nobel prize winners by category

Nobel Prize winners by category (chemistry)year name country* achievement

1901 Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van ’tThe

Netherlandslaws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure

1902 Fischer, Emil Germany work on sugar and purine syntheses

1903 Arrhenius, Svante Sweden theory of electrolytic dissociation

1904 Ramsay, Sir William U.K.discovery of inert gas elements and their places

in the periodic system

1905 Baeyer, Adolf von Germanywork on organic dyes, hydroaromatic

compounds

1906 Moissan, Henri Franceisolation of fluorine; introduction of Moissan

furnace

1907 Buchner, Eduard Germany discovery of noncellular fermentation

1908 Rutherford, Ernest U.K.investigations into the disintegration of elements

and the chemistry of radioactive substances

1909 Ostwald, Wilhelm Germanypioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium,

and reaction velocities

1910 Wallach, Otto Germany pioneer work in alicyclic combinations

1911 Curie, Marie Francediscovery of radium and polonium; isolation of

radium

1912 Grignard, Victor France discovery of the Grignard reagents

Sabatier, Paul France method of hydrogenating organic compounds

1913 Werner, Alfred Switzerland work on the linkage of atoms in molecules

1914 Richards, Theodore William U.S.accurate determination of the atomic weights of

numerous elements

1915 Willstätter, Richard Germany pioneer researches in plant pigments, especially

chlorophyll

1918 Haber, Fritz Germany synthesis of ammonia

1920 Nernst, Walther Hermann Germany work in thermochemistry

1921 Soddy, Frederick U.K.chemistry of radioactive substances; occurrence

and nature of isotopes

1922 Aston, Francis William U.K.work with mass spectrograph; whole-number

rule

1923 Pregl, Fritz Austria method of microanalysis of organic substances

1925 Zsigmondy, Richard Austriaelucidation of the heterogeneous nature of

colloidal solutions

1926 Svedberg, Theodor H.E. Sweden work on disperse systems

1927 Wieland, Heinrich Otto Germany researches into the constitution of bile acids

1928 Windaus, Adolf Germanyconstitution of sterols and their connection with

vitamins

1929 Euler-Chelpin, Hans von Swedeninvestigations in the fermentation of sugars and

the enzyme action involved

Harden, Sir Arthur U.K.investigations in the fermentation of sugars and

the enzyme action involved

1930 Fischer, Hans Germany hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of hemin

1931 Bergius, Friedrich Germanyinvention and development of chemical high-

pressure methods

Bosch, Carl Germanyinvention and development of chemical high-

pressure methods

1932 Langmuir, Irving U.S.discoveries and investigations in surface

chemistry

1934 Urey, Harold C. U.S. discovery of heavy hydrogen

1935 Joliot-Curie, Frédéric and Irène France synthesis of new radioactive elements

1936 Debye, PeterThe

Netherlands

work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-

rays and electrons in gases

1937 Haworth, Sir Norman U.K. research on carbohydrates and vitamin C

Karrer, Paul Switzerland research on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins

1938 Kuhn, Richard (declined) Germany carotenoid and vitamin research

1939 Butenandt, Adolf (declined) Germany work on sexual hormones

Ruzicka, Leopold Switzerland work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes

1943 Hevesy, Georg Charles von Hungary use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research

1944 Hahn, Otto Germany discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei

1945 Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari Finland invention of a fodder-preservation method

1946 Northrop, John Howard U.S.preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in

pure form

Stanley, Wendell Meredith U.S.preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in

pure form

Sumner, James Batcheller U.S. discovery of enzyme crystallization

1947 Robinson, Sir Robert U.K.investigation of alkaloids and other plant

products

1948 Tiselius, Arne Swedenresearches in electrophoresis and adsorption

analysis; serum proteins

1949 Giauque, William Francis U.S.behaviour of substances at extremely low

temperatures

1950 Alder, Kurt West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis

Diels, Otto Paul Hermann West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis

1951 McMillan, Edwin Mattison U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium

elements

Seaborg, Glenn T. U.S.discovery of and research on transuranium

elements

1952 Martin, A.J.P. U.K. development of partition chromatography

Synge, R.L.M. U.K. development of partition chromatography

1953 Staudinger, Hermann West Germany work on macromolecules

1954 Pauling, Linus U.S. study of the nature of the chemical bond

1955 du Vigneaud, Vincent U.S. first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone

1956 Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman U.K. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions

Semyonov, Nikolay Nikolayevich U.S.S.R. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions

1957Todd (of Trumpington), Alexander

Robertus Todd, BaronU.K. work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes

1958 Sanger, Frederick U.K.determination of the structure of the insulin

molecule

1959 Heyrovský, Jaroslav Czech. discovery and development of polarography

1960 Libby, Willard Frank U.S. development of radiocarbon dating

1961 Calvin, Melvin U.S.study of chemical steps that take place during

photosynthesis

1962 Kendrew, Sir John Cowdery U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins

Perutz, Max Ferdinand U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins

1963 Natta, Giulio Italystructure and synthesis of polymers in the field

of plastics

Ziegler, Karl West Germanystructure and synthesis of polymers in the field

of plastics

1964 Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot U.K. determining the structure of biochemical

compounds essential in combating pernicious

anemia

1965 Woodward, Robert Burns U.S.synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other

substances

1966 Mulliken, Robert Sanderson U.S.work concerning chemical bonds and the

electronic structure of molecules

1967 Eigen, Manfred West Germany studies of extremely fast chemical reactions

Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions

Porter, Sir George U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions

1968 Onsager, Lars U.S.work on the theory of thermodynamics of

irreversible processes

1969 Barton, Sir Derek H.R. U.K.work in determining actual three-dimensional

shapes of molecules

Hassel, Odd Norwaywork in determining actual three-dimensional

shapes of molecules

1970 Leloir, Luis Federico Argentinadiscovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in

the biosynthesis of carbohydrates

1971 Herzberg, Gerhard Canada research in the structure of molecules

1972 Anfinsen, Christian B. U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry

Moore, Stanford U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry

Stein, William H. U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry

1973 Fischer, Ernst Otto West Germany organometallic chemistry

Wilkinson, Sir Geoffrey U.K. organometallic chemistry

1974 Flory, Paul J. U.S. studies of long-chain molecules

1975 Cornforth, Sir John Warcup U.K. work in stereochemistry

Prelog, Vladimir Switzerland work in stereochemistry

1976 Lipscomb, William Nunn, Jr. U.S. structure of boranes

1977 Prigogine, Ilya Belgium widening the scope of thermodynamics

1978 Mitchell, Peter Dennis U.K.formulation of a theory of energy-transfer

processes in biological systems

1979 Brown, Herbert Charles U.S.

introduction of compounds of boron and

phosphorus in the synthesis of organic

substances

Wittig, Georg West Germany

introduction of compounds of boron and

phosphorus in the synthesis of organic

substances

1980 Berg, Paul U.S. first preparation of a hybrid DNA

Gilbert, Walter U.S.development of chemical and biological

analyses of DNA structure

Sanger, Frederick U.K.development of chemical and biological

analyses of DNA structure

1981 Fukui Kenichi Japanorbital symmetry interpretation of chemical

reactions

Hoffmann, Roald U.S.orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical

reactions

1982 Klug, Aaron U.K.determination of the structure of biological

substances

1983 Taube, Henry U.S. study of electron-transfer reactions

1984 Merrifield, Bruce U.S.development of a method of polypeptide

synthesis

1985 Hauptman, Herbert A. U.S. development of a way to map the chemical

structures of small molecules

Karle, Jerome U.S.development of a way to map the chemical

structures of small molecules

1986 Herschbach, Dudley R. U.S.development of methods for analyzing basic

chemical reactions

Lee, Yuan T. U.S.development of methods for analyzing basic

chemical reactions

Polanyi, John C. Canadadevelopment of methods for analyzing basic

chemical reactions

1987 Cram, Donald J. U.S.development of molecules that can link with

other molecules

Lehn, Jean-Marie Francedevelopment of molecules that can link with

other molecules

Pedersen, Charles J. U.S.development of molecules that can link with

other molecules

1988 Deisenhofer, Johann West Germanydiscovery of the structure of proteins needed in

photosynthesis

Huber, Robert West Germanydiscovery of the structure of proteins needed in

photosynthesis

Michel, Hartmut West Germanydiscovery of the structure of proteins needed in

photosynthesis

1989 Altman, Sidney U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA

Cech, Thomas Robert U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA

1990 Corey, Elias James U.S.development of retrosynthetic analysis for

synthesis of complex molecules

1991 Ernst, Richard R. Switzerland improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance

spectroscopy

1992 Marcus, Rudolph A. U.S.explanation of how electrons transfer between

molecules

1993 Mullis, Kary B. U.S.invention of techniques for gene study and

manipulation

Smith, Michael Canadainvention of techniques for gene study and

manipulation

1994 Olah, George A. U.S.development of techniques to study hydrocarbon

molecules

1995 Crutzen, PaulThe

Netherlands

explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s

ozone layer

Molina, Mario U.S.explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s

ozone layer

Rowland, F. Sherwood U.S.explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s

ozone layer

1996 Curl, Robert F., Jr. U.S.discovery of new carbon compounds called

fullerenes

Kroto, Sir Harold W. U.K.discovery of new carbon compounds called

fullerenes

Smalley, Richard E. U.S.discovery of new carbon compounds called

fullerenes

1997 Boyer, Paul D. U.S.explanation of the enzymatic conversion of

adenosine triphosphate

Skou, Jens C. Denmarkdiscovery of sodium-potassium-activated

adenosine triphosphatase

Walker, John E. U.K.explanation of the enzymatic conversion of

adenosine triphosphate

1998 Kohn, Walter U.S. development of the density-functional theory

Pople, John A. U.K.development of computational methods in

quantum chemistry

1999 Zewail, Ahmed H. Egypt/U.S.study of the transition states of chemical

reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy

2000 Heeger, Alan J. U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity

MacDiarmid, Alan G. U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity

Shirakawa Hideki Japan discovery of plastics that conduct electricity

2001 Knowles, William S. U.S.work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation

reactions

Noyori Ryoji Japanwork on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation

reactions

Sharpless, K. Barry U.S. work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions

2002 Fenn, John B. U.S.development of techniques to identify and

analyze proteins and other large molecules

Tanaka Koichi Japandevelopment of techniques to identify and


Wüthrich, Kurt Switzerlanddevelopment of techniques to identify and


2003 Agre, Peter U.S.discoveries regarding water channels and ion

channels in cells

MacKinnon, Roderick U.S.discoveries regarding water channels and ion

channels in cells

2004 Ciechanover, Aaron Israeldiscovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein

degradation

Hershko, Avram Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein

degradation

Rose, Irwin U.S.discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein

degradation

2005 Chauvin, Yves Francedevelopment of the metathesis method in

organic synthesis

Grubbs, Robert H. U.S.development of the metathesis method in

organic synthesis

Schrock, Richard R. U.S.development of the metathesis method in

organic synthesis

2006 Kornberg, Roger D. U.S.work concerning the molecular basis of

eukaryotic transcription

2007 Ertl, Gerhard Germany studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces

2008 Chalfie, Martin U.S.discovery and development of the green

fluorescent protein, GFP

Shimomura, Osamu U.S.discovery and development of the green


Tsien, Roger Y. U.S.discovery and development of the green


2009 Ramakrishnan, Venkatraman U.S.studies of the structure and function of the

ribosome

Steitz, Thomas U.S.studies of the structure and function of the

ribosome

Yonath, Ada Israelstudies of the structure and function of the

ribosome

2010 Heck, Richard F. U.S.development of techniques to synthesize

complex carbon molecules

Negishi Ei-ichi Japandevelopment of techniques to synthesize


Suzuki Akira Japandevelopment of techniques to synthesize


2011 Shechtman, Daniel Israel discovery of quasicrystals

2012 Kobilka, Brian K. U.S. studies of G-protein-coupled receptors

Lefkowitz, Robert J. U.S. studies of G-protein-coupled receptors

*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not

awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and

II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.

ECONOMICSThe table provides a chronological list of recipients of the Nobel Prize for Economics.

Nobel Prize winners by category (economics)*year name country** achievement

1969 Frisch, Ragnar Norway work in econometrics

Tinbergen, JanThe

Netherlandswork in econometrics

1970 Samuelson, Paul U.S. work in scientific analysis of economic theory

1971 Kuznets, Simon U.S. extensive research on the economic growth of nations

1972 Arrow, Kenneth J. U.S.contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and

welfare theory

Hicks, Sir John R. U.K.contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and

welfare theory

1973 Leontief, Wassily U.S. input-output analysis

1974 Hayek, Friedrich von U.K.pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social,

and institutional phenomena

Myrdal, Gunnar Swedenpioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social,

and institutional phenomena

1975Kantorovich, Leonid

VitalyevichU.S.S.R. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources

Koopmans, Tjalling

C.U.S. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources

1976 Friedman, Milton U.S.consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic

stabilization

1977Meade, James

EdwardU.K. contributions to the theory of international trade

Ohlin, Bertil Sweden contributions to the theory of international trade

1978Simon, Herbert

AlexanderU.S. decision-making processes in economic organizations

1979 Lewis, Sir Arthur U.K. analyses of economic processes in developing nations

Schultz, Theodore

WilliamU.S. analyses of economic processes in developing nations

1980Klein, Lawrence

RobertU.S.

development and analysis of empirical models of business

fluctuations

1981 Tobin, James U.S. portfolio selection theory of investment

1982 Stigler, George J. U.S. economic effects of governmental regulation

1983 Debreu, Gerard U.S. mathematical proof of supply-and-demand theory

1984 Stone, Sir Richard U.K. development of a national income accounting system

1985 Modigliani, Franco U.S. analyses of household savings and financial markets

1986 Buchanan, James M. U.S. public-choice theory bridging economics and political science

1987Solow, Robert

MertonU.S. contributions to the theory of economic growth

1988 Allais, Maurice Francecontributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of

resources

1989 Haavelmo, Trygve Norway development of statistical techniques for economic forecasting

1990 Markowitz, Harry M. U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision making

Miller, Merton H. U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision making

Sharpe, William F. U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision making

1991 Coase, Ronald U.S. application of economic principles to the study of law

1992 Becker, Gary S. U.S. application of economic theory to social sciences

1993Fogel, Robert

WilliamU.S. contributions to economic history

North, Douglass C. U.S. contributions to economic history

1994 Harsanyi, John C. U.S. development of game theory

Nash, John F. U.S. development of game theory

Selten, Reinhard Germany development of game theory

1995 Lucas, Robert E., Jr. U.S.incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic

theory

1996 Mirrlees, James A. U.K.contributions to the theory of incentives under conditions of

asymmetric information

Vickrey, William U.S.contributions to the theory of incentives under conditions of

asymmetric information

1997 Merton, Robert C. U.S.method for determining the value of stock options and other

derivatives

Scholes, Myron S. U.S.method for determining the value of stock options and other

derivatives

1998 Sen, Amartya India contributions to welfare economics

1999 Mundell, Robert A. Canadaanalysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under

different exchange-rate regimes

2000 Heckman, James J. U.S.development of methods of statistical analysis of individual

and household behaviour

McFadden, Daniel L. U.S.development of methods of statistical analysis of individual

and household behaviour

2001 Akerlof, George A. U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information

Spence, A. Michael U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information

Stiglitz, Joseph E. U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information

2002 Kahneman, Daniel U.S./Israel

integration of psychological research into economic science,

especially concerning human judgment and decision making

under uncertainty

Smith, Vernon L. U.S.establishment of laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical

economic analysis

2003 Engle, Robert F. U.S. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data

Granger, Clive W.J. U.K. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data

2004 Kydland, Finn E. Norway contributions to dynamic macroeconomics

Prescott, Edward C. U.S. contributions to dynamic macroeconomics

2005 Aumann, Robert J. Israel contributions to game-theory analysis

Schelling, Thomas C. U.S. contributions to game-theory analysis

2006 Phelps, Edmund S. U.S. analysis of intertemporal trade-offs in macroeconomic policy

2007 Hurwicz, Leonid U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory

Maskin, Eric S. U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory

Myerson, Roger B. U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory

2008 Krugman, Paul U.S. analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity

2009 Ostrom, Elinor U.S. analysis of economic governance, especially the commons

Williamson, Oliver E. U.S.analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of

the firm

2010 Diamond, Peter A. U.S. analysis of markets with search frictions

Mortensen, Dale T. U.S. analysis of markets with search frictions

Pissarides,

Christopher A.Cyprus/U.K. analysis of markets with search frictions

2011 Sargent, Thomas J. U.S. empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy

Sims, Christopher A. U.S. empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy

2012 Roth, Alvin E. U.S. work on market design and matching theory

Shapley, Lloyd S. U.S. work on market design and matching theory

*Officially called the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, it is

technically not a Nobel Prize, although it is identified with the award.

**Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not



LITERATUREThe table provides a chronological list of recipients of the Nobel Prize for Literature.

Nobel Prize winners by category (literature)year name country* literary area

1901 Sully Prudhomme France poet

1902 Mommsen, Theodor Germany historian

1903 Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne Martinius Norway novelist, poet, dramatist

1904 Echegaray y Eizaguirre, José Spain dramatist

Mistral, Frédéric France poet

1905 Sienkiewicz, Henryk Poland novelist

1906 Carducci, Giosuè Italy poet

1907 Kipling, Rudyard U.K. poet, novelist

1908 Eucken, Rudolf Christoph Germany philosopher

1909 Lagerlöf, Selma Sweden novelist

1910 Heyse, Paul Johann Ludwig von Germany poet, novelist, dramatist

1911 Maeterlinck, Maurice Belgium dramatist

1912 Hauptmann, Gerhart Germany dramatist

1913 Tagore, Rabindranath India poet

1915 Rolland, Romain France novelist

1916 Heidenstam, Verner von Sweden poet

1917 Gjellerup, Karl Denmark novelist

Pontoppidan, Henrik Denmark novelist

1918 Karlfeldt, Erik Axel (declined) Sweden poet

1919 Spitteler, Carl Switzerland poet, novelist

1920 Hamsun, Knut Norway novelist

1921 France, Anatole France novelist

1922 Benavente y Martínez, Jacinto Spain dramatist

1923 Yeats, William Butler Ireland poet

1924 Reymont, Wladyslaw Stanislaw Poland novelist

1925 Shaw, George Bernard Ireland dramatist

1926 Deledda, Grazia Italy novelist

1927 Bergson, Henri France philosopher

1928 Undset, Sigrid Norway novelist

1929 Mann, Thomas Germany novelist

1930 Lewis, Sinclair U.S. novelist

1931 Karlfeldt, Erik Axel (posthumous award) Sweden poet

1932 Galsworthy, John U.K. novelist

1933 Bunin, Ivan Alekseyevich U.S.S.R. poet, novelist

1934 Pirandello, Luigi Italy dramatist

1936 O’Neill, Eugene U.S. dramatist

1937 Martin du Gard, Roger France novelist

1938 Buck, Pearl U.S. novelist

1939 Sillanpää, Frans Eemil Finland novelist

1944 Jensen, Johannes V. Denmark novelist

1945 Mistral, Gabriela Chile poet

1946 Hesse, Hermann Switzerland novelist

1947 Gide, André France novelist, essayist

1948 Eliot, T.S. U.K. poet, critic

1949 Faulkner, William U.S. novelist

1950 Russell, Bertrand U.K. philosopher

1951 Lagerkvist, Pär Sweden novelist

1952 Mauriac, François France poet, novelist, dramatist

1953 Churchill, Sir Winston U.K. historian, orator

1954 Hemingway, Ernest U.S. novelist

1955 Laxness, Halldór Iceland novelist

1956 Jiménez, Juan Ramón Spain poet

1957 Camus, Albert France novelist, dramatist

1958 Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich (declined) U.S.S.R. novelist, poet

1959 Quasimodo, Salvatore Italy poet

1960 Saint-John Perse France poet

1961 Andric, Ivo Yugoslavia novelist

1962 Steinbeck, John U.S. novelist

1963 Seferis, George Greece poet

1964 Sartre, Jean-Paul (declined) France philosopher, dramatist

1965 Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich U.S.S.R. novelist

1966 Agnon, S.Y. Israel novelist

Sachs, Nelly Sweden poet

1967 Asturias, Miguel Ángel Guatemala novelist

1968 Kawabata Yasunari Japan novelist

1969 Beckett, Samuel Ireland novelist, dramatist

1970 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich U.S.S.R. novelist

1971 Neruda, Pablo Chile poet

1972 Böll, Heinrich West Germany novelist

1973 White, Patrick Australia novelist

1974 Johnson, Eyvind Sweden novelist

Martinson, Harry Sweden novelist, poet

1975 Montale, Eugenio Italy poet

1976 Bellow, Saul U.S. novelist

1977 Aleixandre, Vicente Spain poet

1978 Singer, Isaac Bashevis U.S. novelist

1979 Elytis, Odysseus Greece poet

1980 Milosz, Czeslaw U.S. poet

1981 Canetti, Elias Bulgaria novelist, essayist

1982 García Márquez, Gabriel Colombia novelist, journalist, social critic

1983 Golding, Sir William U.K. novelist

1984 Seifert, Jaroslav Czech. poet

1985 Simon, Claude France novelist

1986 Soyinka, Wole Nigeria dramatist, poet

1987 Brodsky, Joseph U.S. poet, essayist

1988 Mahfouz, Naguib Egypt novelist

1989 Cela, Camilo José Spain novelist

1990 Paz, Octavio Mexico poet, essayist

1991 Gordimer, Nadine South Africa novelist

1992 Walcott, Derek St. Lucia poet

1993 Morrison, Toni U.S. novelist

1994 Oe Kenzaburo Japan novelist

1995 Heaney, Seamus Ireland poet

1996 Szymborska, Wislawa Poland poet

1997 Fo, Dario Italy dramatist, actor

1998 Saramago, José Portugal novelist

1999 Grass, Günter Germany novelist

2000 Gao Xingjian France novelist, dramatist

2001 Naipaul, Sir V.S. Trinidad novelist

2002 Kertész, Imre Hungary novelist

2003 Coetzee, J.M. South Africa novelist

2004 Jelinek, Elfriede Austria novelist, dramatist

2005 Pinter, Harold U.K. dramatist

2006 Pamuk, Orhan Turkey novelist

2007 Lessing, Doris U.K. novelist

2008 Le Clézio, Jean-Marie Gustave France novelist, essayist

2009 Müller, Herta Germany novelist

2010 Vargas Llosa, Mario Peru novelist, dramatist

2011 Tranströmer, Tomas Sweden poet

2012 Mo Yan China novelist, short-story writer




PEACEThe table provides a chronological list of recipients of the Nobel Prize for Peace.

Nobel Prize winners by category (peace)year name country*

1901 Dunant, Henri Switzerland

Passy, Frédéric France

1902 Ducommun, Élie Switzerland

Gobat, Charles-Albert Switzerland

1903 Cremer, Sir Randal U.K.

1904 Institute of International Law (founded 1873)

1905 Suttner, Bertha, Freifrau von Austria-Hungary

1906 Roosevelt, Theodore U.S.

1907 Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro Italy

Renault, Louis France

1908 Arnoldson, Klas Pontus Sweden

Bajer, Fredrik Denmark

1909 Beernaert, Auguste-Marie-François Belgium

Estournelles de Constant, Paul-H.-B. d’ France

1910 International Peace Bureau (founded 1891)

1911 Asser, Tobias Michael Carel The Netherlands

Fried, Alfred Hermann Austria-Hungary

1912 Root, Elihu U.S.

1913 Lafontaine, Henri-Marie Belgium

1917 International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)

1919 Wilson, Woodrow U.S.

1920 Bourgeois, Léon France

1921 Branting, Karl Hjalmar Sweden

Lange, Christian Lous Norway

1922 Nansen, Fridtjof Norway

1925 Chamberlain, Sir Austen U.K.

Dawes, Charles G. U.S.

1926 Briand, Aristide France

Stresemann, Gustav Germany

1927 Buisson, Ferdinand-Édouard France

Quidde, Ludwig Germany

1929 Kellogg, Frank B. U.S.

1930 Söderblom, Nathan Sweden

1931 Addams, Jane U.S.

Butler, Nicholas Murray U.S.

1933 Angell, Sir Norman U.K.

1934 Henderson, Arthur U.K.

1935 Ossietzky, Carl von Germany

1936 Saavedra Lamas, Carlos Argentina

1937 Cecil (of Chelwood), Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount U.K.

1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees (founded 1931)


1945 Hull, Cordell U.S.

1946 Balch, Emily Greene U.S.

Mott, John R. U.S.

1947 American Friends Service Committee U.S.

Friends Service Council (FSC) U.K.

1949 Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns, John Boyd Orr, Baron U.K.

1950 Bunche, Ralph U.S.

1951 Jouhaux, Léon France

1952 Schweitzer, Albert Alsace

1953 Marshall, George C. U.S.

1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the (founded 1951)

1957 Pearson, Lester B. Canada

1958 Pire, Dominique Belgium

1959 Noel-Baker (of the City of Derby), Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron U.K.

1960 Luthuli, Albert John South Africa

1961 Hammarskjöld, Dag Sweden

1962 Pauling, Linus U.S.


League of Red Cross Societies (founded 1919)

1964 King, Martin Luther, Jr. U.S.

1965 United Nations Children’s Fund (founded 1946)

1968 Cassin, René France

1969 International Labour Organisation (founded 1919)

1970 Borlaug, Norman Ernest U.S.

1971 Brandt, Willy West Germany

1973 Kissinger, Henry U.S.

Le Duc Tho (declined) North Vietnam

1974 MacBride, Seán Ireland

Sato Eisaku Japan

1975 Sakharov, Andrey Dmitriyevich U.S.S.R.

1976 Corrigan, Mairéad Northern Ireland

Williams, Betty Northern Ireland

1977 Amnesty International (founded 1961)

1978 Begin, Menachem Israel

Sadat, Anwar el- Egypt

1979 Teresa, Mother India

1980 Pérez Esquivel, Adolfo Argentina

1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the (founded 1951)

1982 García Robles, Alfonso Mexico

Myrdal, Alva Sweden

1983 Walesa, Lech Poland

1984 Tutu, Desmond South Africa

1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (founded 1980)

1986 Wiesel, Elie U.S.

1987 Arias Sánchez, Oscar Costa Rica

1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces

1989 Dalai Lama Tibet

1990 Gorbachev, Mikhail U.S.S.R.

1991 Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar

1992 Menchú, Rigoberta Guatemala

1993 de Klerk, F.W. South Africa

Mandela, Nelson South Africa

1994 ’Arafat, Yasir Palestinian

Peres, Shimon Israel

Rabin, Yitzhak Israel

1995 Pugwash Conferences (founded 1957)

Rotblat, Joseph U.K.

1996 Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes East Timor

Ramos-Horta, José East Timor

1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines (founded 1992)

Williams, Jody U.S.

1998 Hume, John Northern Ireland

Trimble, David Northern Ireland

1999 Doctors Without Borders (founded 1971)

2000 Kim Dae Jung South Korea

2001 United Nations (founded 1945)

Annan, Kofi Ghana

2002 Carter, Jimmy U.S.

2003 Ebadi, Shirin Iran

2004 Maathai, Wangari Kenya

2005 ElBaradei, Mohamed Egypt

International Atomic Energy Agency (founded 1957)

2006 Grameen Bank (founded 1976)

Yunus, Muhammad Bangladesh

2007 Gore, Al U.S.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (founded 1988)

2008 Ahtisaari, Martti Finland

2009 Obama, Barack U.S.

2010 Liu Xiaobo China

2011 Gbowee, Leymah Liberia

Johnson Sirleaf, Ellen Liberia

Karmān, Tawakkul Yemen

2012 European Union (founded 1993)




PHYSICSThe table provides a chronological list of recipients of the Nobel Prize for Physics.

Nobel Prize winners by category (physics)year name country* achievement

1901Röntgen, Wilhelm

ConradGermany discovery of X-rays

1902Lorentz, Hendrik

AntoonNetherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation

Zeeman, Pieter Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation

1903 Becquerel, Henri France discovery of spontaneous radioactivity

Curie, Marie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel

Curie, Pierre France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel

1904

Rayleigh (of Terling

Place), John William

Strutt, 3rd Baron

U.K. discovery of argon

1905 Lenard, Philipp Germany research on cathode rays

1906 Thomson, Sir J.J. U.K. researches into electrical conductivity of gases

1907 Michelson, A.A. U.S. spectroscopic and metrological investigations

1908 Lippmann, Gabriel France photographic reproduction of colours

1909 Braun, Ferdinand Germany development of wireless telegraphy

Marconi, Guglielmo Italy development of wireless telegraphy

1910Waals, Johannes

Diederik van derNetherlands research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids

1911 Wien, Wilhelm Germany discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation

1912 Dalén, Nils Swedeninvention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons

and light buoys

1913Kamerlingh Onnes,

HeikeNetherlands

investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures;

production of liquid helium

1914 Laue, Max von Germany discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals

1915 Bragg, Sir Lawrence U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays

Bragg, Sir William U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays

1917Barkla, Charles

GloverU.K. discovery of characteristic X-radiation of elements

1918 Planck, Max Germany discovery of the elemental quanta

1919 Stark, Johannes Germanydiscovery of the Doppler effect in positive ion rays and

division of spectral lines in an electric field

1920Guillaume, Charles

ÉdouardSwitzerland discovery of anomalies in alloys

1921 Einstein, Albert Switzerland work in theoretical physics

1922 Bohr, Niels Denmark investigation of atomic structure and radiation

1923 Millikan, Robert U.S. work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect

Andrews

1924Siegbahn, Karl

Manne GeorgSweden work in X-ray spectroscopy

1925 Franck, James Germanydiscovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon

an atom

Hertz, Gustav Germanydiscovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon

an atom

1926 Perrin, Jean France work on the discontinuous structure of matter

1927Compton, Arthur

HollyU.S. discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-rays

Wilson, C.T.R. U.K.method of making visible the paths of electrically charged

particles

1928Richardson, Sir Owen

WillansU.K. work on electron emission by hot metals

1929Broglie, Louis-Victor,

7 e duc (duke) de France discovery of the wave nature of electrons

1930

Raman, Sir

Chandrasekhara

Venkata

India work on light diffusion; discovery of the Raman effect

1932 Heisenberg, Werner Germany creation of quantum mechanics

1933 Dirac, P.A.M. U.K. introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics

Schrödinger, Erwin Austria introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics

1935 Chadwick, Sir James U.K. discovery of the neutron

1936 Anderson, Carl David U.S. discovery of the positron

Hess, Victor Francis Austria discovery of cosmic radiation

1937 Davisson, Clinton U.S. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in

Joseph crystals irradiated by electrons

Thomson, Sir George

PagetU.K.

experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in

crystals irradiated by electrons

1938 Fermi, Enrico Italydisclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by

neutron irradiation

1939Lawrence, Ernest

OrlandoU.S. invention of the cyclotron

1943 Stern, Otto U.S. discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton

1944 Rabi, Isidor Isaac U.S.resonance method for registration of various properties of

atomic nuclei

1945 Pauli, Wolfgang Austria discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons

1946Bridgman, Percy

WilliamsU.S. discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics

1947Appleton, Sir Edward

VictorU.K. discovery of the Appleton layer in the upper atmosphere

1948 Blackett, Patrick M.S. U.K.discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic

radiation

1949 Yukawa Hideki Japan prediction of the existence of mesons

1950 Powell, Cecil Frank U.K.photographic method of studying nuclear processes;

discoveries concerning mesons

1951Cockcroft, Sir John

DouglasU.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles

Walton, Ernest

Thomas SintonIreland work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles

1952 Bloch, Felix U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids

Purcell, E.M. U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids

1953 Zernike, Frits Netherlands method of phase-contrast microscopy

1954 Born, Max U.K. statistical studies of atomic wave functions

Bothe, Walther West Germany invention of the coincidence method

1955 Kusch, Polykarp U.S. measurement of the magnetic moment of the electron

Lamb, Willis Eugene,

Jr.U.S. discoveries in the hydrogen spectrum

1956 Bardeen, John U.S.investigations on semiconductors and invention of the

transistor

Brattain, Walter H. U.S.investigations on semiconductors and invention of the

transistor

Shockley, William B. U.S.investigations on semiconductors and invention of the

transistor

1957 Lee, Tsung-Dao China discovery of violations of the principle of parity

Yang, Chen Ning China discovery of violations of the principle of parity

1958Cherenkov, Pavel

AlekseyevichU.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect

Frank, Ilya

MikhaylovichU.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect

Tamm, Igor

YevgenyevichU.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect

1959 Chamberlain, Owen U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton

Segrè, Emilio U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton

1960 Glaser, Donald A. U.S. development of the bubble chamber

1961 Hofstadter, Robert U.S. determination of the shape and size of atomic nucleons

Mössbauer, Rudolf West Germany discovery of the Mössbauer effect

Ludwig

1962Landau, Lev

DavidovichU.S.S.R.

contributions to the understanding of condensed states of

matter

1963 Jensen, J. Hans D. West Germanydevelopment of the shell model theory of the structure of

atomic nuclei

Mayer, Maria

GoeppertU.S.

development of the shell model theory of the structure of

atomic nuclei

Wigner, Eugene Paul U.S.principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the

nucleus

1964Basov, Nikolay

GennadiyevichU.S.S.R.

work in quantum electronics leading to construction of

instruments based on maser-laser principles

Prokhorov, Aleksandr

MikhaylovichU.S.S.R.

work in quantum electronics leading to construction of


Townes, Charles Hard U.S.work in quantum electronics leading to construction of


1965 Feynman, Richard P. U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics

Schwinger, Julian

SeymourU.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics

Tomonaga

Shin’ichiroJapan basic principles of quantum electrodynamics

1966 Kastler, Alfred Francediscovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances

in atoms

1967 Bethe, Hans Albrecht U.S. discoveries concerning the energy production of stars

1968 Alvarez, Luis W. U.S. work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states

1969 Gell-Mann, Murray U.S. classification of elementary particles and their interactions

1970 Alfvén, Hannes Sweden work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and

ferrimagnetism

Néel, Louis-Eugène-

FélixFrance

work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and

ferrimagnetism

1971 Gabor, Dennis U.K. invention of holography

1972 Bardeen, John U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity

Cooper, Leon N. U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity

Schrieffer, John

RobertU.S. development of the theory of superconductivity

1973 Esaki, Leo Japan tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors

Giaever, Ivar U.S. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors

Josephson, Brian D. U.K. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors

1974 Hewish, Antony U.K. work in radio astronomy

Ryle, Sir Martin U.K. work in radio astronomy

1975 Bohr, Aage N. Denmarkwork on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear

fusion

Mottelson, Ben R. Denmarkwork on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear

fusion

Rainwater, James U.S.work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear

fusion

1976 Richter, Burton U.S. discovery of a new class of elementary particles (psi, or J)

Ting, Samuel C.C. U.S. discovery of a new class of elementary particles (psi, or J)

1977 Anderson, Philip W. U.S.contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in

magnetic, noncrystalline solids

Mott, Sir Nevill F. U.K.contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in


Van Vleck, John H. U.S.contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in


1978Kapitsa, Pyotr

LeonidovichU.S.S.R. invention and application of a helium liquefier

Penzias, Arno U.S.discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation,

providing support for the big-bang theory

Wilson, Robert

WoodrowU.S.

discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation,

providing support for the big-bang theory

1979Glashow, Sheldon

LeeU.S.

unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of

subatomic particles

Salam, Abdus Pakistanunification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of

subatomic particles

Weinberg, Steven U.S.unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of

subatomic particles

1980Cronin, James

WatsonU.S.

demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-

conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries

Fitch, Val Logsdon U.S.demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-

conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries

1981Bloembergen,

NicolaasU.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy

Schawlow, Arthur

LeonardU.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy

Siegbahn, Kai Manne

BörjeSweden electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis

1982Wilson, Kenneth

GeddesU.S. analysis of continuous phase transitions

1983 Chandrasekhar, U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of

Subrahmanyan stars

Fowler, William A. U.S.contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of

stars

1984 Meer, Simon van der Netherlandsdiscovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the

electroweak theory

Rubbia, Carlo Italydiscovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the

electroweak theory

1985 Klitzing, Klaus von West Germanydiscovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact

measurements of electrical resistance

1986 Binnig, Gerd West Germany development of electron microscopes

Rohrer, Heinrich Switzerland development of electron microscopes

Ruska, Ernst West Germany development of electron microscopes

1987 Bednorz, J. Georg West Germany discovery of new superconducting materials

Müller, Karl Alex Switzerland discovery of new superconducting materials

1988 Lederman, Leon Max U.S. research in subatomic particles

Schwartz, Melvin U.S. research in subatomic particles

Steinberger, Jack U.S. research in subatomic particles

1989 Dehmelt, Hans Georg U.S.development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic

particles for study

Paul, Wolfgang West Germanydevelopment of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic

particles for study

Ramsey, Norman

FosterU.S. development of the atomic clock

1990Friedman, Jerome

IsaacU.S. discovery of quarks

Kendall, Henry Way U.S. discovery of quarks

Taylor, Richard E. Canada discovery of quarks

1991Gennes, Pierre-Gilles

deFrance discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules

1992 Charpak, Georges France invention of a detector that traces subatomic particles

1993 Hulse, Russell Alan U.S. identifying binary pulsars

Taylor, Joseph H., Jr. U.S. identifying binary pulsars

1994Brockhouse, Bertram

N.Canada development of neutron-scattering techniques

Shull, Clifford G. U.S. development of neutron-scattering techniques

1995 Perl, Martin Lewis U.S. discovery of the tau subatomic particle

Reines, Frederick U.S. discovery of the neutrino

1996 Lee, David M. U.S. discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3

Osheroff, Douglas D. U.S. discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3

Richardson, Robert C. U.S. discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3

1997 Chu, Steven U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling

Cohen-Tannoudji,

ClaudeFrance process of trapping atoms with laser cooling

Phillips, William D. U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling

1998 Laughlin, Robert B. U.S. discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect

Störmer, Horst L. U.S. discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect

Tsui, Daniel C. U.S. discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect

1999 Hooft, Gerardus ’t Netherlands study of the quantum structure of electroweak interactions

Veltman, Martinus Netherlands study of the quantum structure of electroweak interactions

J.G.

2000 Alferov, Zhores I. Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics

Kilby, Jack S. U.S. development of the integrated circuit (microchip)

Kroemer, Herbert Germany development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics

2001 Cornell, Eric A. U.S.

achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of

alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the

condensates

Ketterle, Wolfgang Germany



condensates

Wieman, Carl E. U.S.



condensates

2002 Davis, Raymond, Jr. U.S. detection of neutrinos

Giacconi, Riccardo U.S. seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays

Koshiba Masatoshi Japan detection of neutrinos

2003 Abrikosov, Alexei A. U.S.discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at

very low temperatures

Ginzburg, Vitaly L. Russiadiscoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at


Leggett, Anthony J. U.S.discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at


2004 Gross, David J. U.S.discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong

interaction

Politzer, H. David U.S.discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong

interaction

Wilczek, Frank U.S.discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong

interaction

2005 Glauber, Roy J. U.S. contributions to the field of optics

Hall, John L. U.S. contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy

Hänsch, Theodor W. Germany contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy

2006 Mather, John C. U.S.discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic

microwave background radiation

Smoot, George F. U.S.discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic

microwave background radiation

2007 Fert, Albert France discovery of giant magnetoresistance

Grünberg, Peter Germany discovery of giant magnetoresistance

2008 Kobayashi Makoto Japandiscovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts

the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature

Maskawa Toshihide Japandiscovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts

the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature

Nambu, Yoichiro U.S.discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry

in subatomic physics

2009 Boyle, Willard Canada/U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit

Kao, Charles U.K./U.S.achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for

optical communication

Smith, George E. U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit

2010 Geim, Andre Netherlands experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene

Novoselov,

KonstantinRussia/U.K. experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene

2011 Perlmutter, Saul U.S.discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through

observations of distant supernovae

Schmidt, Brian P.U.S./

Australia

discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through


Riess, Adam G. U.S.discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through


2012 Haroche, Serge Francedevelopment of methods that enable measuring and

manipulation of individual quantum systems

Wineland, David J. U.S.development of methods that enable measuring and

manipulation of individual quantum systems




PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINEThe table provides a chronological list of recipients of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.

Nobel Prize winners by category (physiology or medicine)year name country* achievement

1901 Behring, Emil von Germany work on serum therapy

1902 Ross, Sir Ronald U.K. discovery of how malaria enters an organism

1903 Finsen, Niels Ryberg Denmark treatment of skin diseases with light

1904 Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Russia work on the physiology of digestion

1905 Koch, Robert Germany tuberculosis research

1906 Golgi, Camillo Italy work on the structure of the nervous system

1906 Ramón y Cajal, Santiago Spain work on the structure of the nervous system

1907 Laveran, Alphonse France discovery of the role of protozoans in diseases

1908 Ehrlich, Paul Germany work on immunity

1908 Metchnikoff, Élie Russia work on immunity

1909 Kocher, Emil Theodor Switzerlandphysiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid

gland

1910 Kossel, Albrecht Germany researches in cellular chemistry

1911 Gullstrand, Allvar Sweden work on dioptrics of the eye

1912 Carrel, Alexis France work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs

1913 Richet, Charles France work on anaphylaxis

1914 Bárány, RobertAustria-

Hungarywork on vestibular apparatus

1919 Bordet, Jules Belgium work on immunity factors in blood serum

1920 Krogh, August Denmarkdiscovery of the capillary motor-regulating

mechanism

1922 Hill, A.V. U.K. discoveries concerning heat production in muscles

Meyerhof, Otto Germany work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles

1923 Banting, Sir Frederick Grant Canada discovery of insulin

Macleod, J.J.R. U.K. discovery of insulin

1924 Einthoven, WillemThe

Netherlandsdiscovery of electrocardiogram mechanism

1926 Fibiger, Johannes Denmark contributions to cancer research

1927 Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Austria work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica

1928 Nicolle, Charles-Jules-Henri France work on typhus

1929 Eijkman, ChristiaanThe

Netherlandsdiscovery of the antineuritic vitamin

Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland U.K. discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins

1930 Landsteiner, Karl U.S. discovery of human blood groups

1931 Warburg, Otto Germany discovery of the nature and action of the

respiratory enzyme

1932Adrian (of Cambridge), Edgar

Douglas Adrian, 1st BaronU.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons

Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons

1933 Morgan, Thomas Hunt U.S. heredity transmission functions of chromosomes

1934 Minot, George Richards U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia

Murphy, William P. U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia

Whipple, George H. U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia

1935 Spemann, Hans Germany organizer effect in embryos

1936 Dale, Sir Henry U.K. work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses

Loewi, Otto Germany work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses

1937 Szent-Györgyi, Albert Hungary work on biological combustion

1938 Heymans, Corneille Belgiumdiscovery of the role of sinus and aortic

mechanisms in respiration regulation

1939 Domagk, Gerhard (declined) Germany antibacterial effect of Prontosil

1943 Dam, Henrik Denmark discovery of vitamin K

Doisy, Edward Adelbert U.S. discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K

1944 Erlanger, Joseph U.S.researches on differentiated functions of nerve

fibres

Gasser, Herbert Spencer U.S.researches on differentiated functions of nerve

fibres

1945 Chain, Sir Ernst Boris U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value

Fleming, Sir Alexander U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value

Florey, Howard Walter Florey,

BaronAustralia discovery of penicillin and its curative value

1946 Muller, Hermann Joseph U.S. production of mutations by X-radiation

1947 Cori, Carl and Gerty U.S.discovery of how glycogen is catalytically

converted

Houssay, Bernardo Alberto Argentina pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism

1948 Müller, Paul Hermann Switzerland properties of DDT

1949 Egas Moniz, António Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses

Hess, Walter Rudolf Switzerland discovery of functions of the interbrain

1950 Hench, Philip Showalter U.S.research on adrenal cortex hormones, their

structure and biological effects

Kendall, Edward Calvin U.S.research on adrenal cortex hormones, their


Reichstein, Tadeus Switzerlandresearch on adrenal cortex hormones, their


1951 Theiler, Max South Africa yellow fever discoveries

1952 Waksman, Selman Abraham U.S. discovery of streptomycin

1953 Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf U.K.discovery of the citric acid cycle in metabolism of

carbohydrates

Lipmann, Fritz Albert U.S.discovery of coenzyme A in metabolism of

carbohydrates

1954 Enders, John Franklin U.S.cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue

cultures

Robbins, Frederick Chapman U.S.cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue

cultures

Weller, Thomas H. U.S.cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue

cultures

1955 Theorell, Axel Hugo Teodor Sweden nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes

1956 Cournand, André F. U.S.discoveries concerning heart catheterization and

circulatory changes

Forssmann, Werner West Germanydiscoveries concerning heart catheterization and

circulatory changes

Richards, Dickinson Woodruff U.S.discoveries concerning heart catheterization and

circulatory changes

1957 Bovet, Daniel Italy production of synthetic curare

1958 Beadle, George Wells U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes

Lederberg, Joshua U.S. genetic recombination

Tatum, Edward L. U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes

1959 Kornberg, Arthur U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially

Ochoa, Severo U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially

1960 Burnet, Sir Macfarlane Australia acquired immunity to tissue transplants

Medawar, Sir Peter B. U.K. acquired immunity to tissue transplants

1961 Békésy, Georg von U.S. functions of the inner ear

1962 Crick, Francis Harry Compton U.K.discoveries concerning the molecular structure of

DNA

Watson, James Dewey U.S.discoveries concerning the molecular structure of

DNA

Wilkins, Maurice U.K.discoveries concerning the molecular structure of

DNA

1963 Eccles, Sir John Carew Australiastudy of the transmission of impulses along a

nerve fibre

Hodgkin, Sir Alan U.K.study of the transmission of impulses along a

nerve fibre

Huxley, Sir Andrew Fielding U.K.study of the transmission of impulses along a

nerve fibre

1964 Bloch, Konrad U.S.discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid

metabolism

Lynen, Feodor West Germanydiscoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid

metabolism

1965 Jacob, François Francediscoveries concerning regulatory activities of

body cells

Lwoff, André Francediscoveries concerning regulatory activities of

body cells

Monod, Jacques Francediscoveries concerning regulatory activities of

body cells

1966 Huggins, Charles B. U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer

Rous, Peyton U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer

1967 Granit, Ragnar Arthur Swedendiscoveries about chemical and physiological

visual processes in the eye

Hartline, Haldan Keffer U.S.discoveries about chemical and physiological


Wald, George U.S.discoveries about chemical and physiological


1968 Holley, Robert William U.S. deciphering the genetic code

Khorana, Har Gobind U.S. deciphering the genetic code

Nirenberg, Marshall Warren U.S. deciphering the genetic code

1969 Delbrück, Max U.S.research and discoveries concerning viruses and

viral diseases

Hershey, A.D. U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and

viral diseases

Luria, Salvador U.S.research and discoveries concerning viruses and

viral diseases

1970 Axelrod, Julius U.S.discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve

impulse transmission

Euler, Ulf von Swedendiscoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve


Katz, Sir Bernard U.K.discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve


1971 Sutherland, Earl W., Jr. U.S. action of hormones

1972 Edelman, Gerald Maurice U.S. research on the chemical structure of antibodies

Porter, Rodney Robert U.K. research on the chemical structure of antibodies

1973 Frisch, Karl von Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns

Lorenz, Konrad Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns

Tinbergen, Nikolaas U.K. discoveries in animal behaviour patterns

1974 Claude, Albert U.S.research on structural and functional organization

of cells

Duve, Christian René de Belgiumresearch on structural and functional organization

of cells

Palade, George E. U.S.research on structural and functional organization

of cells

1975 Baltimore, David U.S.interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic

material of the cell

Dulbecco, Renato U.S.interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic


Temin, Howard Martin U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic


1976 Blumberg, Baruch S. U.S.studies of the origin and spread of infectious

diseases

Gajdusek, D. Carleton U.S.studies of the origin and spread of infectious

diseases

1977 Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis U.S. research on pituitary hormones

Schally, Andrew Victor U.S. research on pituitary hormones

Yalow, Rosalyn S. U.S. development of radioimmunoassay

1978 Arber, Werner Switzerlanddiscovery and application of enzymes that

fragment DNA

Nathans, Daniel U.S.discovery and application of enzymes that

fragment DNA

Smith, Hamilton Othanel U.S.discovery and application of enzymes that

fragment DNA

1979 Cormack, Allan MacLeod U.S. development of the CAT scan

Hounsfield, Sir Godfrey Newbold U.K. development of the CAT scan

1980 Benacerraf, Baruj U.S.investigations of genetic control of the response of

the immune system to foreign substances

Dausset, Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-

JoachimFrance

investigations of genetic control of the response of


Snell, George Davis U.S.investigations of genetic control of the response of


1981 Hubel, David Hunter U.S. processing of visual information by the brain

Sperry, Roger Wolcott U.S. functions of the cerebral hemispheres

Wiesel, Torsten Nils Sweden processing of visual information by the brain

1982 Bergström, Sune K. Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins

Samuelsson, Bengt Ingemar Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins

Vane, John Robert U.K. biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins

1983 McClintock, Barbara U.S.discovery of mobile plant genes that affect

heredity

1984 Jerne, Niels K. U.K.-Denmarktheory and development of a technique for

producing monoclonal antibodies

Köhler, Georges J.F. West Germanytheory and development of a technique for


Milstein, César Argentinatheory and development of a technique for


1985 Brown, Michael S. U.S.discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol

metabolism

Goldstein, Joseph L. U.S.discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol

metabolism

1986 Cohen, Stanley U.S.discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the

growth of cells

Levi-Montalcini, Rita Italydiscovery of chemical agents that help regulate the

growth of cells

1987 Tonegawa Susumu Japan study of genetic aspects of antibodies

1988 Black, Sir James U.K.development of new classes of drugs for

combating disease

Elion, Gertrude Belle U.S.development of new classes of drugs for

combating disease

Hitchings, George Herbert U.S.development of new classes of drugs for

combating disease

1989 Bishop, J. Michael U.S. study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes)

Varmus, Harold U.S. study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes)

1990 Murray, Joseph E. U.S.development of kidney and bone marrow

transplants

Thomas, E. Donnall U.S.development of kidney and bone marrow

transplants

1991 Neher, Erwin Germanydiscovery of how cells communicate, as related to

diseases

Sakmann, Bert Germanydiscovery of how cells communicate, as related to

diseases

1992 Fischer, Edmond H. U.S.discovery of the class of enzymes called protein

kinases

Krebs, Edwin Gerhard U.S.discovery of the class of enzymes called protein

kinases

1993 Roberts, Richard J. U.K.discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic

structure

Sharp, Phillip A. U.S.discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic

structure

1994 Gilman, Alfred G. U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins

Rodbell, Martin U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins

1995 Lewis, Edward B. U.S.identification of genes that control the body’s early

structural development

Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane Germanyidentification of genes that control the body’s early


Wieschaus, Eric F. U.S.identification of genes that control the body’s early


1996 Doherty, Peter C. Australiadiscovery of how the immune system recognizes

virus-infected cells

Zinkernagel, Rolf M. Switzerlanddiscovery of how the immune system recognizes

virus-infected cells

1997 Prusiner, Stanley B. U.S.discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing

protein

1998 Furchgott, Robert F. U.S.discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling

molecule in the cardiovascular system

Ignarro, Louis J. U.S.discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling


Murad, Ferid U.S.discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling


1999 Blobel, Günter U.S.discovery that proteins have signals governing

cellular organization

2000 Carlsson, Arvid Swedendiscovery of how signals are transmitted between

nerve cells in the brain

Greengard, Paul U.S.discovery of how signals are transmitted between


Kandel, Eric U.S.discovery of how signals are transmitted between


2001 Hartwell, Leland H. U.S. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle

Hunt, R. Timothy U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle

Nurse, Sir Paul M. U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle

2002 Brenner, Sydney U.K.

discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ

development and programmed cell death

(apoptosis)

Horvitz, H. Robert U.S.



(apoptosis)

Sulston, John E. U.K.



(apoptosis)

2003 Lauterbur, Paul U.S.development of magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI)

Mansfield, Sir Peter U.K.development of magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI)

2004 Axel, Richard U.S.discovery of odorant receptors and the

organization of the olfactory system

Buck, Linda B. U.S.discovery of odorant receptors and the

organization of the olfactory system

2005 Marshall, Barry J. Australia discovery of bacteria’s role in peptic ulcer disease

Warren, J. Robin Australia discovery of bacteria’s role in peptic ulcer disease

2006 Fire, Andrew Z. U.S.discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by

double-stranded RNA

Mello, Craig C. U.S.discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by

double-stranded RNA

2007 Capecchi, Mario R. U.S.

discovery of principles for introducing specific

gene modifications in mice by the use of

embryonic stem cells

Evans, Sir Martin J. U.K.

discovery of principles for introducing specific



Smithies, Oliver U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific



2008 Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus

Montagnier, Luc France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus

zur Hausen, Harald Germanydiscovery of human papilloma viruses causing

cervical cancer

2009 Blackburn, Elizabeth H. U.S.discovery of how chromosomes are protected by

telomeres and the enzyme telomerase

Greider, Carol W. U.S.discovery of how chromosomes are protected by


Szostak, Jack W. U.S.discovery of how chromosomes are protected by


2010 Edwards, Robert U.K. development of in vitro fertilization

2011 Beutler, Bruce A. U.S.discoveries concerning the activation of innate

immunity

Hoffmann, Jules A.Luxembourg/

France

discoveries concerning the activation of innate

immunity

Steinman, Ralph M. Canadadiscovery of the dendritic cell and its role in

adaptive immunity

2012 Gurdon, Sir John Bertrand U.K.discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed

to become pluripotent

Yamanaka, Shinya Japandiscovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed

to become pluripotent




nobel prize winners by category

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