu c≠ptImSXnIƒ°pw IqSn Hcp PUvPnbmWv. Pn√m B≥dv skj≥kvPUvPn. GsX¶nepw Pn√bn¬ Bhiyambn h∂m¬ H∂ne[nIwPn√m tImSXnIfpw skj≥kv tImSXnIfpw ÿm]n°mhp∂XmWv. AUojW¬ Pn√mtImSXn AUojW¬ skj≥kvtImSXn F∂mWv Ahbv°v ]dbpI.

Pn√m ˛ skj≥kv PUvPnbpsS sXm´p Xmsgbmbnkt_m¿Unt\‰v PUvPnamtcbpw No^v PpUojy¬aPnkvt{S‰pamtcbpw \nban®ncn°p∂p. {Inan\¬tI pIfmWvskj≥kv tImSXnbpsS A[nImc]cn[nbn¬ hcp∂Xv. C¥y≥in£m\nbaØnse GsX√mw hIp∏pIf\pkcn®p≈Ip‰ßfmWv skj≥kv tImSXnbn¬ hnkvXcnt°≠sX∂vImWn°p∂ Hcp ]´nI {Inan\¬ \S]Sn \nbaØnep≠v.sIme]mXIw, cmPyt{Zmlw, Iem]ap≠m°¬ XpSßnbKpcpXcamb Ip‰ßfpsS hnNmcWm[nImcw skj≥kvtImSXnIƒ°mWv. Poh]cy¥w XShpw acWin£bpamWvC¥ybn¬ \nehnep≈ in£Ifn¬ G‰hpw IqSnbXv. CXpc≠pw \¬Im≥ skj≥kv tImSXnIƒ°v A[nImcap≠v. Pn√mtImSXnIƒ°pw skj≥kv tImSXnIƒ°pw Ahbv°vXmsgbp≈ tImSXnIfn¬\n∂p≈ A∏oepIƒ hnNmcWsNøm≥ A[nImcap≠v.

kt_m¿Unt\‰v PUvPnam¿Pn√m PUvPnbpsS sXm´pXmsgbp≈ tImSXn kt_m¿Un

t\‰v PUvPnbpsS tImSXnIfmWv. k_vtImSXnIƒ F∂

36

Npcp°t∏cnepw Ah Adnbs∏Sp∂p. knhn¬ tIkpIfn¬X¿°hnjbØns≥d aqeyw Hcpe£w cq-]-bn¬- A-[n-Iw-h∂m¬ k_vtImSXn°mWv hnNmcWm[nImcw. Pn√mtImSXn°pw CtX A[nImcap≠v. tIcfØn¬ Pn√mtImSXnIƒ Cu hn`mKØn¬s∏´ tI pIƒ ssIImcywsNømdn√. AXpsIm≠v X¿°hnjbØns≥d aqeyw Hcp e£wcq-]-bn¬- Iq-Sp -X¬- F{Xbmbmepw k_vtImSXnbnemWvtI psImSpt°≠Xv.

k_vtImSXnbnepw Aknkv‰≥Uv skj≥kv tImSXnbnepw Htc Bsf Xs∂bmWv PUvPnbmbn \nban°mdv.Aknkv‰≥Uv skj≥kv tImSXn°v acWin£bpwPoh]cy¥w XShpw 10 h¿-jw- I-hn-bp-∂- X-S-hpw- HgnsIbp≈F√m in£Ifpw \¬Im≥ A[nImcap≠v.

ap≥kn v̂ tImSXnIƒknhn¬tImSXnIfn¬ G‰hpw Xmsg X´nep≈XmWv

ap≥kn^v tImSXnIƒ. X¿°hnjbw Hcpe£w cq]bn¬IhnbmØ F√m tIkpIfpw ap≥kn^v tImSXnIfnemWvt_m[n∏nt°≠Xv. ap≥kn^v tImSXnhn[nIƒs°Xnsc Pn√mtImSXnbn¬ A∏o¬ t_m[n∏n°mhp∂XmWv. GsX√mwhnt√PpIfmWv Hmtcm k_vtImSXnbptSbpw ap≥kn^vtImSXnbptSbpw A[nImc]cn[nbn¬ F∂v k¿°m¿hnPvRm]\w aptJ\ Xocpam\n°Ww. ap≥kn^vamcn¬ \n∂vko\ntbmdn´nbSnkvYm\Øn¬ {]tamj≥ \¬InbmWvkt_m¿Unt\‰v PUvPnamsc \nban°pI.

aPnkvt{S‰ptImSXnIƒ{Inan\¬ tIkpIƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ tImSXnIfmWv

aPnkvt{S‰p tImSXnIƒ. tZtlm]{Zhw, Ifhv, A{i≤ambnhml\tamSnt®m at‰m ]cnt°¬∏n°¬ apXemb C¥y≥]o\¬tImUnse Ht´sd Ip‰ßƒ°v hnNmcWm[nImcwaPnkvt{S‰ptImSXnIƒ°msW∂v {Inan\¬ \S]Snbn\ØnseHcp ]´nIbn¬ sImSpØn´p≠v. Hmtcm Pn√bnepw HcpaPnkvt{S‰ns\ No^v PpUojy¬ aPnkvt{S‰mbn \nban°pw.GsX√mw t]meokv kvt‰j\pIfpsS A[nImc]cn[nbn¬hcp∂ {]tZißfnemWv Hmtcm aPnkvt{S‰v tImSXnbpsSbpwA[nImc]cn[nsb∂v k¿°m¿ hn⁄m]\w aptJ\{]Jym]n°Ww. Hcp aPnkvt{S‰n\v ]camh[n aq∂p h¿jwXShpw 10,000 cq]bn¬ IhnbmØ ]ngbpw in£bmbnhn[n°m≥ A[nImcap≠v. No^v PpUoj¬ aPnkvt{S‰n\v

37

acWin£bpw Poh]cy¥w XShpw Ggph¿jw Ihnbp∂XShpw HgnsI GXp in£bpw \¬Imw. aPnkvt{S‰v tImSXnI¬∏n® in£s°Xnsc skj≥kv tImSXnbn¬ A∏oep≠v.

C¥ybn¬ sIm¬s°mØ, apwss_, sNss∂, \yqU¬lnF∂o \Kc߃ sat{Smt∏mfn‰≥ \Kcßsf∂ t]cn¬ Adnbs∏Sp∂p. sat{Smt]mfn‰≥ \Kcßfn¬ H∂mw ¢m vaPnkvt{S‰pam¿°p]Icw sat{Smt]mfn‰≥ aPnkvt{S‰p amcmWv.AXpt]mse Hcp No^v sat{Sm t]mfn‰≥ aPnkvt{S‰pw. t]cntehyXymkap≈q. A[nImc߃ H∂pXs∂bmWv.

ss{S_yqWepIƒImeXmakw Hgnhm°ns°m≠v s]s´∂v Xocpam\nt°≠

hn`mKØn¬s∏´ tI pIfp≠v. hml\ A]ISØn¬]cn°v]‰n Ahi\mbnØo¿∂ Bƒ°p≈ \jvS]cnlmcw. CuhI Imcy߃°v ss{S_yqWepIfmWv C∂p≈Xv.s{S_yqWepIƒ tImSXnIf√. ]t£, AhnsS l¿PnFgpXns°mSp°Ww. hmZnbpw FXn¿ hmZnbpap≠v. sXfnshSp∏v\S°pw. {]iv\Øn¬ Xo¿∏v I¬∏n®psIm≠v hn[nsbgpXpw.AXns\Xnsc I£nIƒ°v A∏o¬ \¬Im≥ hyhkvYbpap≠v.AXmbXv tImSXnbpsS sI´pw a´pw D≠v. ]t£, knhn¬\S]Sn \nbaØnse k¶o¿Æamb \S]Sn{Ia߃ _m[Ia√.AXn\p]Icw N´ßƒ aptJ\ \n¿t±in ®ncn°p∂ efnXamb\S]SnIfmWp≈Xv. sXmgn¬ X¿°ßƒ apgph\pw ssIImcywsNøp∂Xv ss{S_yqWepIfmWv. te_¿tImSXn F∂t]cnep≈Xpw Hcp ss{S_yqW¬ Xs∂.

\S]Sn{Iaßfpw ImeXmakhpwknhn¬ tImSXnbn¬ tIkp \¬In°gn™m¬ BZyw AXv

tImSXnbn¬ kzoIcn°s∏SWw. FXn¿I£nIƒ°v ka≥kvAb°Ww. ]n∂oS v FXn¿I£n Xs≥d hmZw FgpXnt_m[n∏n°Ww. km£nIfpsS ]´nI sImSp°Ww. tcJIƒlmPcm°Ww. Nnet∏mƒ IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿´pIƒ th≠nhcpw.Cßs\ Ht´sd \S]SnIƒ FSpt°≠Xmbp≠v.\S]Sn{Ia߃ tImSXntcJbn¬ D≠mIpw. hmZn°pw {]Xn°pw]dbm\p≈Xv apgph≥ tImSXn tIƒ°Ww. CXn\mbmWv\S]Sn{Ia߃. tIkpIƒ°v ImeXmakw hcm\p≈ HcpImcWhpw \S]Sn{Ia߃ Xs∂.

\n߃°v sNømhp∂h:Ign™ Hcp amksØ ]{X߃ ]cntim[n°pI. AXn¬dnt∏m¿´p sNbvXn´p≈ kp{]owtImSXnbpsSbpwsslt°mSXnIfpsSbpw CS°me DØchpIfpw

38

A¥nahn[nIfpw GsX√mamsW∂v tcJs∏SpØpI.Ahbn¬\n∂pw GsX√mw ImcyßfnemWv dn´pIƒ]pds∏Sphn®sX∂p ]cntim[n°pI. Ah apIfn¬]d™hbn¬ GXphn`mKw dn´mbncn°psa∂v tcJs∏SpØpI.

hm¿ØbpsS Npcp°Øn\p t\sc \n߃ FgpXnDØc߃ \nßfpsS A≤ym]Is\/ASpØp≈A`n`mjIs\ ImWn°pI. icntbm sXt‰m F∂p t\m°pI.sX‰ph∂sXßs\sb∂v BtemNn°pI. XncpØpI.

\nßfpsS kao]Øp≈ Hcp knhn¬ tImSXn kμ¿in°pI.c≠p aWn°q¿ t\csa¶nepw AhnsSbncp∂v Imcy߃{i≤n°pI. \S]Sn {Ia߃ a\knem°pI. \n߃tImSXnbn¬ \n∂pw a\ n em°nb Imcy߃Ipdn®psh°pI. Ignbpsa¶n¬ Ipd®pIqSn Znhk ßfn¬tImSXnbn¬ t]mhpI. IqSpX¬ Imcy߃ a\knem°m≥{ian°pI.

\n߃ Ipd®pt]¿ tN¿∂v Hcp tImSXn cq]oIcn°pI. HcpX¿°hnjbw FSpØv hnNmcW sNbvXv, hmZ߃ D∂bn®v,]cntim[n®v hn[n]dbpI. PUvPnbpw A`n`mjIcpwI£nIfpw km£nIfpw F√mw \nßfn¬ \n∂pamIs´.

39

]m-Tw- 7

k¿-°m¿- k¿-ho-kv-Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-Ww- A-Y-hm- ̀ -c-W-\n¿-h-l-W-sØ-°pdn-®v- 4˛mw

]mTØn¬ ]d-™p.- C-Xn-s\-√mw- a-{¥n-am¿-am-{Xw- a-Xn-tbm-?-\n-ß-fp-sS- \m-́ n¬- H-cp- Ip-‰IrXyw- \-S-°p-∂p.- A-sX-°pdn-®v- t\-cn-v́- A-t\z-jn-®v- tI-sk-Sp-t°-≠-Xv- B-cm-Wv-?- B-̀ y-¥-c-a-{¥n-tbm- A-

tXm- kv-Y-e-sØ- t]m-eo-kv- k-_v- C≥-kv-s]-Iv-S-tdm-?-D-Ø-cw- hy-Iv-Xw.- kv-Y-e-sØ- k-_v- C≥-kv-s]-Iv-S¿.-A-Xp-t]m-se- \n-ß-fp-sS- \m-´n¬- H-cmƒ-°v- tcm-Kw-h-∂m¬-

k¿-°m¿- B-ip-]-{Xn-bn-se- tUm-Iv-Sdp-sS- A-Sp-tØ-°m-Wv- A-bmƒ-t]m-hp-I.- A-√m-sX- B-tcm-Ky-a-{¥n-bp-sS- A-Sp-tØ-°-√.-

t]m-eo-kv- C≥-kv-s]-Iv-S¿,- k¿°m¿- tUm-Iv-S¿-am¿,- k¿°m¿Hm-^o-kp-I-fn-se- ¢¿-°p-am¿,- C-X-c- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m¿,- I-e-Iv-S¿-C-h-sc-√mw- Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W-Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-°p-∂-h¿Xs∂.-

C-h-sc- B-cm-Wv- sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv-?-Fw.-F¬.-F-am-sc-bpw- Fw.-]n-am-sc-bpw- sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-

t]m-se- \n-ß-fp-sS- Pn-√-bn-se- I-e-Iv-S-sd- \n-߃-°v- sX-c-s™-Sp-°m≥- I-gn-bp-tam-?-

C-√.- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m-sc,- k¿-°m¿- Po-h-\-°m-sc- sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv- P-\-ß-f-√.- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j-\m-Wv.- A-h-sc-"C-e-Iv-Sv' -sN-øp-I-b-√,- "sk-e-Iv-Sv-' sN-øp-I-bm-Wv.- A-Xn-\v- hy-Iv-X-am-b- am-\-Z-Wv-Uw- th-Ww.- k¿-°m¿- D-tZym-K-kv-Y¿- Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W-ta-J-e-bn-se- "-kv-Yn-c-hn-`m-Kw-'- B-Wv.- cm-jv-{So-b-hn-`m-Kw- (a-{¥n-am¿)- `-c-Ww- amdp-∂-X-\p-k-cn-®v- amdn-h-cpw.- F-∂m¬,- `-c-Ww-amdp-∂-X-\pk-cn-®v- k¿-°m¿- Po-h-\-°m¿- amdp-∂p-t≠m-?- A-ß-s\-sb-¶n¬- F-¥m-bn-cn-°pw- A-h-kv-Y?

H-cp- k¿-°m-cn-s≥d- Im-e-Øv- k¿-°m¿- tPm-en- t\-Sn-b-h-sc-sbm-s°- th-sdm-cp- k¿-°m¿- h-∂m¬- ]n-cn-®p-hn-´m-e-sØ- kv-Yn-Xn- F-¥m-bn-cn-°pw-?-

A-Xp- \-S-∏n-√.- k¿-°m¿- Po-h-\-°m-cp-sS- tk-h-\-Im-ew- \n-iv-N-

40

bn-°m-\pw- A-h-sc- ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-sa-√mw- hy-Iv-X-am-b- \n-b-a-ß-fpw- hy-h-kv-Y-I-fpw th-Ww.- A-sX-°pdn-s®-√m-am-Wv- -̀c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 309,- 310,- 311 A-\p-tO-Z-߃- ]d-bp-∂-Xv.- F-∂m¬-, k¿-°m¿- Po-h-\-°m-sc- sX-c-s™-Sp-°p∂-Xn-t\m-?-

A-Xdn-bm≥- 320˛mw- A-\p-tO-Zw- t\m-°-Ww.- A-Xm-Wv- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j≥- kw_\v[n® A-\p-tO-Zw.-

tI-{μ bq-Wn-b-\v- H-cp- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j≥-- ˛ bq-Wn-b≥-]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j≥-. kw-kv-Ym-\-߃-°v- sh-tΔ-sd-kw-kv-Ym-\- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j-\p-Iƒ.-

tI-c-f- kw-kv-Ym-\-Øn-se- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j-s≥d- t]-cv˛ --tI-c-f- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j≥-- (sI.-]n.-F-kv.-kn-). Nn-e- kw-kv-Ym-\-߃-°v- s]m-Xp-hm-bpw- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j-\m-Imw.-

I-Ωo-j-\n¬- sN-b¿-am≥- D-≠m-Ipw.- Aw-K-ß-fpw- D-≠m-Ipw.-A-h-sc- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv- bq-Wn-b≥- I-Ωo-j-s≥d- Im-cy-Øn¬-cmjv{S]Xn.- kw-kv-Ym-\- I-Ωo-j-\p-I-fp-sS- Im-cy-Øn¬- K-h¿-Wdpw.-]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j-\p-Iƒ- kz-X-{¥-am-b- -̀c-W-L-S-\m- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fm-Wv.- A-Xn-s≥d- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- kp-K-a-am-bn- \-S-∂m¬-am-{X-ta- cm-Py-sØ- kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kv- cw-Kw- i-Iv-X-hpw- hn-iz-k-\o-b-hp-am-Iq.-

i-cn-bm-b- hn-[-Øn¬- a-Xv-k-c- ]-co-£-Iƒ- \-S-°-Ww.- i-cn-bm-b- hn-[-Øn¬- aq-ey-\n¿-W-b-hpw- C≥d¿-hyq-hpw- D-≠m-h-Ww.- sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-I-fp-sS- en-kv-‰v- X-ømdm-°-Ww.-

k¿-°m¿- k¿-ho-kn-te-°v- am-{X-a-√- \n-b-am-\p-kr-Xw- D-≠m-°n-bn-´p-≈- a-‰p- kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn-epw- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw-tbm-Ky-cm-b- B-fp-I-sf- sX-c-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xv- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j-\m-Wv.- (321mw- A-\p-tO-Zw)-

D-Zm-l-c-Ww.- tI-c-fm- kv-t‰-‰v- C-e-Iv-{Sn-kn-‰n- t_m¿-Uv- tI-c-fm- kv-t‰-‰v- tdm-Uv- {Sm≥-kv-t]m¿-´v- tIm¿-∏-td-j≥- Pn-√m- k-l-I-c-W- _m-¶v-

\n-߃-°v- sN-øm-hp-∂-h-:A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øv- ]-{X-ß-fn¬- h-∂- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j-\p-I-fp-sS- c-≠v- hn-Pv-Rm-]-\-߃- G-sX-¶n-epw- ti-J-cn-°p-I.-

A-h-bn¬- ]d-™- {]-[m-\- Im-cy-߃- F-s¥m-s°- F-∂v-tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.-

]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j-\n-te-°v- tPm-en-°m-bn- k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂-A-t]-£-bp-sS- H-cp- am-Xr-I- kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I.- A-Xv- ]-cn-tim-[n-®p-t\m-°p-I.- A-h-bn¬- B-h-iy-s∏-́ - {]-[m-\- hn-h-c-߃- F-s¥-√msa-∂v- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.-

41

]mTw 8

A[nImcw P\ßfnte°v]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv-

"-"-kzm -X-{¥yw- A-Sn-Ø-´n¬-\n-∂m-cw-`n-°-Ww.-Hm-tcm- {Km-a-hpw- ]q¿-W- A-[n-Im-c-ßfp≈- Hm-tcm- dn-∏-ªn-

t°m- ]-©m-b-tØm- B-I-Ww.-'-'- C-Xv- ]d-™-Xv- \-Ωp-sS- cm-jv-{S-]n-Xm-hv- Km-\v-[n-Pn.- kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-te-°v- cm-Py-sØ- \-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√- A-t±-lw- \-ap-°v- am¿-K-Z¿-i-\w- \¬-In-b-Xv.- kz-X-{¥`m-c-Xw- F-ß-s\- sI-´n-∏-Sp-°-W-sa-∂- Im-cy-Øn-epw-A-t±-l-Øn-\v- kp-\n-iv-Nn-X-am-b- A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-h-bp-sS- Iq-´-Øn¬- A-Xn-{]-[m-\-am-b- H-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- ]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv- F-∂- k-¶¬-∏w.- C-¥y- {Km-a-ß-fn-em-Wv- Po-hn-°p-∂-sX-∂-Km-\v-[n-b≥- Z¿-i-\w- {]-kn-≤-am-W-t√m.- "-{Km-a-kz-cm-Pv-'- B-Wv- Km-\v-[n-bp-sS- kz-]v-\w.- Cu- h-gn-°pw- D-≠m-bn- \n-b-a-߃.-

]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv-- ̀ cWLS\m t`ZKXnIƒC-¥y≥- `-c-W-L-S-\- 1950˛¬- \-S-∏m-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ- "-]-©m-b-

Øn-cm-Pv-'- kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-\v- A-Xn¬- kv-Ym-\w-sIm-Sp-°m≥- \-ap-°v-I-gn-bm-sX-t]m-bn.- ]-I-cw- "-kw-kv-Ym-\ß-fp-sS- bq-Wn-b≥-'- B-b-H-cn-¥y-°v- cq-]w-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv- \mw- sN-bv-X-Xv.- C-sXm-cp- t]m-cm-bv-a-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-ta-cn-°≥- co-Xn-bn¬- kw-kv-Ym-\ßfp-sS- H-cp- bq-Wn-b≥- F-∂-\n-e-bn¬- am-{Xw- \-Ωp-sS cm-Py-sØ- Im-Wm-hp-∂X-√. Km-\v-[n-Pn- ]d-™Xpt]mse- {Km-a-߃- F-∂- sIm-®p-dn-∏-ªn-°p-I-fn-te-°v- A-[n-Im-c-߃- hn-tI-{μo-I-cn-°-s∏-S-Ww.-

Km-\v-[n-Pn-bp-sS- "{KmakzcmPv' F∂ BibsØ°pdn®v \n-߃- tI-´n-´p-≠m-hp-a-t√m.- 1992˛¬- \mw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®v- \-S-∏m-°n-b-]-©m-b-Øo-cm-Pv- `-c-W-L-S-\m- t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{μo-I-c-W-Øn-\m-bp-≈- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- ]-cn-{i-a-am-Wv.- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- c-≠p- `m-K-߃- F-gp-Xn-t®¿-°p-I-bm-Wv- C-Xn-\m-bn- \mw-sN-bv-X-Xv.-

]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ- 9mw-`m-K-am-bpw- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ- 9F-

42

`m-K-am-bpw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- F-gp-Xn-t®¿-Øp.- A-tXm-sS- C-¥y-bp-sS- cq-]-L-S-\-X-s∂- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-b- am-‰-Øn-\v- hn-t[-b-am-bn.- A-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- cmjv{SØn-s≥-d- A-[n-Im-c-ß-fpw- I¿-Ø-hy-ß-fpw- "-bq-Wn-b≥',- "kw-kv-Ym-\߃--'- F-∂o- c-≠p- L-S-I-߃-°n-S-bn¬- ho-Xn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- C-t∏mƒ- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-X-e-Øn¬-X-s∂- A-[n-Im-c hn-tI{μo-I-c-Ww- hn-`m-h-\w-sN-ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.- P-\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-sØ°pdn-®v- \n-߃- tI-´n-´p-≠m-hp-a-t√m.-

{Km-a-ß-fpw- \-K-c-ß-fpw{Km-a-߃-, \-K-c-ß-fm-bn- cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- {Km-

a-߃, sNdn-b- \-K-c-߃,- h-en-b- \-K-c-߃- F-∂n-h-bv-°p-Iq-Sn-`-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- kv-Ym-\w-\¬-In-s°m-≠m-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\m- t`-Z-K-Xn- D-≠m-b-Xv.- C-¥y-bn-se- kw-kv-Ym-\ßfp-sS- t]-cp-hn-h-cw- Im-Wn-°p-∂- H-cp- ]-´n-I- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-ep-≠v.- H-∂mw- ]-´n-I-- C-¥y-bn-se- {Km-a-ß-fp-sS-bpw- \-K-c-ß-fp-sS-bpw- t]-cv- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬-Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬- A-Xn-\v- A-\-h-[n- t]-Pp-Iƒ- th-≠n-h-cpw.-A-h-bp-sS- t]-cp-Iƒ- Dƒ-s]-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-]-I-cw- A-h-sb- t]-sc-Sp-Øp- ]d-™p-sIm-≠v- K-h¿-W¿-am¿- hn-Pv-Rm-]-\w- ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°-W-sa-∂v- hy-h-kv-Y-sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.- {Km-a-߃-°v- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fpw- \-K-c-߃-°v- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fp-am-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\-\n¿-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.-

]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ aq-∂v- X-e-ß-fn¬-H-t∂m- A-Xn-e-[n-I-tam- {Km-a-߃-°v- H-cp- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øv,- H-

cp- Pn-√-bn-se- ap-gp-h≥- {Km-a-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- H-cp- Pn-√m-]-©m-b-Øv.- C-h- c-≠n-\p-an-S-bn¬- G-Xm-\pw- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ- Dƒ-s∏-Sp∂- C-S-\n-e- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ.- C-ß-s\-bm-Wv- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-sS- kw-hn-[m-\w.- tI-c-f- ]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv- \n-baØn¬- C-S-\n-e- ]-©m-b-Øn-\v- tªm-°v- ]-©m-b-Øv- F-∂m-Wv-t]-cv- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-20 e-£-Øn¬- I-hn-bm-Ø- P-\-kw-Jy-bp-≈- kw-kv-Ym-\ß-fn¬- C-S-\n-e- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ- cq-]o-I-cn-t°-≠-Xn-√.-

Hm-tcm- Pn-√-bn-se-bpw- {Km-a-{]-tZ-i-߃- ap-gp-h-\pw- Pn-√m-]-©m-b-Øn-s≥d- A-[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bn¬- h-cpw.- A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂-Xv-\-K-c-ß-fmbn- amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂- {Km-a-ß-tfm,- sNdn-b- \-K-c-ß-tfm,- h-en-b- \-Kc-ß-tfm- B-bn-cn-°pw.- {Km-a-ß-sf- A-t]-£n-®v- \-K-c-߃- Hm-tcm- Pn-√-bn-epw- ssI-hn-c-en¬- F-Æm≥-am-{X-ta-D-≠m-hp-I-bp-≈q.- C-¥y- ap-gp-h-\m-bn- F-Sp-Øm¬- 80 i-X-am-\-Øn-e-[n-Iw- {]-tZ-i-ß-fpw- {Km-a-ß-fmWv.- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-sf-°mƒ-F-{X-tbm- a-S-ßp-h-cpw- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-sS- F-Æw.- C-¥y≥- P-\m-

43

[n-]-Xy-Øn-s≥d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-I-fm-Wv- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ.-1992 h-sc -]-©m-b-Øp-I-sf A-h-K-Wn-®p -sIm-≠v- ap-t∂m-´p-t]m-Im-\p-≈- {i-a-am-bn-cp-∂p- \mw- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- ]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv- t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS- \mw- Cu- sX-‰v- Xn-cp-Øm≥- {i-an-®n-cn°p-∂p.- B-{i-aw- hn-P-bn-∏n-t°-≠-Xpw- \mw-X-s∂-bm-Wv.-

]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-sS-bpw- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fp-sS-bpw- Im-em-h-[n-kp\niv-Nn-X-am-°p-∂p.- ta¬-]d-™- `-c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xn-°v- ap-ºpw- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-[n-Im-c-߃- Ipd-™- B-]-©m-b-Øp-I-sf-°pdn-®v- \n-߃-°v- t\-cn-´dn-hp-≠m-In-√.- ho-´n¬-sN-∂v- A-Nv-O-t\m-Spw- A-Ω-tbm-Spw- A-tX-°pdn-®v- tNm-Zn-®p-t\m-°q.- 1992-˛\v- ap-ºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ- F-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- a-\- n-em-°p-I.- C-t∏m-g-sØ- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ-°v- A-h-sb- A-t]-£n-®p-≈- {]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ- F-s¥-√m-am-Wv-?- H-cp- A-t\z-j-Ww- \-S-Øn-t\m-°q.- H-cp- Ipdn-∏v- X-ømdm-°n- sIm-≠p-h-cq.- ap-º-sØ- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fn¬- Ir-Xy-am-bn- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ- \-S-°mdn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- Nn-e- h-S-t°- C-¥y≥- kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn¬- c-≠v-]Xn-‰m-≠p-I-tfm-fw- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-°m-Xn-cp-∂- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-t∏mƒ- B- kv-Yn-Xn- amdn.- ]m¿-e-sa≥dn-s≥d-bpw- kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-k-`-I-fp-sS-bpw- Im-em-h-[n- A-©p-sIm-√-am-bn- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- hy-h-kv-Y-sN-ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.- (A-\p-tO-Zw- 83,- 172).- A-Xn-e-∏pdw- B-h-cp-Xv- F-∂pw- A-tXm-sSm-∏w- ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.- A-tX- hm-°p-I-fn¬-X-s∂- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-sS-bpw- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fp-sS-bpw- Im-em-h-[n-bpw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- hy-h-kv-Y-sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-sS-bpw- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fp-sS-bpw- Im-cy-Øn¬- Cu- Im-em-h-[n- I-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ- \-S-Ø-W-sa-∂v- \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂p-≠v.-

[\ImcyIΩoj≥

]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv- t`-Z-K-Xn- ap-tJ-\- H-cp- kw-kv-Ym-\ [-\-Im-cy-I-Ωo-j≥-Iq-Sn- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂n-cn-°-bm-Wv.- 9,- 9 F- `m-K-ß-fn¬- [-\-Imcy-I-Ωo-j-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.- kw-kv-Ym-\Øn-s≥-d\n-Ip-Xn-h-cp-am-\-Øn¬- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ-°pw- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ-°pw- \¬-tI-≠ hn-ln-X-hpw- k-lm-b-[-\-hpw- F-{X-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂v- K-h¿-W¿-°v- ip-]m¿-i-\¬-Ip-I-bm-Wv- I-Ωo-j-s≥d- {]-[m-\- Np-a-X-e.- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-sS-bpw- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fp-sS-bpw- [-\-kv-Yn-Xn- sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- ip-]m¿-i-sN-øp-∂-Xpw-I-Ωo-j-s≥d- Np-a-X-e-bm-Wv.- `-c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬- F-√m- ]u-c-∑m¿-°pw- A-h-k-cw- \¬-Ip-∂p.-

44

1992-˛se- ]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv- t`-Z-K-Xn- Hm-tcm- ]u-c-\pw- cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥d- Im-cy-߃- t\-cn-´v- ssI-Im-cyw-sN-øm≥- H-c-h-k-c-sam-cp-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-Xm-Wv- {Km-a-k-`-Iƒ.- H-cp- {Km-a-k-`-bp-sS- {]-tZ-i-Øn¬- thm-´¿-]-´n-I-bn¬- t]-cp-≈- F-√m-h-cpw- {Km-a-k-`-bn-se- Aw-K-ß-fm-Wv.- ]p-cm-X-\-Im-e-Øv- tdm-a≥- dn-∏-ªn-°n¬- A-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂m-Wv- Nn-e- N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿- ]d-bp-∂-Xv.- H-cp- {]-tZ-i-sØ- B-fp-Iƒ- H-∂n-®n-cp-∂v- Im-cy-߃- N¿-®-sN-bv-Xv- Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-Øv- {]m-h¿-Øn-I-am-°p-∂- H-cp- co-Xn- ]p-cm-X-\- `m-c-X-Øn-epw- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xm-bn- Nn-e- N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v.-

{Kmak`bpsS NpaXeIƒ{Km-a-k-̀ -I-fp-sS- Np-a-X-e-I-sf-s¥-√m-am-Wv-?- tI-c-f- ]-©m-b-Øn-

cm-Pv- \n-b-a-Øn¬- A-°m-cyw- A-°-an-´v- ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.-

1. {Km-a-Øn-s≥d- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- X-ømdm-°p-∂-Xn-\pw-t{]m-Xv-km-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- k-lm-bw-\¬-Ip-I.- A-h-bp-sS-\-S-Øn-∏n-\v- ta¬-t\m-´w-h-ln-°p-I.-

2.- ]-©m-b-Øn-se- hn-hn-[- P-\-hn-`m-K-߃- X-Ωn¬- ku-lr-Z-hpw- sF-Iy-hpw- h-f¿-Øp-I.-

3.- km-aq-ln-I-t£-a- ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-°p-th-≠n- {i-a-Zm-\w- kzo-I-cn-°p-I.- km-[-\-ß-tfm- ]-W-tam- B-bn-´p-≈- kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ-k-am-l-cn-°p-I.-

4.- {Km-a-sØ- kw-_-\v-[n-®- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS- \n¿-h-l-W-Øn¬- k-lm-bn-°p-I.-

5.- X-ß-fp-sS- {]-tZ-i-sØ- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw- t£-a-]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw- \n¿-h-l-W-Øn-\m-bn- Kp-W-t`m-Iv-Xm-°-sf- I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn¬- k-lm-bn-°p-I.-

6.- km-£-c-Xm-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS- \-S-Øn-∏n-\p-th-≠- \n¿-t±-i-߃- N¿-®- sN-øp-I-bpw- A-h-bp-sS- \n¿-Δ-l-W-Øn-\v- k-lm-bn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-I.-

{Km-a-Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥d- F-√m- ta-J-e-I-sf-bpw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-h-bm-Wv- ta¬-∏d-™- Np-a-X-e-Iƒ- F-∂v- Im-Wm≥- hn-j-a-an-√.-{Km-a-k-`-I-fn¬- \n-£n-]v-X-am-b- Np-a-X-e-Iƒ- Iq-Sn- P-\-߃- kz-¥w- I-øn¬ -X-s∂- sh-®n-cn-°p-∂- Np-a-X-e-I-fm-Wv.- C-¥y≥- `-c-W-L-S-\- cq-]-I¬-∏-\ sN-øp-∂- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-se- D-Pv-Pz-e-am-b- h-gn-Øn-cn-hm-Wv- C-Xp-h-gn- D-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- {Km-a-k-`-Iƒ-°v- ]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv- t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ- `-c-W-L-S-\m- ]-Z-hn- \¬-Ip-∂p-

45

≠v- F-∂-Xpw- {i-t≤-bam-Wv.-

hm¿-Up- I-Ωn-‰n-Iƒ-aq-∂p-e-£-tam- A-Xn-e-[n-I-tam- P-\-kw-Jy-bp-≈- G-sXm-cp- ap-

\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-bn-epw- Hm-tcm- hm¿-Un-epw- Hm-tcm- hm¿-Uv- I-Ωn-‰n-cq-]o-I-cn-°-Ww.- hm¿-Uv- I-Ωn-‰n-bn¬- Xm-sg-∏d-bp-∂- hn-`m-K-Øn¬-\n-∂v- Hm-tcm- B-sf-\m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-ø-Ww.-

(1)- hm¿-Un-se- hn-Zym-`ym-k- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fn-se- X-e-h-∑m¿.-

(2)- hm¿-Un-se- lu-knw-Kv- tIm-f-\n-I-fn-se- Xm-a-k-°m-cp-sS- kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS- {]-kn-U≥dp-am¿.-

(3)- ]n-t∂m-°-hn-`m-K-°m-cp-sS- hn-I-k-\skm-ssk-‰n-I-fp-sS-{]-kn-U≥dp-am¿.-

(4)- {]-[m-\- hy-h-km-b- hm-Wn-Py- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ.-

(5)- hym-]m-cn- kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ.-

(6)- Aw-Ko-Ir-X- sXm-gn-em-fn- bq-Wn-b-\p-I-fp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ.-

(7)- hn-Zym-`ym-k- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fn-se- bq-Wn-b≥- sN-b¿-am≥-am¿.-

(8)- I-em- Im-bn-I- kmw-kv-°m-cn-I- kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ.-

(9)- k¿-°m¿- B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fn-se- tUm-Iv-S¿-am¿.-

(10)k-∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ.-

(11)- ]u-c-∑m-cp-sS- aq-∂p- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ.-

sNb¿t]gvk¨, hm¿Unse Iu¨knedpambn BtemNn®pthWw Cßs\ \ma\n¿tZiw sNøm≥.

]-©m-b-Øp-I-fn-se- {Km-a-k-`-I-fp-sS- A-tX- Np-a-X-e-Iƒ-ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fn-se- hm¿-Up- I-Ωn-‰n-Iƒ-°pw- \¬-In-bn-cn-°-bm-Wv.-

B-kq-{X-W- I-Ωn-‰n-°v- ̀ -c-W-L-S-\m- hy-h-kv-Y-

H-cp- [-\-Im-cy- I-Ωo-j-\v- hy-h-kv-Y- ̀ -c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- t\-c-sØ-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- H-cp- kw-kv-Ym-\- [-\-Im-cy- I-Ωo-j≥- Iq-Sn-]-©m-b-Øv- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ-°v- hy-h-kv-Y- sN-ø-s∏-´-Xm-bn- \mw-a-\- n-em-°n-b-t√m.- B-kq-{X-W-sØ- kw-_-\v-[n-®- H-cp- hy-h-kv-Y- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- A-Xn-{]-Im-c-am-Wv-:-- "-"-Hm-tcm- kw-kv-Ym-\Øn-epw- Hm-tcm- Pn-√-bn-te-bpw- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fpw- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fpw- X-ømdm-°p-∂- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-

46

H-∂n-®p tN¿-Øv- Pn-√-bv-°v- ap-gp-h-\m-bn- H-cp- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn- X-ømdm-°m≥- Pn-√m-X-e-Øn¬- H-cp- Pn-√m- B-kq-{X-W- I-Ωn-‰n- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°-Ww-'-'.- t\-c-sØ- B-kq-{X-W-]-≤-Xn-I-sf- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- H-∂pw- ]d-™n-cp-∂n-√.- F-∂m¬- B-kq-{X-W- I-Ωo-j≥- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- cq-]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.- ]-©-h¬-k-c- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- H-∂n-\p- ]pd-sI- H-∂m-bn- cq-]-I¬-∏-\- sN-bv-Xv- \-S-∏n-em-°n.- C-h-sb-√mw- tI-{μ-X-e-Øn¬- \n-∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p- am-{Xw.- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-°v- cq-]w-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xpw- A-Xn-\v- ]-Ww-I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xpw- kw-kv-Ym-\ßfp-sS- hn-ln-Xw- \n-iv-N-bn-°p-∂-Xpw- F-√mw- bq-Wn-b≥- X-e-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- A-[n-Im-c- tI-{μo-I-c-W-Øn-s≥d- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-W-Xv.- B- ]-iv-Nm-Ø-e-Øn¬- t\m-°p-tºm-gm-Wv- cm-jv-{S- ]p-\¿-\n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-se- a¿-Ω-{]-[m-\-am-b- hn-I-k-\-ta-J-e-bn-epw- hn-tI-{μo-I-c-W-cw-K-Øpw- \mw- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- H-cp- hn-π-hw- \-S-Øn-b-Im-cyw- hy-Iv-X-am-bn- a-\- n-em-hp-I.-

hn-I-k-\w- A-Sn-Ø-́ n¬-\n-∂v-\n-∂v-\n-∂v-\n-∂v-\n-∂v-]-©m-b-Øv- kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s≥d- A-Sn-Ø-´n-ep-≈-Xm-W-t√m-

{Km-a-k-`-Iƒ.- tI-c-f- ]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv- \n-baØn¬-- {Km-a-k-`-I-fp-sS- Np-a-X-e-I-fn¬- A-X-Xv- {]-tZ-i-Øn-s≥d- hn-I-k-\m-h-iy-ß-fpw-Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bn- \mw- I-≠p-h-t√m.- {Km-a-k-`-Iƒ- \¬-Ip-∂- \n¿-t±-i-߃- k-am-l-cn-®v- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ- Hm-tcm-h¿-j-hpw- A-Sp-Ø- h¿-j-tØ-°p-≈- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-°v- cq-]w- \¬-I-Ww.- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-sS- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- k-am-l-cn-®v- tªm-°v- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fpw- tªm-°v- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-tS-Xv- k-am-l-cn-®v- Pn-√m-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fpw- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-°v- cq-]w-sIm-Sp-°-Ww.- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n- X-e-Øn¬- H-cp- ]-≤-Xn- X-ømdm-°-Ww.- Pn-√m-]-©m-b-Øn-s≥d-bpw- Pn-√-bn-se- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fp-sS-bpw- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- k-am-l-cn-®v- Pn-√-bv-°v- ap-gp-h-\m-bn-H-cp- ]-≤-Xn-°v- cq-]w-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv- Pn-√m- B-kq-{X-W- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- Np-a-X-e.-

hnh-cm-h-Imi \nbawk¿°m¿ Hm^o-kp-Iƒ, k¿h-I-em-im-e-Iƒ, Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-

c-W-ÿm-]-\-߃, CX-c-s]m-Xp-ÿm-]-\-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂pw Imcy-߃ tcJm-aqew Adn-bp-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw s]mXp-P-\-߃°p-s≠∂v {]Jym-]n-°p∂ hnh-cm-h-Imi \nbaw (Rightto Information Act) 2005 ¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂p. tI{μ \nb-a-am-Wn-Xv.F¥phn[-Øn-ep≈ hnh-c-ßfpw tcJ-I-fpamWv- th≠-sX∂p

47

ImWn®v _‘-s∏´ ÿm]-\-Ønse C≥^¿ta-j≥ Hm^o-k¿°mWv l¿Pn sImSp-t°-≠-Xv. hnh-c-߃ \n›nX ka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \¬Im-Xn-cp-∂m¬ DtZym-K-ÿ¿ ]ng-b-S-bvt°≠nhcpw.

tcJ-Ifpw hnh-cßfpw cl-ky-am-°n-sh-®p-sIm≠v Agn-a-Xnbpw {Ia-t°-Sp-Ifpw \S-Øp∂ Zpxÿn-Xn°v hncm-a-an-SpI F∂-Xp-IqSn hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-Øns‚ e£y-am-Wv. k¿°m-cn\pwP\-߃°p-an-S-bn¬ cl-ky-߃ th≠ F∂-XmWv Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb \ne-]m-Sv. F∂m¬ cmPy kpc£, tIk-t\z-jWw, hy]mc cl-ky-߃, tImSXn hne-°nb Imcy-߃,hy‡n-bpsS kzIm-cyX XpS-ßnb Hcp-Iq´w Imcy-߃°v hnh-cm-h-Imiw _m[-I-a-√. AØcw Imcy-ß-fn¬ hnh-c-߃ e`n-°m≥ ]uc-∑m¿°v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-hp-I-bn√ F∂¿∞w. \nb-a-Øns‚ 8˛mw hIp-∏n¬ BWv Ch ]d-™n-´p-f-f-Xv.

Gsd hnπ-h-I-c-amb Hcp \nb-a-am-Wn-Xv. \ΩpsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ kqcy tXP- v !

\n-߃-°v- sN-øm-hp-∂-h-:-\n-ß-fp-sS- \m-´n¬- {Km-a-k-`- Iq-Sp-tºmƒ- ap≥-Iq-´n- A-\p-hm-Zw-hm-ßn- A-Xn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-°p-I.- A-hn-sS- \-S-°p-∂- Im-cy-߃-{i-≤n-°p-I.- A-h- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn- H-cp- Ipdn-∏p- X-ømdm-°p-I.-A-Ø-cw- H-cp- k-`-bn¬,- A-\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- \n-߃- F-s¥-√mw- Im-cy-߃- D-∂-bn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p-?-

- \n-ß-fp-sS A-b¬-]-°-Øp-≈- A-t©m- ]-tØm- Iq-´p-Im-cp-am-bn- tN¿-∂v- {Km-a-k-`-bp-sS- cq-]-Øn¬- H-cp- "-_m-e-k-`-'- cq-]o-I-cn-®p- t\m-°p-I.- kz-¥w- {]-tZ-i-Øn-s≥d- hn-I-k-\-Øn-\pw- ]p-tcm K-Xn-°pw- t£-a-Øn-\pw- k-am-[m-\-Øn-\pw- th-≠n- F-s¥-√mw sN-øm≥- I-gn-bp-sa-∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰n- H-cp- Ipdn-∏p- X-ømdm-°p-I.- Ip-´n-I-fm-b- \n-߃-°v- {]-tXy-I-am-bn- F-s¥-√mw- sN-øm-\m-Ip-sa-∂v- B-tem-Nn-®v- H-cp- "-{]-h¿-Ø-\-tc-J-'- X-ømdm-°p-I.-A-[ym-]-I-s≥d-bpw- -c-£n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw-- A-\p-a-Xn-tbm-sS- A-Xv- {]m-h¿-Øn-Iam-°p-I.

48

]m-Tw- 9

a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃-tem-I-{]-kn-≤- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\pw- t\m-_¬-k-Ωm-\- tP-Xm-

hp-am-b- am¿-Iz-kn-s\-°pdn-®v- tI-´n-´p-t≠m.- am¿-Iz-kv- t\m-_¬-

k-Ωm-\w- kzo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- \-S-Øn-b- {]-kw-K-Øn¬- ]d-™p-:--

"-"-H-cmƒ- F-ß-s\- a-cn-°-W-sa-∂v- a-s‰m-cmƒ-°v- Xo-cp-am-\n-°m≥-

I-gn-bm-Ø- tem-Iw- D-≠m-I-Ww.- A-Xm-Wv- F-s≥d- kz-]v-\w.-'-'-

F-∂p-h-®m¬- bp-≤-Øn-em-I-s´,- A-{I-a-Øn-em-I-s´,- e-l-f-I-

fn-em-I-s´- a-\p-jy≥- a-\p-jy-s\- sIm-√p-∂- A-h-kv-Y- C-√m-Xm-I-

Ww.-

"-"-sIm-e-sN-ø-cp-Xv-'-'- F-∂v- _p-≤-\pw- {In-kv-Xp-hpw- ap-X¬- Km-\v-

[n-Pn- h-sc-bp-≈- a-l-Øp-°ƒ- ]d-™p.-

Po-hn-°m-\p-≈- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-sØ-°pdn-®v- `-c-W-L-S-\-bpw-

]d-bp-∂p.- (A-\p-tO-Zw- 21)-

A-sXm-cp- a-\p-jym-h-Im-iw-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-߃-

]-e-Xpw- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.- F-∂m¬- au-en-Im-h-Im-

i-ß-sf-°mƒ- hn-]p-e-hpw- hn-im-e-hp-am-Wv- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-fp-

sS- ta-J-e.-

"-"-a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃- F-∂m¬- Po-h≥,- kzm-X-{¥yw,- k-a-Xzw,-

A-¥- v- F-∂n-h-sb- kw-_-\v-[n-®pw- Hm-tcm- a-\p-jy-\pw- `-c-W-L-

S-\- Dd-∏p-\¬-Ip-∂- A-h-Im-i-߃- A-Y-hm- C-¥y-bn-se- tIm-S-

Xn-Iƒ-°v- \-S-∏m-°m-hp-∂- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- I-cmdp-I-fn¬- Dƒ-s°m-

≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂- A-h-Im-i-߃- F-∂m-Wv- A¿-∞w.-'-'- 1986˛se- a-

\p-jym-h-Im-i- \n-b-a-Øn-se- \n¿-h-N-\-am-Wv- ta-ep-≤-cn-®-Xv.- A-

ta-cn-°≥- sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-se- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- C-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- G-

Xm-\pw- A-h-Im-i-߃- hy-h-kv-Y-sN-bv-Xp-sh-®n-´p-≠v, "-_n¬- Hm-

49

^v- ssd-‰v-kv-'- F-∂- t]-cn¬.- A-Xn-\p-ti-jw- \n¿-an-°-s∏-´- a-‰p-cm-Py-ß-fn-se- `-c-W-L-S-\-I-fn-epw- Cu- A-h-Im-i-߃-°v- {]m-[m-\yw-\¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.- {_n-´-\n¬- H-cp- en-Jn-X- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-√.- {_n-´o-jv- P-\-X- cm-Pm-hn-s\s°m-≠v- H-∏n-Sp-hn-®- am-Kv-\-°m¿-´-bn-ep-≈-Xv- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-fm-Wv.- {_n-´\n-se-\n-b-a-hy-h-kv-Y-bp-sS-A-Sn-Ød-bm-b- km-am-\y- \n-b-a-ß-fn¬- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃- Dƒ-s∏-Spw.- C-h-sb- adn-I-S-°m≥- cm-Pm-hn-t\m- (cm-Pv-Rn-t°m)- ]m¿-e-sa≥dn-t\m- A-[n-Im-c-an-√.- Io-gv-h-g-°w- ew-Ln-°-s∏-´- N-cn-{X-an-√.-a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃- F-∂- t]-cv- {]-Nm-c-W-Øn¬-h-∂-Xv- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®-tXm-sS-bm-Wv.- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- 1948˛se- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- {]-Jym-]-\w- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS- H-cp- B-[n-Im-cn-I- tc-J-bm-Wv.-

1993 -̨se- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- kw-c-£-W- \n-b-aw-an-°- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-sf-bpw- C-¥y≥- `-c-W-L-S-\- au-en-Im-

h-Im-i-߃ F-∂-\n-e-bn¬- kw-c-£n-°p-∂p-s≠-∂v- \mw- I-≠p.- A-°m-cyw- Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\p-≈ _m-[y-X- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-°pw- ssl-t°m-S-XnIƒ-°pw- D-s≠-∂pw- \mw- I-≠p.- C-°m-cy-Øn¬- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ- Pm-K-cq-I-cm-Wv.- C-ß-s\-sbm-s°-bp-s≠-¶n-epw- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- ew-L-\-߃- Gdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- C-¥y-bn¬- am-{X-a-√-, tem-I-sa-ºm-Spw- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- B-`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬- \-S-∂- ]-e- k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fn-epw- Cu- Im-cy-Øn¬- Aw-K-cm-jv-{S-߃-°p-≈- D-Xv-I-Wv-T-{]-I-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃-am-{Xw- ssI-Im-cyw-sN-øm≥- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≈- H-cp- kv-Ym-]-\-Øn-s≥d-B-h-iy-I-X- F-√m-h¿-°pw- t_m-[y-s∏-´p.- A-°m-cy-Øn¬- C-¥y-bp-sS- H-cp- {]-[m-\- Im¬-sh-∏m-Wv- 1993˛se- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- \n-b-aw.-

a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- I-Ωo-j-\p-Iƒ-tI-{μk¿°m¿- H-cp- tZ-io-b- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- I-Ωo-j≥- cq-]o-

I-cn-°-Ww.- Hm-tcm- kw-kv-Ym-\- k¿°mcpw- kw-kvYm-\- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- I-Ωo-j≥- cq-]o-I-cn-°-Ww.- \n-b-a-Øn-se- Cu- A-\p-im-k-\-a-\p-k-cn-®v- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-´- tZ-io-b- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- I-Ωo-j-\pw- kw-kv-Ym-\- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- I-Ωo-j-\p-I-fpw- C-∂v- k-Po-h-am-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.-

A-t\z-j-W-Øn-\p-ti-jw-A-t\z-j-W-Øn¬- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ew-L-\w- \-S-∂-Xm-bn-

I-Ωo-j-\v- t_m-[y-s∏-´m¬- Xp-S¿-s∂-Sp-t°-≠- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- Xm-sg-]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.-

50

1.- Ip-‰w-sN-bv-X- Bƒ-s°-Xn-sc- I-Ωo-j≥- bp-Iv-X-am-sW-∂v-

I-cp-Xp-∂- \-S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥- _-\v-[-s∏-´- k¿°mcnt\mtSm-

A-[n-Ir-X-tcm-sSm- ip-]m¿-i-sN-øp-I.-

2.- \n¿-t±-i-tam- D-Ø-c-thm- tX-Sn- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-sb-tbm- ssl-

t°m-S-Xn-sb-tbm- k-ao-]n-°p-I.-

3.- ew-L-\-Øn-\n-c-bm-b- hy-Iv-Xn-°v- A-Y-hm- A-bm-fp-sS- Ip-Spw-

_-Øn-\v- B-h-iy-am-sW-∂v- I-Ωo-j≥- I-cp-Xp-∂- C-S-°m-em-

izm-kw- sIm-Sp-°m≥- _-\v-[-s∏-´- k¿°mcnt\mtSm A-[n-Ir-

X-tcm-tSm-ip-]m¿-i-sN-øp-I.-

4.- dn -t∏m¿-´n -s≥d- H-cp - tIm-∏n- _-\v -[-s∏-´- k¿°mcnt\m-

A-[n-Ir-X¿-t°m- A-b-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I.- H-cp-am-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬-

A-Xn-t∑¬- F-Sp-Ø- \-S-]-Sn-sb- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- adp-]-Sn- B-cm-

bp-I.- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- ew-L-\w- \-S-∂m¬- tNm-Zn-°m-\m-fp-≠v-

F-∂ H-c-h-kv-Y- C-t∏m-gp-≠v.- C-Xp-X-s∂- h-en-b- H-cp- t\-´-am-

Wv.-

a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-a -\p -jym -h -Im -i -ß-fp -am -bn - _-\v -[ -s∏-´ - Ip -‰w -am - {Xw -

ssI-Im-cyw-sN-øm≥- {]-tXy-I- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ- ]-e- kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn-

epw- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂n-´p-≠v.- H-cp- sk-j≥-kv- P-Uv-Pn-sb- A-Ø-cw-

tI-kp-Iƒ- ssI-Im-cyw-sN-øm≥- {]-tXy-I-am-bn- \n-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bm-

Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv.-

alm≥ ]d™p:˛ "-"-H-cmƒ- a-s‰m-cm-fp-sS- hm-°p-Iƒ- kw-Ko-Xw-

t]m-se- B-kz-Zn-°p-∂- Im-ew- h-c-Ww.-'-'-

A-Xp-X-s∂,- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃- ]q-Øp-\n¬-°p-∂- Im-e-hpw.-

Ip´nIfpsS AhImi߃

Ip´nIsf kvt\ln°p∂ `cWLS\bmWv \ΩptSXv.

Ah¿°pth≠n {]tXyI hyhkvYIƒ BImw F∂p ]dbp∂

15˛mw A\ptOZsØ°pdn®v \mw ]Tn®p. 24˛mw A\ptOZw

_methe \ntcm[n°p∂p. \n¿t±iIXØ-zßfn¬ NneXv

Ip´nIfpsS BXvam`nam\hpw kzmX{¥yhpw ]cnc£nt°

≠Xns\°pdn®v ]dbp∂p. sIm®pIp´nIsf apXn¿∂h¿ Xßfps

k¶pNnXe£y߃°mbn Zpcp]tbmKs∏SpØcpsX∂v 39 (C)

A\ptOZØn¬ kqN\bp≠v.

51

1989˛¬ _memhImißsf kw_\v[n® sFIycmjv{S

k`bpsS A¥mcmjv{S {]Jym]\w D≠mbn. AXphscbp≠mb

{]Jym]\߃ ]eXpw AXn¬ t{ImUoIcn°s∏´p. 1993˛se

a\pjymhImißsf kw_\v[n® hnb∂m I¨sh≥j\pw

_memhImißsf AwKoIcn®p.

s]mXpsh ]d™m¬, kwc£WØn\p≈ AhImiamWv

Ip´nIfpsS {]mYanIamb AhImiw. _memhImißsf

kw_\v[n® A¥mcmjv{S {]Jym]\w C¥y 1992 Unkw_dn¬

AwKoIcn®p. ]n∂oSv _me\oXn°p th≠n \msamcp {]tXyI

\nbawXs∂ \n¿Ωn®p ˛ 2000˛se _me \oXn\nbaw.

km[mcW {Inan\¬ \nbahpw {Inan\¬ \S]Sn{Iahpw A√,

Ip´nIfpsS ImcyØn¬ th≠Xv F∂v Cu \nbaw ]dbp∂p.

Ip´n°p‰hmfnIfpsS ImcyØn¬ {]tXyI t_m¿ -Upw

\nco£WKrlßfpw kvYm]n°Wsa∂v \nbaw ]dbp∂p.

AXnep]cn, {i≤bpw ]cnNcWhpw Bhiyamb Ip´nIƒ°p

th≠n {]tXyI IΩn‰nIfpw _me`h\ßfpw G¿-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-

sa-∂v- \nbaw ]dbp∂p. A\mYcmb Ip´nIsf Aßs\ \nbaw

k\mYcm°p∂p. H∏w c£mI¿Øm°fp≠mbn´pw NqjWw

sNøs∏Sp∂ Ip´nIsfbpw Iem]ßfnepw Zpc¥ßfnepw

s]´pt]mIp∂ Ip´nIsfbpw c£n°m≥ \nbalkvXw \ofp∂p.

Ip´nIfpsS icnbmb ]p\c-[nhmksØ°pdn®pw kaqlhpambn

Ahsc tIm¿ØnWt°≠Xns\ °pdn®pw \nbaw ]dbp∂p.

Cu \nbaw th≠coXnbn¬ {]mh¿ØnIam°phm≥ \ap°v

Ign™n´n√ F∂Xv \n¿`mKyIcamWv. sXcphn¬ ImWp∂

\ΩpsS sIm®p ktlmZc߃ Aßs\bt√ ]dbp∂Xv?

2002 Un-kw-_¿- 12˛mw Xn-b-Xn- ]m¿-e-sa≥-dv- `-c-W-L-S-\- t`-Z-

K-Xn-sN-bv-Xv- A-Xn¬- "21 F-'- F-∂- H-cp- A-\p-Nv-tO-Zw- aq-∂mw- `m-

K-Øn¬- Iq-´n-t®¿-Øp.- "21 F'- hn-Zym-`ym-kØn-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-

sØ-°p-dn-®p- ]-d-bp-∂p.-

6 h-b- n-\pw- 14 h-b- n-\pw- C-S-bv-°p-≈- F-√m- Ip-´n-Iƒ-°pw-

ku-P-\y-hpw\n¿-∫-\v-[-hp-am-b-hn-Zym-`ym-kw- cm-jv-{Sw- G¿-∏m-Sp-

sNbv-XpsIm-Sp-°-Ww.- A-sX-ßn-s\- th-W-sa-∂v- cm-jv-{S-Øn-\v- \n-

b-aw- ap-tJ-\- \n¿-Æ-bn-°mw.- Cu- I-m-cy-Øn-ep-≈- ho-gv-N- C-\n-

bpw- Xp-S-cm-hp-∂-X-√.-

52

\n-߃-°v- sN-øm-hp-∂-Xv-

a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°pdn-®v- Cu- ]m-T-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- H-cp- G-I-

tZ-i- [m-c-W- e-`n-®p-h-t√m.-

cm-jv-{S-߃- X-Ωn-ep-≈- bp-≤w- G-sX-√mw-hn-[-Øn-em-Wv- a-\p-

jym-h-Im-i-ß-sf- ew-