nomenclature. drugs are categorized under broad subcategories called classifications drugs with...
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Nomenclature
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Nomenclature
Drugs are categorized under broad subcategories called classifications
Drugs with several types of therapeutic effects fit under several classifications (Aspirin)
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Drug Classifications
Therapeutic EffectAntihypertensiveAntiemeticAntibioticDiuretic
Physiologic ActionB-adrenergic blockerCa channel blocker
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Classifications (cont.)
The same drug may belong to more than one classificationPropranalol: B-blocker (physiologic action),
antianginal, antiarrhythmic, antihypertensivePerphenazine: antiemetic =controls N/V,
antipsychotic = anticholinergic side effects (dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurred vision, tachycardia, sedation)
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Nomenclature/Classifications (cont.) Prototype Drug = representative of many
drugs within the classDiazepam: Benzodiazepine,
sedative/hypnotic, antianxietySimilarities: pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics, effects, side effects, adverse reactions, contraindications, drug/food interaction
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Nomenclature / Drug Names
GenericName given to drug before it becomes officialGiven by the United States Adopted Names
CouncilTypically derived from chemical nameUsually shorter
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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)
Trade/BrandName that is registered by the manufacturerFollowed by the trademark symbol®Can only be used by the manufacturerMay have several trade names (depending on
number of manufacturers)The first letter of the name is capitalized
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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)
ChemicalGives exact chemical composition of the drug Places atoms or molecular structure
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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)
OfficialName listed in the United States
Pharmacopoeia-National FormularyMay be the same as the generic name
Acetaminophen/N-acetyl-p-aminophenol/Tylenol, Datil
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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)
When a new drug is produced it is given a generic name
It must be tested and approved by the FDA Listed in the USP/NF by an official name Producing company has an exclusive right for 17
years and other companies can produce the same drug, but will assign own trade name
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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)
Patient Education Generic and trade name drugs have same basic
ingredients by law Trade name drug is more expensive
Advertising Pharmacy dispension Though basic ingredients are same, the “fillers” may
be different (fillers may effect speed drug is dissolved or takes effect, some dyes may cause allergic reaction)
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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)
Combination drugsHave several generic names, but only one
trade nameDarvocet-N-100 = Acetaminophen 650mg,
Propoxypene napsylate, 100mg
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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)
Trade names with numbersThe number refers to the amount of one of the
generic componentsA differentiating factorNumber represents the amount of the
controlled substance
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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)
Trade Name Generic Name
Empirin Aspirin 325mg
Empirin #1 Aspirin 325 mg
Codeine Phosphate 7.5mg
Empirin #2 Aspirin 325 mg
Codeine Phosphate 15mg
The larger the number, the greater the amount of the controlled substance contained therein.
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Nomenclature / Drug Names (cont.)
Potential med errorsTrade name misinterpreted for the # of tablets
to giveAllergic reaction to one of the generic
components (check for aspirin allergy)Giving 2 #3’s instead of one #4 (doubles the
dose of aspirin from 325mg to 650mg)
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Drug References
PDR = Physician’s Desk Reference Distributed to practicing physicians All drugs cross referenced
White “manufacturer’s index” (company that makes drug) Pink “product index” (trade and generic name) Blue “product category index” (drug classification) Green (description of substances used for medical testing) Photographs of many drugs List of all US Poison Control Centers
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Drug References (cont.)
PDR (cont.)Geared for physiciansLengthy descriptionsDifficult to identify what is most important to
rememberNo easily identifiable nursing implications
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Drug References (cont.)
USP/DI = US Pharmacopaeia/Dispensing InformationMust be purchasedPractical guidelines for the patient (everyday
language)Tips for proper use of medication and what
precautions to take
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Drug References (cont.)
AHFS = American Health-System Formulary ServiceGood, concise informationArranged by classification with a description
of each classification at the beginning of each section
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Drug References (cont.)
Compendium of Drug TherapyDistributed to physicians2 hardback volumesEasy to readPhotographs of drugsPhone # of major pharmaceutical companiesPoison control centers listed
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Drug References (cont.)
Davis’s Drug GuideBest resource for nursing
Includes nursing implications Assessment Potential nursing diagnoses Implementation Patient/family teaching Evaluation
Well organized
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Terms
IndicationMedical condition for which the drug is meant
to be usedBenadryl = allergic skin reaction, mild
Parkinsonian symptoms, nasal allergies
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Terms (cont.)
ActionCellular changes that occur as a result of the
drugKnow which body system is affectedBenadryl competes with histamine for cell
receptor sites on effector cell
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Terms (cont.)
ContraindicationCondition for which the drug should not be
givenPregnancy, lactation
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Terms (cont.)
Warning & PrecautionConditions or types of patients that warrant
closer observation for specific side effects when given drug
Hx of bronchial asthma, HTN
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Terms (cont.)
Side Effects & Adverse Reaction List of possible unpleasant or dangerous
secondary effects other than the desired effects Benadryl causes sedation, dizziness, thickening of
bronchial secretion Ototoxicity – aspirin Nephrotoxicity – gentamycin Photosensitivity – antipsychotic/Haloperidol
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Terms (cont.)
InteractionOther foods or drugs that may alter the effect
of the drugMAO inhibitors have major interaction, some
causing BP changes and even death
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Sources of Drugs
Any chemical substance taken into body for the purpose of affecting body function is referred to as a drug
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Sources of Drugs (cont.)
Plants = primary source of substances used in human body Berries, bark, leaves, resin from trees, roots
Minerals = from the earth & soil Iron, sulfur, potassium, silver & even gold
Animals = substances from the glands, organs & tissues of animals Pork insulin
Synthetic = man made (test tube drugs)
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Sources of Drugs PlantsExample Trade Name
ClassificationChinchona BarkQuinidine Antiarrhythmic
Purple Foxglove Digitalis Cardiotonic
Poppy Plant Paregoric, Antidiarrheal,(Opium) Morphine, Analgesic,
Codeine Analgesic, Antitussive
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Sources of Drugs MineralsExample Trade Name ClassificationMagnesium Milk of Magnesia Antacid, Laxative
Zinc Zinc Oxide Oint. Sunscreen, Skin Protectant
Gold Solganal, Auranofin Anti-inflammatory;
Used in tx of Rheumatoid
Arthritis
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AnimalsExample Trade Name
ClassificationPancreas of Cow, Insulin; regular, AntidiabeticHog NPH, PZI Hormone
Stomach of Cow, Pepsin DigestiveHog Hormone
Thyroid Gland Thyroid, USP HormoneOf Animals
Sources of Drugs
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Sources of Drugs SyntheticExample Trade Name
ClassificationMeperidine Demerol Analgesic
Diphenoxylate Lomotil Antidiarrheal
Co-TrimoxazoleBactrim, Septra Anti-Infective Sulfonamide; Used in the treatment of UTI’s
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Effects of Drugs
SystemicEffect is made throughout body (Tylenol)
LocalAffects are limited to the area of the body
where it is administered (Preparation H for hemorrhoidal pain)
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Drug Actions
Depressing Stimulating Destroying Replacing Substances
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Questions???