no slide title€¦ · production logging . production logging the measurement of fluid parameters...
TRANSCRIPT
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By Riko Mudayana Domain Champion Schlumberger Wireline- Indonesia
Production Logging
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Production Logging
The measurement of fluid
parameters on a zone-by-zone
basis to yield information about
the type and movement of fluids
within and near the wellbore.
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Production Logging Applications
Monitor reservoir performance & variations
• New well performance Vs prediction
• Time lapse profile monitoring
• Layered reservoir testing
Evaluate completion performance
• Perforation effectiveness
• Stimulation evaluation
• Formation damage identification
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Production Logging Applications Diagnose well problems
• Water entry
• Gas entry
• Leaks and mechanical problems
• Flow behind casing
Other
• Guidance for workover
• Enhanced oil recovery projects
• Identify boundaries for field development
Oil
Water
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Basic PL Interpretation
Mono Phase Flow Rate
= Velocity x Area
Multi Phase Flow Rate
= Phase Velocity x Phase Area
Phase Area = Area x Phase Holdup
Vhy Vw
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Traditional Interpretation Mixture Velocity
• Spinners
Holdup
• Fluid Density, Capacitance, Local Probes
Phase Velocities
• Correlations
Gradiomanometer Nuclear Capacitance Probe Tools
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‘Holdup’ is the area fraction of the pipe occupied by the phase
of interest.
For oil-water flows: yw + yo = 1
For oil-water-gas flows: yw + yo + yg = 1
‘Cut’ is ratio of flowrates. For instance in an oil-water flow,
water cut is given by -
WC (%) = qw/(qo + qw) and more generally by:
WC (%) = qw/qt
‘Superficial velocity’ is the velocity that a phase
would have if it alone flowed in the pipe,
i.e. Q/A.
The sum of the superficial velocities is equal to the mean
velocity: Vsh + Vsl = Vm
Some Definitions
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Spinner correction factor
Vaverage = C x Vf
q = C x Vf x A where,
C = velocity profile correction factor,
commonly 0.83. Better, use chart.
A = Area of flow. Use chart to convert
ft/min to flowrate for given casing.
Vf = Fluid velocity from zone calibration line.
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Spinner Example 3
6000
6100
6200
6300
6400
Dep
th (
m)
0 5 10 15 20
0 5 10 15 20
Spinner rotation (rps)
Up 110 ft/min
Up 80 ft/min
Up 32 ft/min
Down 115 ft/min
Down 82 ft/min
Down 50 ft/min
A
B
C
D
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Crossplot from the Example 3
Down
Sp
inn
er r
ota
tio
n (
rps)
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-100 0 100 200
Cable velocity (ft/min)
Up
80 215 320
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Holdup Measurement
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Holdup Measurement • Main purposes for making a holdup measurements:
– Determine volumetric flow in two and three-phase flow
– Show entry points in two and three-phase flow.
• Holdup measurement tools:
– Gradiomanometer* fluid density tool
– FloView (digital entry fluid imager tool)
– GHOST
– RST TPHL (Three-phase holdup log)
– NFD
– HUM
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Two-Phase Flow Computation
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Holdup from density
• Mass conservation:
Ao ro + Aw rw = A rlog
yo ro + yw rw = rlog
y is the “holdup”
yw + yo = 1
yw = (rlog - ro) / (rw - ro)
yw = Aw/A
yo = Ao/A
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Example
• Oil density: ro = 0.7 g/cc
• Water density: rw = 1.1 g/cc
• Log density: rlog = 0.85 g/cc
• Holdup: yw = (0.85 - 0.7) / (1.1 - 0.7)
yw = 38%
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Bubble flow model
Vw Vo Vo= Vw+Vs Vw
Water Oil
A
yw A (1-yw)A
Where Vs is the “slip velocity”
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Two-phase Flow Computations
• Qw = Vw Aw Qw = Vw yw A’
• Qo = Vo Ao Qo = Vo yo A’ = (Vw + Vs) (1 - yw) A’
• QT = Qo + Qw
QT = (Vw + Vs) A’ - (Vw + Vs) yw A’ + Vw yw A’
= Vw A’ + (1 - yw) Vs A’
• yw QT = Qw + yw (1 - yw) A’ Vs
Qw = yw QT - yw (1 - yw) A’ Vs
Qo = QT - Qw
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Two-phase Flow Computations (ctd)
QT = C Vf A
Qw = yw QT - yw (1 - yw) A’ Vs
Qo = QT - Qw
A’ = 1.39879(D2 - 1.68752)
for ID in inches
Vs in ft/min
Q in bbl/d
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Two-Phase Interpretation Exercise
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• Well producing both water and oil
• Casing ID: 5”
• Water Density: 1.1 g/cc
• Oil Density: 0.75 g/cc
• 3 up & 3 down passes
Is a friction correction needed?
Well Conditions Two-Phase Interpretation Exercise
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6000
6100
6200
6300
6400
Dep
th (
ft)
0 5 10 15 20
0 5 10 15 20
Spinner rotation (rps)
Up 80 ft/min
Up 32 ft/min
Down 115 ft/min
Down 82 ft/min
Down 50 ft/min
A
B
C
D
Density (g/cc))
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Up 110 ft/min
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0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 6000
6050
6125
6175
6275
6300
6375
6400
Depth (m)
Flow Rate (bpd)
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Use of Temperature Measurement
(the original Production Log!)
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Temperature log
Spinner Temperature
geothermal gradient
Water Flow behind casing
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Uses of pressure
• Well test analysis (kh, skin)
• Reservoir extent, boundaries
• Fluid conversions
• AOF, SIP determination
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Advance Production Logging
†Real-time logging only
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FloView
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GHOST
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Water Entry Detected
in High-Rate Gas Well
• Over 14 MMcf/D gas downhole
production
• Less than 120 BWPD water
downhole production
• Character of bubble count curves
indicates water recirculation in
wellbore
• Water entry at X270 seen by
Bubble counts
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First oil entry
Water entry
First Oil Entry Detection
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PS Platform Application Sensors
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QUESTION ?