noise prediction and measurement from...

NOISE PREDICTION AND MEASUREMENT FROM CONSTRUCTION SITES

NADIRAH BINTI DARUS

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

NOISE PREDICTION AND MEASUREMENT FROM

CONSTRUCTION SITES

NADIRAH BINTI DARUS

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Science (Construction Management)

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JANUARY 2014

iii

To my beloved parents, Darus bin Dir and Haslina binti Zakaria and siblings, Nadia,

Nadimi, Nabilah, Nabihah, Muhammad Nadhir Adha, Muhammad Naim, Najwa

Dayana, Najla Dania, Muhammad Nasif and Najat Damia.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank Allah S.W.T the Almighty for

giving me the strength and ability to complete my project report successfully. Apart

from that, I am also would like to express my sincere appreciation to all parties

whose have help me in completing this project report.

Special thanks to my expert supervisor, Dr. Zaiton Haron for her impressive

ideas, knowledge, patience and understanding that she has contributed throughout the

whole completion of this project report. Deep gratitude also goes to her for

correcting various related documents with attention and care.

Thanks and appreciations to Mr. Izzudin (Project Manager), Mr. Aizam

(Project Executive) and Miss Fiza (Clerk of Work) from IOI Properties for their

helps, permission and support. My great gratitude also goes to Mr. Tan (Project

Director) and Mr. Rahman (Site Manager) from Profit Composite Sdn Bhd.

Thousand thanks to all my postgraduate friends, Zanariah, Siti Nadia,

Noradawiah and Dahlia who have helped and supported me in completing my project

report. Finally, I would like to express unending thanks and gratitude to my beloved

parents and family members for their encouragements, helps and supports.

v

ABSTRACT

Construction industry is one of the contributors to economic growth and it

has the highest tendency to generate noise. Construction noise becomes one of the

main sources of noise pollution which affect the public and construction workers.

Construction noise prediction at planning stage must be carried out and prepared

through Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). There are various methods of

construction noise prediction that have been practiced by the respected parties. The

British Standards Institution (BSI) and the Department of Environment (DOE) have

published BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009 – Code of Practice for Noise and Vibration Control

on Construction and Open Sites and The Planning Guidelines for Environmental

Noise Limits and Control respectively. These standards and guidelines were usually

be used by the respected parties since currently, there are no specific established

noise prediction method. However, previous researches were claimed BS 5228 –

Part 1: 2009 procedures as inaccurate due to several factors. Thus, this study was

carried out to evaluate the disparity of results between construction noise predictions

using BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009 procedures and real on-site noise measurements. The

objectives of this study are to obtain noise levels from construction sites, to predict

noise levels from construction sites and to evaluate the disparity between these two

results. The real on-site noise measurements were conducted at three selected

construction sites with different stages of construction. Meanwhile, construction

noise predictions were calculated using BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009 procedures. The

disparity of the results was evaluated using statistical test in Statistical Package for

Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The results of one sample T-test show the

significant differences between these two results. The disparity might due to several

affecting factors such as atmospheric and geometrical factors, operation conditions,

periods and powers and work schedules of construction activities.

vi

ABSTRAK

Industri pembinaan merupakan salah satu penyumbang kepada pertumbuhan

ekonomi dan ianya mempunyai kecenderungan besar untuk menghasilkan bunyi

bising. Bunyi bising pembinaan menjadi salah satu punca utama yang memberi

kesan kepada orang awam dan pekerja pembinaan. Ramalan bunyi bising pembinaan

pada peringkat perancangan mestilah dilakukan dan disediakan menerusi

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Terdapat pelbagai kaedah ramalan bunyi

bising yang telah diamalkan pihak berkenaan. British Standards Institution (BSI)

dan Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) masing-masing telah menerbitkan BS 5228 – Part 1:

2009 – Code of Practice for Noise and Vibration Control on Construction and Open

Sites dan The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control.

Lazimnya, piawaian dan panduan ini digunakan pihak berkenaan kerana tiada kaedah

ramalan bunyi bising yang khusus diterbitkan pada masa ini. Namun begitu, kajian

terdahulu mendakwa kaedah BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009 adalah tidak tepat disebabkan

beberapa faktor. Oleh itu, kajian ini dilaksanakan untuk menilai ketidaksamaan

antara keputusan ramalan bunyi bising menggunakan kaedah BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009

dengan keputusan ukuran sebenar di tapak pembinaan. Objektif kajian ini adalah

untuk memperolehi serta meramal tahap bunyi bising dari tapak pembinaan dan

menilai ketidaksamaan antara dua keputusan yang diperolehi. Ukuran sebenar telah

dilakukan di tiga tapak pembinaan terpilih yang mempunyai peringkat pembinaan

berbeza. Manakala, ramalan bunyi bising telah dikira menggunakan kaedah BS 5228

– Part 1: 2009. Ketidaksamaan keputusan telah dinilai menggunakan ujian statistik

dalam perisian Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Keputusan T-test satu

sampel menunjukkan perbezaan antara dua keputusan ini. Ketidaksamaan keputusan

mungkin disebabkan beberapa faktor seperti faktor keudaraan dan geometri, keadaan,

tempoh dan kuasa operasi dan jadual kerja aktiviti pembinaan.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES xv

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Problem Statements 3

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study 5

1.4 Scopes of the Study 5

1.5 Significances of the Study 6

1.6 Limitations of the Study 6

viii

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Sound and Noise 8

2.2.1 Physical Characteristics of Sound 9

2.3 Effects of Noise 10

2.3.1 Physical Effects 11

2.3.2 Physiological Effects 11

2.3.3 Performance Effects 12

2.4 Construction Noises 13

2.4.1 Noise Emission Limits 14

2.4.2 Noise Emission Level Measurements 16

2.4.2.1 Sound Level Meter (SLM) 16

2.4.2.2 Environmental Noise Indices 17

2.5 Construction Noise Prediction Approach 19

2.5.1 Deterministic Approach 19

2.5.2 Stochastic Approach 21

2.6 Stages of Construction 23

2.7 Conclusion 25

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 26

3.1 Introduction 26

3.2 Phase 1: Real On-Site Noise Measurements 27

3.2.1 Measurement of Noise and Frequency 33

3.2.2 Measurement of Individual Noise 36

3.2.3 Measurement of Length 39

3.2.4 Measurements of Temperature and

Wind Speed

40

3.3 Phase 2: Construction Noise Predictions 41

3.4 Phase 3: Comparison of Results 44

3.5 Conclusion 46

ix

4 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 47

4.1 Introduction 47

4.2 Noise Levels from Construction Works 48

4.2.1 Earthwork 49

4.2.2 Substructure (Piling Works) 57

4.2.3 Superstructure Works 65

4.3 Noise Levels of Individual Machineries 74

4.4 Construction Noise Predictions 77

4.4.1 Earthwork 78



4.5 Comparison of Real On-site Noise

Measurement and Prediction Results

87

4.5.1 Earthwork 87



4.6 Discussion of Results Disparity 90

4.7 Average Frequencies (1/3 Octave Band) 92

5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 95

5.1 Introduction 95

5.2 Conclusions Based on Objectives of the Study 96

5.3 Recommendations for Further Study 98

REFERENCES 99

APPENDICES A - C 103

x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Decibel rating of common sounds 9

2.2 Maximum permissible sound level (LAeq) by

receiving land use for planning and new

development

14

2.3 Maximum permissible sound level (percentile LN

and Lmax) of construction, maintenance, demolition

work by receiving land use

15

2.4 Environmental noise indices 18

3.1 Records of on-site measurement data 32

3.2 Sound power level of individual machineries 38

3.3 Corrections to the predicted sound level, dB (A) 43

3.4 Anticipated community response to noise 43

4.1 Computations of sound pressure levels for one hour 73

4.2 Sound power levels (Lw) of individual machineries 76

4.3 Computation of LAeq for earthworks 79

4.4 Computation of LAeq for substructure (piling works) 82

4.5 Computation of LAeq for superstructure works 85

4.6 Test of significant difference for earthworks 88

4.7 Test of significant difference for substructure

(piling works)

88

4.8 Test of significant difference for superstructure

works

89

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Block diagram of sound level meter 17

2.2 Flowcharts of construction noise predictions 20

2.3 Average spectrums of different stages 23

3.1 Earthworks 28

3.2 Substructure (piling works) 29

3.3 Superstructure works 30

3.4 Flowcharts of real on-site noise measurements 31

3.5 (a) – (b) SLM accessories 34

3.6 (a) – (b) WK1 outdoor weatherproof kits 35

3.7 (a) – (b) Pulsar acoustic toolbox 35

3.8 (a) – (b) Type 2/Class 2 3M SoundPro Model SE/DL SLM 36

3.9 (a) – (b) Hemispherical noise radiations 37

3.10 (a) – (b) Leica DISTOTM

D5 39

3.11 (a) – (b) Anemometer (AM – 4836V) 40

3.12 Flowcharts of noise prediction 42

4.1 Site layout for earthworks 50

4.2 Measurement stations for earthworks 50

4.3 (a) Distribution of sound pressure levels – Station E1 51

4.3 (b) Histogram of sound pressure levels – Station E1 52





xii

4.6 Site layout for substructure (piling works) 58

4.7 Measurement stations for substructure

(piling works)

58

4.8 (a) Distribution of sound pressure levels – Station P1 59

4.8 (b) Histogram of sound pressure levels – Station P1 60





4.11 Site layout for superstructure works 66

4.12 Measurement stations for superstructure works 66

4.13 (a) Distribution of sound pressure levels – Station S1 67

4.13 (b) Histogram of sound pressure levels – Station S1 68





4.16 (a) – (h) Individual machineries for earthworks 75

4.17 (a) – (j) Individual machineries for substructure

(piling works)

75

4.18 (a) – (e) Individual machineries for superstructure works 75

4.19 (a) – (c) Schematic diagrams of distances for earthworks 78

4.20 (a) – (c) Schematic diagrams of distances for substructure

(piling works)

81

4.21 (a) – (c) Schematic diagrams of distances for superstructure

works

84

4.22 Average frequencies for superstructure works 92

4.23 Average frequencies for substructure

(piling works)

93

4.24 Average frequencies for superstructure works 93

4.25 Average frequencies (1/3 octave band) for three

stages of construction

94

xiii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

dB - Decibel

dB (A) - Decibel A-weighted

Hz - Hertz

LAeq - Equivalent continuous sound pressure level

Lmax - Maximum sound level

LN - Percentile levels

Lp - Sound pressure level

Lr - Rating sound level

Lw - Sound power level

L10 - Percentile levels with values exceeding 10 % of elapsed time



xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BSI - British Standard Institutions

DOE - Department of Environment

DOSM - Department of Statistics, Malaysia

EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment

FHWA - Federal Highway Administration

SLM - Sound Level Meter

xv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Adjustment to sound level to give resulting LAeq –

plant sound power method

(Figure F.5 BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009)

103

B Site layout for earthworks and substructure

(piling works)

104

C Site layout for superstructure works 105

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Construction industry as second large contributor has contributed 17.1% to

growth of Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) of the country in 2012 (DOSM,

2013). All developing countries including Malaysia have a great development in

construction industry where it grows along with economic growth of the country.

There are various initiatives taken to reduce the environmental impacts of

construction processes, however, construction is still the main contributor to

environmental impacts and pollutions (Fuertes et al., 2013).

Various associated factors which include environmental factors must be

considered for any project development and construction in order to avoid adverse

environmental impacts. These environmental impacts are categorized into three

main category including ecosystems, natural resources and human health (Li et al.,

2010). Construction noise can be categorized under human health impacts and it is

commonly categorized as local issues. According to Zolfagharian et al. (2012),

identification of major environmental impacts of construction processes can helps to

improve effectiveness of Environmental Management System (EMS).

2

Noise can be defined as unwanted or undesired sounds (Edworthy, 1997;

Muzet, 2007; Hamoda, 2008; Fernandez et al., 2009). The main sources of noise are

including traffic noise (road and air traffic), industries, construction and public works

and the neighbors. There are various different sources of construction noise

pollution at construction sites including the use of heavy plants and machineries and

noisy tools and equipment where it has widely spread and caused serious social

problems (Manatakis et al., 2002). These construction noises must be properly

predicted and controlled in order to avoid excessive noise exposure that may affect

the public committee as well as the construction workers.

Therefore, assessment and prediction of construction noise at planning stage

is very crucial and it can improve the environmental performance of construction

processes and activities. According to DOE (2007), noise is one of the important

elements which are subjected to EIA. Practically, construction noise prediction will

be included in EIA report and it is being prepared by EIA consultants. In Malaysia,

DOE has suggested that BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009 procedures, a deterministic approach

to be used as noise prediction method. However, the methods of construction noise

prediction vary among different consultants since there is no established method to

be adopted.

Based on BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009 procedures, there are three methods have

been suggested to predict the noise (BSI, 2009). The first method (the most accurate

prediction) is carrying out noise measurements of a similar construction plant and

equipment, the same operation mode and power over a time period with sufficient

operation cycles. Generally it is measured at appropriate distance of ten meter or

other distances with correction to ten meter. The second method is using the sound

power levels, Lw and values of activity LAeq as provided in the standard. The third

method is obtaining the maximum permitted Lw of the construction plant, adjusting

the Lw based on the variation and applying correction for distance ratio.

3

1.2 Problem Statement

Construction activities or processes cannot be hindered from creating noises.

These noises have affected many people including the public as well as the

constructions workers. Due to this situation, complaints related to this problem are

continuously increased and reported all over the time by the affected parties

especially the public committee or local residents. As reported in NST (2012), the

local residents of Persiaran Halia, George Town, were affected by air and noise

pollutions of the nearby building construction. These pollutions were arising from

rock blasting at the nearby construction site and have affected the local residents in

term of health aspects and daily life.

The Star (2012a) also reported similar case where the residents of Taman

Yarl, Kuala Lumpur were disturbed by the noise from tractors due to the sewerage

construction works beyond the permitted working hours. Other than that, the public

who are local residents of Taman Nusa Indah, Kiara Hill in Johor Bahru were

troubled by noise from construction sites. They were sleepless during night due to

24 hours construction and blasting works of water tower nearby their houses (The

Star, 2012b). Any construction projects or activities must consider the impacts on

environment and the public in order to avoid excessive environmental impacts, noise

exposures and complaints from the public committee.

The most important element to control this problem is by having an effective

noise management. Prediction of construction noise at planning stage is very

essential to ensure the construction noise levels expose to the public and construction

workers are within the limit. There are various methods of noise prediction that have

been adopted by the EIA consultants in predicting noise prior to construction of a

project. However, currently, there is no specific established method to predict

construction noise. Basically, there are two main types of construction noise

prediction method such as deterministic (e.g.: BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009 procedures)

and stochastic (e.g.: Monte Carlo Analysis) approaches.

4

One of the methods to predict the noise is noise modeling. Modeling can be

considered as a good tool in assessing environmental impact of noise but noise

predicting models are limited due to various types of construction sites, complex

interaction between noise levels, distance from the noise source, project size, type of

construction equipment used and construction stages. Other than that, BS 5228 –

Part 1: 2009 – Code of Practice for Noise and Vibration Control on Construction and

Open Sites and The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and

Control also can be used as reference for noise prediction. However, different

methods of noise prediction vary among different consultants.

Based on previous researches, Carpenter (1997) was claimed BS 5228 – Part

1: 2009 procedures for construction noise prediction (LAeq prediction) as inaccurate

(Haron et al., 2008). This is due to fluctuation of noise from construction sites where

it involves different sources of noise, possibility of simultaneous operations, different

acoustical characteristics, different conditions and locations. According to Haron et

al. (2009), noise levels generated from construction sites are vary with time where it

is due to different conditions and variations. Thus, this study was carried out to

evaluate the disparity of results between predictions using BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009

procedures and real on-site noise measurements.

5

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is to compare the prediction and real on-site

measurement of construction noise emission levels produced from construction sites.

The objectives of this study are as follows:

a) To obtain noise levels from construction sites.

b) To predict noise levels from construction sites.

c) To evaluate the disparity between results obtained in a) and b).

1.4 Scopes of the Study

The scopes of this study are as follows:

a) This study focused on different stages of construction including earthworks,

substructures (piling works) and superstructure works.

b) The prediction and on-site measurement of construction noise were focused

on equivalent continuous sound pressure level, LAeq.

c) The real on-site measurements of construction noise were carried at

construction sites which are located at Kempas and Skudai, Johor.

d) The predictions of construction noise were done using BS 5228 – Part 1:

2009 procedures.

6

1.5 Significances of the Study

The significances of this study are as follows:

a) The measured sound power level, Lw of construction plants and machineries

at construction sites can be reference to the related parties in predicting

construction noise.

b) The disparity between predicted and measured results can be used as proves

to encourage related parties to use stochastic approach instead of

deterministic approach in predicting noise from construction sites.

1.6 Limitations of the Study

The limitations of this study are as follows:

a) The study only focused on deterministic approach (BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009

procedures) in predicting noise from construction sites where stochastic

approach (e.g.: Monte Carlo Analysis) was not included.

b) The different stages of construction were taken from several construction

sites instead from the same site due to time constraint and on-site

construction work progress.

c) The period of on-site measurements is one hour only instead of eight hours

(full working hours per day) due to time constraint and limited usage of

required instruments where the usage must be properly managed.

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