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TRANSCRIPT
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Solar Photovoltaics and Distributed Generation
National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committeefor the Electrical Industry
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Market Drivers for Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation
Increasing costs and dependence on imported energy from unfriendly countries
Environmental impacts from fossil fuel use – pollution and global warming
Electric utility restructuring and deregulation Net metering and interconnection rules Legislative mandates for new generation –
renewable portfolio standards Utility surcharges and public benefit funds Federal, state and other incentives – rebates,
tax credits, production incentives and tradable renewable energy credits Financing, power purchase agreements and energy services contracts
Increasing public awareness and interest
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U.S. Total Energy Consumption
Since 1950, U.S. annual energy consumption has increased three fold to over 100 quadrillion Btu (Quads), accounting for 25% of total world consumption! (U.S. population is 5% of world)
Since 1970, U.S. net energy imports have grown from zero to 30% of total consumption.
Source: U.S Dept. of Energy Energy Information Agency
http://www.eia.doe.gov
The turning point: production peaks, consumption exceeds production
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U.S. Energy Flow: 2007(Quadrillion Btu)
Source: U.S Dept. of Energy Energy Information Agency
http://www.eia.doe.gov
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Renewable Contribution to U.S. Energy Supply: 2007
Source: U.S Dept. of Energy Energy Information Agency
http://www.eia.doe.gov
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U.S. Electricity Generation: 2007
70% of U.S. electrical energy is produced from burning non-renewable coal and natural gas
Source: U.S Dept. of Energy Energy Information Agency
http://www.eia.doe.gov
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Conventional Central Power Generation
Conventional thermal power plants convert only 30-40% of the energy content in the fuel source to electrical energy, with the remainder wasted as heat.
Most power plants are located remote from population centers and thermal energy users, resulting in this excess heat going unutilized.
Electricity 33%Fuel 100%
67%Waste Heat
CO2 + Pollution
Power Plant
(Remote from thermal users)
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Distributed Generation: Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
When smaller, distributed power generation is located closer to end users and thermal loads, waste heat can be recovered and utilized.
While many CHP technologies rely on fossil fuels, their value lies in utilizing the fuel more efficiently and providing power where and when it is needed.
Fuel100% Steam
Electricity
Chilled Water
90%
10% Waste Heat
CO2 + Pollution
CHP Plants
(located close to thermal users)
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Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems
load
energysource
power conditioning
energyconversion
InverterPV Array
powerdistribution
LoadCenter
Battery
energystorage
electricutility
The total components and subsystems that, in combination, convert solar energy into electrical energy suitable for connection to a utilization load.
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Types of Photovoltaic Systems
Stand-Alone SystemsOperate independent of the utility grid
Utility-Interactive (Grid-Connected) SystemsOperate interconnected (in parallel) with
the utility grid, a bi-directional interface is required
Bi-Modal SystemsMay operate in either utility-interactive or
stand-alone mode, but not concurrently
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Interactive PV Systems
A solar photovoltaic system that operates in parallel with and may deliver power to an electrical production and distribution network.
Electric production and distribution network connection
Interactive Inverter
Photovoltaic source circuits
Photovoltaic output circuit
Inverter output circuit
Inverter input circuit
Adapted from NEC®
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Basic Utility-Interactive or Grid-Connected PV System
LoadCenter
PV Array Inverter
AC Loads
ElectricUtility
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Utility-Interactive PV System with Energy Storage
PV Array
Inverter/Charger
Battery
Critical LoadSub Panel
BackupAC Loads
Main Panel
PrimaryAC Loads
ElectricUtility
* Arrows indicate directions of power flows
Bypass circuit
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NJATC Photovoltaic Systems Textbook
Developed in partnership with American Technical Publishers, SMEs and training partners in 2007.
An industry standard on the fundamentals, design and installation of PV systems.
Emphasis on safe, code-compliant and accepted industry practice.
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Working Safely with PV Systems
Conducting a Site Assessment
Selecting a System Design
Adapting the Mechanical Design
Adapting the Electrical Design
Installing Components and Subsystems
Maintaining and Troubleshooting Systems
Curriculum ScopeTask Analysis for PV System Installers
Performing System Checkout and Inspection
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Textbook Features
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Textbook Features
Full-color, durable hard-bound book; 15 chapters, 450 pages, including appendix and glossary.
Detailed, full-color illustrations depict the principles of PV systems, and testing and measurement procedures.
Photographs are used extensively to detail components used in PV installations, and to exemplify best installation practices.
Factoids contain technical tips or background information.
Vignettes highlight cases studies, additional technical, historical or safety information that supplement the text material.
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Chapter Layout
Full-page openersIntroductionChapter objectives
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Illustrations
Electrical diagramsComponent detailInstallation
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Chapter Summary and Review
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CD-ROM Overview
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CD-ROM Main Menu
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Illustrated Glossary
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Solar Radiation Data Sets
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Video Clips
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Instructor Resource Guide
Instructor’s GuideInstructional OutlinesPowerPoint® PresentationsSample ExamsElectronic SlidesMedia ClipsAnswer KeysTest Development Software
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NJATC Training and Workforce Development
Meeting the Needs of the Electrical Industry DVD Training Partners Training Centers Training Programs Markets and Opportunities
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NJATC Solar Industry Training Partners
Sharp ElectronicsWorld’s leading PV module manufacturerwww.sharp-usa.com/solar
Sunwize TechnologiesLargest U.S. distributor of PV products www.sunwize.com
• Contact: David Love, 888-870-9493• [email protected]
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Worldwide PV Markets are Booming!
Record high 2,826 MW installations in 2007 - 62% growth from 2006!
Germany's PV market reached 1,328 MW in 2007, 47% of world total
Spain grew 480% to 640 MW
Japan declined 23% to 230 MW
United States increased by 57% to 220 MW
Source: www.solarbuzz.com
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Show Me the Money
The PV industry raised nearly $10 billion in 2007
84 identified financial transactions accounted for $7.5 billion in 2007, including $5.3 billion from equity
financing $2.2 billion from debt
financing The PV industry generated $17.2
billion in global revenues in 2007 $30 billion expected by
2012
Source: www.solarbuzz.com
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2007 U.S. Grid-Connect PV Market
The U.S. grid-connect market grew 57%, from 112 MW in 2006 to 175 MW in 2007 California Solar Initiative funded at $3.3 billion, 63% of total US
market PV systems above 1 MW accounted for 23% of the market Over 1 GW of PV projects planned in utility, corporate and
government sectors
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Solar Big-Box Boom
Big-box stores across the country are going green and investing in PV systems and energy efficiency measures. Safeway plans to install solar arrays on the roofs
of 23 stores as part of a broad renewable energy initiative.
Wal-Mart plans installations at 22 stores across California and Hawaii, totaling 20 MW, meeting about 30% of energy use.
Best Buy plans PV installations on 35 stores in 2008.
Others with announced plans include Staples, Target, Home Depot and Costco.
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Financial Incentives for PV Installations
Rebate programs Typically based on $/watt of PV
capacity installed Offered by states, local government
and utilities; qualified participation Federal tax credits,
depreciationProduction incentives, feed-in
tariffsGrants and loansSales and property tax
exemptions
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Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE)
National resource for PV project developers: www.dsireusa.org
Includes financial incentives, grants, rules, regulations and policies for renewable energy and energy efficiency
Also see SEIA Guide to Federal Tax Incentives for Solar Energy: www.seia.org
www.dsireusa.org
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Power Purchase Agreements (PPA)
A legal contract between an electricity generator and a purchaser of energy. Used by owners of power generation assets to raise
financing and capital, and create revenue streams. Depends on accurately defining costs and performance,
typically based on unit energy price and escalation factor.
In 2007, 50% of non-residential photovoltaic installations in the U.S. used a PPA, and expected to exceed 90% by 2009.
Major financial and venture capital firms are accelerating investments in PV markets.
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Typical Big Box Retail500 kW PV System
Home DepotDaytona, FL
270 ft
370 ft
Total roof area: 100,000 sq. ft.
If 50% of roof (50,000 sq. ft.) can be covered with PV, a 500 kW array can be installed.
A 500 kW PV array will produce enough energy on an average basis to meet the electrical load in typical light commercial retail.
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Estimating Tools
PVWATTS: http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/codes_algs/PVWATTS/
Clean Power Estimator http://www.clean-power.com/ http://www.clean-power.com/nyserda/
On-Grid Solar www.ongrid.net
Back of Napkin: DC Rating x 75% = Peak AC Output (kW)
• 75% factor includes inverter efficiency, losses and temperature derating
AC Output x peak sun hours = Energy Production (kWh)
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PVWATTS Performance Calculator for Grid-Connected PV Systems
Based on array DC rating (sum of module ratings)
Factors in system losses for AC output
Energy production determined by array orientation and solar resource
Provides monthly total energy production and value
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Green Building Technologies and theElectrical Industry
Electrical Contractor Magazine www.ecmag.com
Electrical Construction and Maintenance (EC&M) Magazine http://www.ecmweb.com GreenBiz opportunities for
electrical markets: E-mail
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Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
(LEED) Green Building Rating System™ National benchmark for the design, construction,
and operation of high performance green buildingsOver 50% of LEED points can be attained by work
under the scope of the electrical contractor: Building automation Lighting controls Energy management Photovoltaics and other renewable and distributed
energy systems
www.usgbc.org/leed/
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Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
LEED certified buildings: have lower operating costs and increased value are healthy and comfortable for their occupants reduce waste sent to landfills conserve energy and water reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions qualify for tax rebates, zoning allowances and other
incentives in hundreds of cities demonstrate an owner's commitment to environmental
stewardship and social responsibility
www.usgbc.org/leed/
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NABCEP PV Installer Certification
North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) Voluntary credential for PV professionals Not a contractor’s license
A job task analysis for PV installations is the basis for the certification program and examination content
Becoming increasingly important to participate in this industry Over 500 individuals certified nationwide Electrical industry is encouraged to attain certification www.nabcep.org
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NABCEP Entry Requirements
Due to numerous issues, the NJATC/IBEW/NECA have gained NABCEP board approval to modify candidate entry requirements for installation experience.
Qualfied JWs will be able to take exam based on “installation training equivalent” – to be defined by special committee.
Will include compulsory hands-on training and independent recognition for such training programs
Qualifying candidates will be permitted to take exam in September 2009, look for details early next year
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International Association of Electrical Inspectors (IAEI)
Regular articles in IAEI News on PV installations, code compliance and inspections:
Article on licensure and qualifications for PV installations to appear in September issue of IAEI News. http://magazine.iaei.org/ http://www.iaei.org
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Bigger is Better
A total of 30 systems larger than 500 kW accounted for 30% of the 2007 U.S. installed PV capacity.
IBEW and NECA are involved with some of the largest installations in the U.S.
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Nellis Air Force Base - Las Vegas, NV14 MW Installed by Bombard Electric
Largest PV system in U.S.
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Google Complex – Mountain View, CA1.6 MW Installed by Cuppertino Electric
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Habilitation Center - Portland, OR 870 kW Installed by Dynalectric
Largest PV system in Pacific Northwest
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Denver International Airport2 MW Inter-Mountain Electric
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Wind Turbine Generators
Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable energy resource in the world. U.S. wind generation capacity has increased three-fold over the past 5 years
and now totals over 7000 MW (< 1% of total U.S. generation) Utility-scale wind power projects now under development will add at least
5,000 megawatts of U.S. capacity over the next five years. Wind turbine systems are generally classified as either small scale (<100
kW) or large scale (> 100 kW) generating units.
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Wind Energy Systems: IBEW Initiatives
Strengths of Electrical IndustryConstruction vs. Maintenance
Maintenance is multi-craftCompetencies Involved
OSHA - safety training Climbing and fall protection Substation work Transformers Cable splicing Grounding, bonding and lightning protection
Industry Partnerships?
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Contact Information
Jim Dunlop, NJATC Curriculum Specialist321-704-1097 [email protected]
Presentation Downloads:http://www.njatc.org/http://www.farm-energy.ca/IReF/
Bill Ball, NJATC Dir. of Inside Curriculum:[email protected]