no brief response hobbes vs locke, instead.hobbes vs locke who is more democratic? locke: the people...
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No Brief Response
• Hobbes vs Locke, instead.
• Who is more democratic?
• Locke: the people make the government, give it permission. If government does not do what they want, they have the right to change it.
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Enlightenment Ideas Spread
p. 60
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How did it the CEnlightenment spread?
• Having or sharing Enlightenment ideas could get one arrested
• The Enlightenment was difficult for most people to understand– Most were illiterate– But most were suffering under unfair or uncaring
governments and ready for change.
• It is important to see how people of many classes learned the ideas and used them to try to reform their societies
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Getting the New Ideas Across C
• How were the Philosophes’ writings passed across Europe? EC (7 venues)– Books– Plays– Pamphlets– Salons– Music– Popular songs– Visual Art
• They were produced in many languages and spread where ever literate people desired the new knowledge about just government and social reform.
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Protecting the Old Order
• Censorship:
• controlling or banning messages that criticize or let out secrets or are indecent.
• Monarchist governments and the Church were nervous about the ideas of enlightenment writers becoming popular. – Books were banned – writers imprisoned.
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Upper Class and Bourgeoisie Learn
• Salon: • the gathering room of a wealthy person’s home. • Parties for nobles and business people
interested in meeting Enlightenment writers and thinkers were held in them. – Informal meetings make it easier for different classes
to mix and feel free to talk. • Paris’ Madame Geoffrin,
– one of the most well-known hosts. – EC: Her noted guests included (2)….
» Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who performed his music» Denis Diderot, who attended weekly.
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The Arts Reflect Enlightened Thinking
• Baroque: • a heavy, grandiose, Greco-Roman based
art/architecture/design style used by the Church and the Rich in the 17th and 18th centuries.
• Featured massive, active, colorful applications.
• It was inspired by Louis XIV’s expensive and excessive taste.
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BaroqueBattle of the Amazons. Rubens, 1618
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Rococo
• Art style following baroque. • Some, like King Louis XV, its main patron,
wanted things “lighter”, and less grandiose. • Featured less religion, • Stressed elegance and charm.
– Delicate shells– Pastel colors– Flowers– Nobles and their families– Charming rural settings– Happy people and pets
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Rococo
The Marsham Children. Thomas Gainsborough, 1787
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An Absolute Monarch’s Absolute Monarch C
• France’ Louis XIV was the most visible model of an absolute monarch.
• He was the model for all other monarchs in Europe (especially England’s Stuarts). – His luxurious lifestyle and expensive wars
caused great debts in France.– Nobody told him he could not spend money– At the same time, France supported the arts
and sciences.
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Enlightened Despot: C
• A monarch who in a small or big way appreciated and tried to use ideas of the Enlightenment in his/her rule.
• They figured change was coming and a smart ruler should lead it.
• The most noted are: EC (3)– Frederick the Great of Prussia– Catherine the Great of Russia– Joseph II of Austria
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Frederick the Great (Prussia): C
• King of Prussia (eastern German state)• In the enlightened spirit, he called himself
“first servant of the state”. – He made the “common good” his goal. – He was an ardent fan of Voltaire, – allowed free press, – reorganized the civil service (government
employees), – allowed religious freedom,– reduced torture.
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Catherine the Great (Russia): C
• Tsarina (Empress) of Russia
• A fan of Voltaire and Diderot. – Liked ideas of equality and liberty. – Abolished torture, – allowed religious freedom, – criticized serfdom, but did not end it.
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Joseph II (Austria): C
• Emperor of Austria• travelled his country to see how the ordinary
people lived. • Supported religious freedom for Jews and
Protestants. • Ended censorship of the press. • Attempted to control Church power (taking
property the Church did not use for education and health).
• Abolished serfdom.
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As for the peasants, they had little idea of what the Enlightenment was teaching EC (4) C
• Most were Illiterate
• Few could afford to buy books
• Many lived far away from cities where the Enlightenment was happening.
• Peasants did not like change and lived their traditional lives
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Homework, Notes
• Go to next unit…..
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Standards Check, p. 61
• Question:
• Censorship
• Burning books
• Imprisoning writers
• Restricting access to information
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p. 61, Satire by Swift
• Question:
• They wanted to avoid censorship, so they disguised their ideas in fiction
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Standards Check, p. 63
• Question:
• Art and music became more elegant and charming– Baroque: Johann S. Bach– Classical: Wolfgang A. Mozart
• Performances were more affordable for the middle class
• Many novels were published
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Thinking Critically, p. 63
• 1
• Life was refined and elegant
• 2
• Philosophes thought the rococo style was superficial– Too much decoration not much function
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Map Skills, p. 64
• 2
• Catherine the Great
• 3
• Parts of central and eastern Europe
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Standards Check, p. 65
• Question:
• They wanted reform and tried to persuade European monarchs to accept their ideas.– The monarchs had the power to make such
reforms
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Standards Check, p. 65
• Question:
• Changes were occurring in the court in the capital city
• Most Europeans were uneducated peasants.– Lived in remote villages– Educated city culture was foreign
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Brief Responsep. 66, Thinking Critically
• 1.
• 2.