nokia 5g deployment white paper

7/25/2019 Nokia 5g Deployment White Paper

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FutureWorks

Ten key rules of 5G deploymentEnabling 1 Tbit/s/km2in 2030

Nokia Networks

Nokia Networks white paper

Ten key rules of 5G deployment


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Page 2 networks.nokia.com

Contents

Executive Summary 3

5G system requirement: 1 Tbit/s/km2 4

5G deployment options 6

5G deployment recommendations 9

Summary and conclusions 15


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Executive SummaryBy 2030 there is likely to be as much as 10,000 times more wireless datatraic criss-crossing networks than there was in 2010, according to Nokiaestimates. The growth will be driven by the use of ultra-high resolution videostreaming, the ubiquity of cloud-based applications, entertainment andgreater use of high resolution screens at form factors we may not even guessat today. As well as more of the same, we will see new use cases, applicationsand devices stemming from the powerful trend of the Internet of Things,which will lead to what we call the programmable world. In addition, 5G willprovide at least a ten-fold improvement in the user experience comparedto 4G in terms of peak data rates and minimal latency. Nokia envisions 5G as

being a system that provides a scalable and exible service experience withvirtually zero latency, involving gigabits of data when and where it matters.

This white paper outlines the deployment options for 5G to provide therequired capacity and end user data rates that will be needed. The ten keyrecommendations for 5G deployments are:

LTE Advanced can provide the required capacity of tens of Gb/s/km2for2020 and beyond.

Approximately 1 GHz of aggregated spectrum to provide the requiredcapacity and cell edge data rates by 2030.

A 5G small cells deployment in 6-30 GHz band (cmWave) with a 500 MHzcarrier bandwidth can provide hundreds of Gb/s/km2for 2025 and beyond.

A 5G small cells deployment in up to 100 GHz band (mmWave) with 2 GHzcarrier bandwidth can provide a Tb/s/km2for 2030 and beyond.

mmWave can further provide backhaul to the small cells in a meshconguration with a maximum of two hops.

Very large antenna arrays can be used to eectively compensate for thehigher path loss at higher frequency bands.

For both the cmWave and mmWave deployments an inter-site distanceof 75-100 m can provide full coverage and satisfy the required capacity,

depending on the environment. A 5G wide area solution is needed to provide the required coverage and cell

edge data rates for 2030.

Dedicated indoor small cell deployments are needed to satisfy indoorcapacity requirements beyond 2020.

Multi connectivity between LTE Advanced, cmWave, and mmWavesignicantly boosts cell edge performance and can lower the requireddensity for small cell deployment.

This white paper provides an overview of the 5G requirements and deploymentoptions in the spectrum from 2 GHz up to 100 GHz. The paper concludes with

key recommendations for deploying a 5G system from 2020 towards 2030.



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5G system requirement: 1 Tbit/s/km2Mobile broadband is the key use case today and is expected to remain oneof the key use cases that will set the requirements for 5G. Mobile broadbandgoes far beyond basic mobile Internet access and covers rich interactive work,media and entertainment applications in the cloud or reality augmentations(both centralized and distributed).

Currently, mobile data traic is roughly doubling every year and is expectedto continue to grow towards 2030. The strong growth is expected to continuetowards 2030.

The need for more capacity is just one driver for mobile networks to evolve

towards 5G. The full set of key requirements foreseen by Nokia for 5G isshown in Figure 1.

The huge amount of traic will need to be carried through all mobile broadbandtechnologies at some point between 2020 and 2030. The need for morecapacity will demand more spectrum at higher carrier frequencies. Thus, the 5Gsystem needs to be designed for deployment in new frequency bands as well ascoexisting and integrating with other radio access technologies.

The growth in mobile data traic will be accompanied by an increase in thenumber of communication devices. We expect to see ten to one hundredmore devices per mobile communications user, ranging from phone, tablet,laptop and smart watches to smart shirts. In addition the number of


10 yearson battery

10-100x more devices

10 000x more traffic

10 Gbpspeak data rates

Ultrareliability

Ultra-dense(Low power) Wide area Crowd Outdoor

Mission-critical wireless control and automationGB transferred in an instantA trillion of devices with different needs

Sensor NW Autonomous driving

# of Devices | Cost | Power

Remote controlof robot

Capacity foreveryone

Mission criticalbroadcast

Industry 4.0

Flexibilityfor the

unknown

MassiveBroadband

Critical machinetypecommunication

Massivemachinetypecommunication

VR gaming

3D video /4K screens Work in

the cloudSmart citycameras

Figure 1. 5G will enable very diverse use cases with extreme range of requirements


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connected machines and sensors in industry and the public infrastructure is

increasing. This trend will continue and 5G will need to accommodate growthin the number of devices.

A battery life of 10 years will be needed for machine-type communications(MTC). As the technology evolves, battery life will be improved but this isnot the full story. More eicient handling of machine type traic in the 5Gsystem will also be needed, even though a 10-year battery life can already beachieved for MTC with LTE Rel-13/14.

The ability to handle very low cost devices must be present across the wholerange of 5G frequency bands.

Radio latency less than one millisecond is important to a whole new range

of use cases, such as remote control of machines and objects in the cloudor the tactile Internet. Low latency also ensures the system respondsquickly, for example fast wake up and dormancy, fast scheduling and fastlink reconguration. Lower latencies for the end user will come from highertransmission data rates, but also through appropriate design of the 5Gsystem.

The peak data rate of a 5G system needs to be higher than 10 Gbit/s butmore importantly, the cell-edge data rate (guaranteed for 95% of the users)should be at least 100 Mbit/s, enabling the mobile Internet to act as a reliablesubstitute for cable networks wherever needed.

Combining data growth and user data rates with a denser subscriber base, wecan calculate the total area capacity that 5G will need to support by 2030. Thisassumes:

Traic per subscriber per day: 30 GByte personalized data

Subscriber density: 100,000 users/km2

Busy hour traic: 10% of the daily traic.

These requirements will necessitate a 5G system that can support ~1 Tbit/s/km2in 2030.

This paper describes the deployment options and recommends how to deploy a5G network to cope with this degree of traic density. It considers requirements

for cell density, backhaul and spectrum, as well as recommendations for HetNetcongurations.



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5G deployment optionsLTE-Advanced is todays favored option for providing mobile broadband forboth macro and small cells. Nokia has extensively researched LTE deploymentto show that an LTE-based HetNet can cope with a capacity up to a thousandtimes greater than that common in 2010. To meet capacity needs beyond thisgure, small cells using 5G frequency bands need to be deployed with an LTEmacro/HetNet overlay.

The key challenge for LTE Advanced to provide an excellent end-userexperience is to satisfy the demand for cell-edge data rates that will grow to100 Mbit/s in 2030. This requires a higher bandwidth compared with existingspectrum allocation below 6 GHz. Our analysis shows that up to 2 GHz ofspectrum could be used for cellular below 6 GHz. This will be divided amongseveral operators, so for example, four operators would receive only 500 MHzeach. To satisfy the 5G requirements for capacity and data rates, new andmore advanced 5G systems are needed.

Nokia foresees 5G using the full spectrum range, from below 1 GHz to 100GHz, providing wide area coverage and high capacity in dense areas. Whilemore spectrum below 6 GHz is needed and new promising techniques suchas LSA/ASA will increase the use of existing frequencies, there will be anincreasing need to unlock new spectrum bands from 6 to 100 GHz for mobileuse. This range can be broadly split into two parts, centimeter wave (cmWave)

and millimeter wave (mmWave), based on dierent radio propagationcharacteristics and possible carrier bandwidth.

For cmWave frequency bands where moderate system bandwidths such as500 MHz are used to meet 5G requirements, massive MIMO will increasespectral eiciency -peak, average user and cell edge. This uses a large numberof parallel transmit streams (high-rank single user MIMO (SU-MIMO) e.g. 8streams) as well as multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO).

For mmWave frequency bands where large bandwidths such as 2GHz areused, a large number of antennas can be used to generate narrow beams tomitigate the increased path loss, coupled with low rank SU-MIMO (e.g. 2-4streams) as well as MU-MIMO.

Similar coverage can be achieved at dierent bands ranging from 28-100 GHz,since for the same form factor, larger antenna arrays can be used in high bandsto compensate for the path loss dierence between high and low bands.



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1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

050 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

2GHz

5.6GHz

10.25GHz

28.5GHz

39.3GHz

73.5GHz

Pathloss [dB]

Freq.


Table 1 outlines the key assumption used for three dierent systems -LTE-Advanced, cmWave, and mmWave.

To make a realistic model and analysis we have focused on the radio wavepropagation from 2 GHz to 73 GHz, which has been used throughout this study.

Figure 2 shows the line of sight (LoS) path loss comparison for the dierentfrequency ranges. The shape of the CDF shows that the path loss components

are consistent across the frequency bands. In our 5G deployment analysis,LTE-Advanced is deployed at 2 GHz with up to 100 or 200 MHz bandwidth; thecmWave system is deployed at 10 and 28 GHz with a 500 MHz bandwidth, whilethe mmWave system is deployed at 28, 39 and 73 GHz with a 2 GHz bandwidth.Ray tracing based on 3D city models was used to generate the path losses usedin the case study. The variation in path loss is based on the distance betweenthe device and the eNB.

Figure 2. LOS path loss consistent across bands

Parameter LTE-Advanced cmWave mmWave

Frequency band 6 GHz 6-30 GHz 30-100 GHz

Carrier bandwidth 100 & 200 MHz 500 MHz 2 GHz

Modulation order 64 QAM 256 QAM 64 QAM

MIMO combination 8x8 8x8 2x2

SU-MIMO rank 8 8 2

MU-MIMO rank 2 2 2

Antenna conguration 10x1 AAS 8 antennaports MIMO (macro)

Omni directional4 antenna ports

4x4 AAS 4 sectors 2antenna ports

Table 1. System conguration for LTE-Advanced and evaluated 5G systems from 6-100 GHz

Probabilityonthecumulative

density

function


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Another important aspect for deployment at dierent frequency ranges is thepenetration loss experienced by radio signals crossing various objects in thepropagation environment. In the case of low frequency (


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10 10 10

Frequency [GHz]

Fullnetworkefficiency[kb/s/H

z/km]

mmWave uses

4 cells/site

Efficiency of LTE and cmWavethe same in DL only simulations

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

LTE, 50m ISDcmWave, 50m ISD

mmWave, 50m ISDLTE, 75m ISD

cmWave, 75m ISDmmWave, 75m ISD

LTE, 100m ISDcmWave, 100m ISDmmWave, 100m ISD

10

10

10-

10-10 10 10

Frequency [GHz]

Fullnetworkcapacity[Tb/s/km]

Thousands ofGb/s/km

HundredsofGb/s/km

TensofGb/s/km


5G deployment recommendationsThe basic outdoor model is the METIS test case 2 (TC2) also referred as theMadrid environment [METIS deliverable D6.1] as shown in 4.

The Madrid case is deployed with a macro layer having an inter-site distance(ISD) of 250 m and the small cell layer varying between 50, 75, and 100 m ISD.

Figure 5 shows the capacity and the spectral eiciency of the LTE-Advanced,cmWave, and mmWave systems deployed at various carrier frequencies andvarious ISDs.

Figure 4. Simplied outdoor deployment scenario

Figure 5. Small cell deployment in the Madrid environment with dierent ISD

METIS TC2 Madrid basic block 387x552m +20mextension on each side (~0.25km2)

~40% outdoor area (including park)

Deployment types: Small cells(3 ISD options, uniform deployments) Macro cells (~250m ISD) HetNet(mixtures of macro and small cells)

100m ISD

(120 APs/km2)

75m ISD

(250 APs/km2)

50m ISD

(450 APs/km2)


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What we can see is that LTE-Advanced is able to provide tens of Gb/s/km2,

which is expected in the early part of 2020 [Evolution towards UDN Nokiawhite paper]. The next step is deployment of cmWave radio, which can carryhundreds of Gb/s/km2as expected from 2025. Finally, mmWave radio canprovide capacity in the order of several Tb/s/km2which even exceeds the1Tb/s/km2requirement outlined for 2030. The cmWave system has a stableperformance over the analyzed frequency ranges, whereas the mmWavesystem provides signicantly more capacity with certain deviation betweenthe considered bands. The main reason for the increased capacity of themmWave system is the additional carrier bandwidth and the four sectorizedantennas assumed for the mmWave access points.

Figure 5 shows three dierent small cell deployment cases where each

provides the required capacity for a given timeframe. However, the expecteddeployment will be a HetNet. This will have layers of dierent cells, with a widearea LTE-Advanced or 5G system as an overlay, with 5G small cells deployedthroughout the >6 GHz frequency ranges providing the required capacitywhen and where needed. The macro cells are deployed mainly for coverage,with an ISD of ~250m. A 100 m ISD for the small cell deployment provides fulloutdoor coverage. The growing need for capacity can then be provided withthe deployment of dierent 5G small cells.

One of the issues aecting the deployment of a HetNet is the load balancingtechnique for optimizing the user experience and the network capacity. In 5Gsystems needing to provide 100 Mbit/s, many users may be in a boundary

zone, experiencing good coverage but not fully achieving the requested datarate. For load balancing, the serving cell selection procedure is based on theestimated available throughput per link, rather than simply the link quality astypically done in legacy systems. For this purpose, the users signal qualitymeasurements of the potential serving cells are collected (wideband SINRmeasurements, e.g. RSRQ). These measurements are used to estimate the linkcapacity using the SINR-to-capacity mapping function. This link capacity is thethroughput a single user in a cell would get.

Secondly, an estimation of the potential number of other served users per cellis made based on the system type (e.g. its bandwidth) and cell size (macro vs.pico). For example, a cmWave cell serves typically four times more users than a

mmWave cell, because mmWave access points have four sectors to cover thesame area as a cmWave access point. Using the link capacity estimation andthe typical number of users per cell, the user decides which cell will oer thehigher throughput and connects to the cell. Another simple yet powerful wayto increase cell edge data rates is to use dual or multi connectivity in the userdevices. Table 2 shows the gain, from having load balancing with a single dataconnection, to having multi connectivity between cmWave and mmWave smallcells. It can be seen that at 100m ISD when using load balancing, we have celledge performance of 87 Mbit/s, which is slightly below the target in 2030. Byadding dual connectivity between cmWave and mmWave, we can increase thecell edge performance by a factor of three to 286 Mbit/s.



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This study was based on the expected spectrum allocation in the dierentbands. An analysis was performed of how much spectrum is really needed tofulll the 5G requirements for 2030 and the minimum bandwidth requiredto achieve 10 Gb/s peak throughput. The results show that this is currentlynot possible in LTE with 3GPP Rel-12 - 5G cmWave needs 215 MHz and 5GmmWave requires 1.25 GHz.

Furthermore, ~1 GHz of aggregated spectrum is required to deliver thecapacity and the cell edge data rates of 100 Mbit/s for 2030. Therefore,LTE-Advanced with a 100 MHz bandwidth and cmWave with a 500 MHzbandwidth are unable to deliver the required capacity and cell edge data rates

by 2030. In contrast, a 2 GHz bandwidth may be at the high end for mmWavedeployment and a lower bandwidth with a higher power spectral density couldbe considered. However, LTE Rel. 13 standardization is working on 32 carrieraggregation and LTE-U which will enhance the data rates of LTE signicantly.

Backhaul is an important issue in the deployment of small cells. Nokia hasstudied backhaul for 5G small cell deployments and found that mmWavedeployed at, for example, 73 GHz can provide 1 Gbit/s backhaul capacityper cell in a mesh conguration with a maximum of two hops. This wouldmean that, in a realistic environment, only around 20% of all access pointswould require wired backhaul (for example macro access points) relaying thebackhaul capacity to the remaining access points in the network.

For a real dense urban city deployment, we have analyzed a real urbanenvironment in Tokyo, as shown in 6. The Tokyo deployment consists of an LTEAdvanced macro layer with 240 m ISD at 2 GHz representing an aggregatedspectrum of 100 MHz at 2 GHz and below. Furthermore, there is a small celllayer of cmWave deployed at 10 GHz with 500MHz bandwidth and a co-located small cell layer of mmWave at 73 GHz with 2 GHz bandwidth. Theinitial coverage analysis showed that full coverage at the full spectrum rangewas not possible with the assumed antenna congurations, as the real cityenvironment with irregular infrastructure and foliage was more diicult thanthe ideal deployment in the simplied outdoor case shown in Figure 5.Therefore, all of the small cells are deployed at 75 m ISD with the cmWave and

mmWave access points co-located to provide full outdoor coverage.


Load balancing Multi-connectivity

cmWave ISD(10 GHz band)

mmWave ISD(73GHz band)

Avg. Thp

5%-ile Thp.

Avg. Thp

5%-ile Thp.

100m 100m 1.4 Gb/s 87 Mb/s 1.5 Gb/s 286 Mb/s

75m 75m 2.1 Gb/s 210 Mb/s 2.6 Gb/s 784 Mb/s

50m 50m 3.1 Gb/s 420 Mb/s 4.1 Gb/s 1300 Mb/s

Table 2. Average throughput and cell edge throughput enhancements for multi-connectivity (full buer

model)


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7 shows the coverage and capacity of a 5G HetNet deployment in Tokyo. TheLTE Advanced layer provides 100% coverage, the cmWave deployed at 10GHz provides 97% coverage and the mmWave deployed at 73 GHz provides68% outdoor coverage. The aggregated capacity provides only 80 Mbit/s celledge data rates for the combined three systems deployed with LTE Advancedoverlay and co-located cmWave and mmWave small cells. An increase in the


1km

1km

Figure 6. 5G deployment in Tokyo

Figure 7. Coverage and throughput maps of Tokyo 5G deployment

Throughput[Mbps]

Coordinat

es

Base Station User

Coordinates


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Throughput

Path Loss

macro layer spectrum to 200 MHz enabled the cell edge capacity to provide

105 Mbit/s. The additional spectrum could be deployed at 3.5 GHz, which isassumed to be released for mobile communications. Alternative solutions withmore dense deployment in a few hot spot areas would also enable a 100 Mbit/scell edge capacity with 100 MHz macro spectrum.

One of the key conclusions from both the METIS Madrid and the Tokyodeployment was that the outdoor cells were unable to provide the neededcapacity indoors. LTE Advanced macro cell deployment at 2 GHz could provideindoor coverage but the 100 MHz combined carrier bandwidth was unable toprovide the required capacity. At the same time, the frequencies above 10 GHzwere unable to provide the required coverage. Therefore, it has become clearthat a dedicated indoor deployment is required. Indoor coverage and capacity

can be created by both cellular licensed technology and unlicensed technology.Wi-Fi evolution will continue in parallel with cellular evolution. A mixture ofcellular coverage with capacity ooad via unlicensed spectrum allows seamlessoperation with cellular. Such a deployment can be done with integrationbetween Wi-Fi and cellular technologies or deploying cellular technologieslike LTE-U in the unlicensed spectrum. A case study of an indoor oice orconference center was analyzed as shown in Figure 8 based on 5G technologies.


Figure 8. Indoor oice/conference center deployment


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Again, similar conclusions were drawn as for the outdoor deployment case.

The lower frequency band can provide coverage with a low number of accesspoints, but it cannot provide the needed capacity, because very densedeployment will lead to high interference. The higher frequency band accesspoints can provide the needed capacity but require a very dense deploymentof basically an access point in every room or every 100 m2for larger indoorspaces.

The 10 key 5G deployment recommendations are:

1. LTE Advanced can provide the required capacity of tens of Gb/s/km2for2020 and beyond.

2. ~1 GHz of aggregated spectrum is required to provide the capacity and

cell edge data rates by 2030. 3. A 5G small cells deployment in the 6-30 GHz band (cmWave) with a 500

MHz carrier bandwidth can provide hundreds of Gb/s/km2for 2025 andbeyond.

4. A 5G small cells deployment in up to 100 GHz bands (mmWave) with2 GHz carrier bandwidth can provide several Tb/s/km2for 2030 andbeyond.

5. mmWave radio can further provide backhaul to small cells in a meshconguration with a maximum of two hops.

6. Very large antenna arrays can be used to eectively compensate for the

higher path loss at higher frequency bands.

7. For both the cmWave and mmWave deployments, an inter-site distanceof 75-100 m can provide full coverage and satisfy the required capacity,depending on the environment.

8. A 5G wide-area solution is needed to provide the required coverage andcell edge data rates for 2030.

9. Dedicated indoor small cell deployments are needed to satisfy indoorcapacity requirements beyond 2020.

10. Multi-connectivity between LTE Advanced, cmWave and mmWave boosts

cell edge performance signicantly and can lower the required density forsmall cell deployment.



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Summary and conclusionsNokia studies on dense deployments in Madrid and Tokyo have shown that a10,000- fold capacity can be provided in a dense urban environment as wellas indoor dense areas. 5G will require a coverage layer that could be providedby macro cells and a coverage layer consisting of small cells providing capacityusing the available spectrum range from below 1 GHz up to 100 GHz. Theindoor capacity will require dedicated indoor 5G small cells. While 5G willprovide a signicant boost in capacity, the deployment density of 5G outdoorsmall cells can be limited to ~75 m ISD and for an indoor deployment, anaccess point in every room is required for coverage and capacity.



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nokia 5g deployment white paper

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