no-till in argentina ing. (m. sc.) agustín bianchini [email protected]...
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No-Till in ArgentinaNo-Till in ArgentinaNo-Till in ArgentinaNo-Till in Argentina
Ing. (M. Sc.) Agustín Ing. (M. Sc.) Agustín BianchiniBianchini
[email protected]@arnet.com.ar
Ing. (M. Sc.) Agustín Ing. (M. Sc.) Agustín BianchiniBianchini
[email protected]@arnet.com.ar
No-Till Farmer’sArgentinean Association
No-Till Farmer’sArgentinean Association
No-Till Expansion
Latin America = 34.2 Latin America = 34.2 million hamillion ha
World Total = 72 million haWorld Total = 72 million ha
Argentina = 15.1 million haArgentina = 15.1 million ha
Source: Derpsch – AAPRESID (2003)Source: Derpsch – AAPRESID (2003)
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
14000000
16000000
No-Till Area Evolution (1977/2002). Source: AAPRESID, 2002
01000000
2000000
3000000
40000005000000
6000000
70000008000000
900000010000000
77/78
78/86
86/87
87/88
88/89
89/90
90/91
91/92
92/93
93/94
94/95
95/96
96/97
97/98*
98/99
99/00
00/01
01/02.
Corn
Wheat
Soybean
No-Till area evolution for wheat, corn, No-Till area evolution for wheat, corn, and soybean. 1977 – 2002and soybean. 1977 – 2002
Source: AAPRESIDSource: AAPRESID
Percent NT for the different crops2001/02. Source: AAPRESID
56
44
74
47
22
0
1020
30
40
5060
70
80
Corn Wheat Soybean Sorghum Sunflower
(%)
Crops in the Pampas RegionCrops in the Pampas RegionProduction and Area Evolution - 1991-2000Production and Area Evolution - 1991-2000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1990 1995 2000
Pro
duct
ion (
1,0
00 t
n) Corn Soybean
Wheat Sunflower
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Are
a (
1,0
00 h
a)
Corn Soybean
Wheat Sunflower
ProductioProductionn
AreaArea
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Yie
ld (
kg/h
a)
Corn Soybean
Wheat Sunflower
Crop Production Area Yield Increase
1,000 tn 1,000 ha kg/haSoybean 1596 557 43Wheat 751 211 50Corn 774 100 110
Sunflower 196 87 19
Crops in the Pampas RegionCrops in the Pampas RegionYield Evolution - 1991-2000Yield Evolution - 1991-2000
Actual and Potential Yield for Actual and Potential Yield for Advanced Technology FarmersAdvanced Technology Farmers
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Yie
ld (
kg/ha)
Wheat South Corn North Soybean North
Actual
Potential
+ 41%
+ 42%
+ 30%
No-Till Adoption Benefits
greater stability and yield increase
increase in cropped area
lower production costs
WHAT HAPPENED WITH SOYBEAN?WHAT HAPPENED WITH SOYBEAN?
The decade of innovationsThe decade of innovations
No-TillNo-Till
Maturity Group IVMaturity Group IV
Round-Up ReadyRound-Up Ready
NEW AGRICULTURAL AREASNEW AGRICULTURAL AREAS
No-tillNo-till
VarietyVariety RR SoybeanRR Soybean
expansion of theagricultural boundaries
expansion of theagricultural boundaries
In 1995/ 96: 6.000.000 haIn 1999/ 2000: 9.000.000 ha
Today: 15.000.000 has Rate increase since 1995 was 1.000.000 ha
In 1995/ 96: 6.000.000 haIn 1999/ 2000: 9.000.000 ha
Today: 15.000.000 has Rate increase since 1995 was 1.000.000 ha
Source: PrietoSource: Prieto
SoybeanSoybean
No SoybeanNo Soybean
PhysicalPhysicalDegradationDegradation
Exports and Nutrient Consumption in Exports and Nutrient Consumption in Wheat, Corn, Soybean and SunflowerWheat, Corn, Soybean and Sunflower
Pampas Region, Argentina - 2000/01
Consumption NPK
3
340
119
0
300
600
900
1200
N P K1,
000
tons
NPK Export
0
300
600
900
1200
N P K
1,00
0 to
ns
SunflowerSoybeanWheatCorn
13921392
280280
657657
In 2000/01, nutrient replenishment was of 24%, 42%, and In 2000/01, nutrient replenishment was of 24%, 42%, and less than 1% of the N, P, and K extracted by grains, less than 1% of the N, P, and K extracted by grains,
respectivelyrespectively Potential needs of 1 million ton N, 160 thousand ton P, Potential needs of 1 million ton N, 160 thousand ton P,
and 650 thousand ton Kand 650 thousand ton K
The Soil in No-TillThe Soil in No-TillThe Soil in No-TillThe Soil in No-Till
In no-till the function of the In no-till the function of the roots and the macro and meso roots and the macro and meso fauna plays an important role fauna plays an important role in the macropore regenerationin the macropore regeneration
Key Concept 1Key Concept 1
The fauna action in the The fauna action in the pore generationpore generation
0.54
0.49 0.49
0.47
0.4
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.5
0.52
0.54
To
tal
Po
rosi
ty(c
c/cc
)
Surface 10 cm (4") SurfaceTrack
Track 10 cm(4")
Effect of the machinery tracks in no-till fie lds on the total porosity (and bulk density) in Tipic Argiudolls of
the Pampas. (Gil, 2001)
7.44
4.25
2.340.41
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Sat
. K (
cm/h
r)
Surface 10 cm (4") SurfaceTrack
Track 10 cm(4")
Effect of the machinery tracks in no-till fields on the soil Hidraulic Conductivity in Tipic Argiudolls of the Pampas.
(Gil, 2001)
Do not disturbe the continuity of the Do not disturbe the continuity of the pore network (ocasional tillage effect)pore network (ocasional tillage effect)
Alternate root systems to generate Alternate root systems to generate macropores in all the soil profilemacropores in all the soil profile
Maintain a stable structure in the first Maintain a stable structure in the first inches of the soil profile (residue cover)inches of the soil profile (residue cover)
Generate favorable conditions for the Generate favorable conditions for the meso and macrofauna developement meso and macrofauna developement (stable environment, C adition)(stable environment, C adition)
What to do to maintain the What to do to maintain the macroporosity?macroporosity?
““In no-till the tillage layer does In no-till the tillage layer does not exist, in its place there is not exist, in its place there is another layer enriched with another layer enriched with
organic residues, modifying the organic residues, modifying the soil organic matter dynamics soil organic matter dynamics
and the nutrient cycles”and the nutrient cycles”
Moraes Sa, 1993Moraes Sa, 1993
Key Concept 2Key Concept 2
The soil organic matter is considered The soil organic matter is considered the most important simple indicator to the most important simple indicator to
define the soil quality define the soil quality Larson & Pierce,Larson & Pierce, 19911991
The soil organic matter is considered The soil organic matter is considered the most important simple indicator to the most important simple indicator to
define the soil quality define the soil quality Larson & Pierce,Larson & Pierce, 19911991
OM is a key component in NT OM is a key component in NT Moraes SMoraes Sa, 1993a, 1993
OM is a key component in NT OM is a key component in NT Moraes SMoraes Sa, 1993a, 1993
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
NTCT
De
pth
(c
m)
mg N 100g-1 dry soil
Organic N in a no-till field and Organic N in a no-till field and conventional tillage after 10 conventional tillage after 10
yearsyears
The highest proportion of the MO increase comes from the labile fractions
Source: Moraes SáSource: Moraes Sá
Source: C. BellosoSource: C. Belloso
Management to increase soil Management to increase soil organic Carbonorganic Carbon
Paustian, 1997Paustian, 1997
• Reduce or eliminate Reduce or eliminate tillagetillage
• Rotations with corn, Rotations with corn, grain sorghum, grain sorghum, pasturespastures
• Include permanent Include permanent gramineae and gramineae and legumeslegumes
• Increase time of soil Increase time of soil covered with covered with vegetationvegetation
• Increase production Increase production and return residue to and return residue to the soilthe soil
No TillNo Till
Crop RotationCrop Rotation DiversityDiversity
IntensityIntensity
FertilizationFertilization
Key Concept 3Key Concept 3
In no-till we make a more In no-till we make a more efficient use of the water as we efficient use of the water as we increase infiltration, decrease increase infiltration, decrease
run-off and evaporation losses, run-off and evaporation losses, and improve the water and improve the water
retention (water storage)retention (water storage)
Cover the soil with crop residues Cover the soil with crop residues in an homogeneous and durable wayin an homogeneous and durable way
Maintain a stable structure , Maintain a stable structure , mainly in the first inches on the soil mainly in the first inches on the soil profileprofile
What to do to improve the What to do to improve the rainfall water use efficiency? rainfall water use efficiency?
Key Concept 4Key Concept 4
Balanced fertilization (crop Balanced fertilization (crop nutrition) and adequate crop nutrition) and adequate crop rotation are two of the most rotation are two of the most
important practices for the no-important practices for the no-till systemtill system
Fertilization of the rotationFertilization of the rotation
• Balanced fertilization
• Higher yield response in the rotation
• Nutrient residual effects
• Balance inmovilization-release
• Soil biological activity
NPNPNPNP
NPSNPS
Santa Fe, ArgentinaSanta Fe, ArgentinaSanta Fe, ArgentinaSanta Fe, Argentina
Crop RotationCrop Rotation
Planned and ordered crop sequence Planned and ordered crop sequence with the objective:with the objective:
• Maximize Maximize productivityproductivity, ,
• minimize minimize risksrisks, ,
• and preserve the involved and preserve the involved resourcesresources. .
• Diversification of Diversification of productive risksproductive risks• Inhibitory effect on Inhibitory effect on pathogenspathogens• Interruption of Interruption of weedweed and and insectinsect cycles cycles• Chemical fertilityChemical fertility: nutrient balance: nutrient balance• Biological activity and diversityBiological activity and diversity
• Improves Improves soil physical conditionssoil physical conditions (structure (structure and porosity)and porosity)
• Intensification: use the Intensification: use the stored waterstored water in NT. in NT.
Crop Rotation:Crop Rotation:
AdvantagesAdvantages
The biomass production for The biomass production for the surface residue cover and the surface residue cover and
roots in the soil profile, roots in the soil profile, associated to the crop associated to the crop
rotation, is the key component rotation, is the key component in the no-till systemin the no-till system
Adapted from Moraes SáAdapted from Moraes Sá
ConclusionConclusion
Final commentFinal comment
... It must be remembered that there is no ... It must be remembered that there is no harder job, more difficult to do or more harder job, more difficult to do or more uncertain in success, than being a leader uncertain in success, than being a leader imposing a new paradigm ...imposing a new paradigm ...
... because every innovator has as enemy ... because every innovator has as enemy the one that was successful under the old the one that was successful under the old concepts ...concepts ...
... and as a weak defender the one that ... and as a weak defender the one that probably will succeed under the new probably will succeed under the new concepts ...concepts ...
Machiavelli 1469-1527Machiavelli 1469-1527
Thank Thank you !!you !!
Contact us at:Contact us at:
WEB: WEB: www.aapresid.org.ar (Spanish)(Spanish)
English version available English version available soon!!!soon!!!
Agustín BianchiniAgustín Bianchini
[email protected]@arnet.com.ar