Nomenclature of Acids Nomenclature of Acids and Organic Functional and Organic Functional

groupsgroups

Nomenclature of AcidsNomenclature of Acids

Bianary Acids – compounds of HBianary Acids – compounds of H++ and and a non-metala non-metal– Use the prefix hydro and suffix –ic and Use the prefix hydro and suffix –ic and

add acidadd acid

Example: Example:

HCl – HCl – hydrohydrochlorchloricic acidacid

HBr – hydrobromic acidHBr – hydrobromic acid

OxoacidsOxoacids Contain H and O and another elementContain H and O and another element

– No prefix hydroNo prefix hydro

For ions ending in For ions ending in ateate add the suffix add the suffix

––ic and the word acidic and the word acid

Example:Example:HH22SOSO44 – (sulfate ion) sulfur – (sulfate ion) sulfuricic acidacid

HNOHNO33 – (nitrate ion) nitr – (nitrate ion) nitricic acidacid

HClOHClO33 – (chlorate ion) chor – (chlorate ion) choricic acidacid

OxoacidsOxoacids

For ions ending in ite add the suffix –For ions ending in ite add the suffix –ous and acidous and acid

Examples:Examples:

HH22SOSO33 – (sulfite ion) sulfur – (sulfite ion) sulfurousous acidacid

HNOHNO22 – nitr – nitrousous acidacid

HClOHClO22 – chlor – chlorousous acidacid

OxoacidsOxoacids

For acids with one less oxygen than For acids with one less oxygen than the –the –iteite ion use the prefix ion use the prefix hypohypo

For acids with one more oxygen than For acids with one more oxygen than the –the –ateate ion use the prefix ion use the prefix perper

ExampleExample

ClOClO22 is chlorite, so ClO is hypochlorite is chlorite, so ClO is hypochlorite

ClOClO33 is chlorate, so ClO is chlorate, so ClO44 is is perchlorateperchlorate

OxoacidsOxoacids

HClO is called?HClO is called?– Hypochorous acidHypochorous acid

HClOHClO44 is called? is called?– Perchloric acidPerchloric acid

HH33POPO44 is called? is called?– Phosporic acidPhosporic acid

Summary of OxoacidsSummary of Oxoacids

Anion Anion Acid NameAcid Name

ClO-ClO- (hypochlorite) (hypochlorite) hypochlorous acidhypochlorous acid

ClOClO22 - (chlorite)- (chlorite) chlorous acidchlorous acid

ClOClO33 - (chlorate)- (chlorate) chloric acidchloric acid

ClOClO44 - (perchlorate)- (perchlorate) perchloric acidperchloric acid

Origin of organic compoundsOrigin of organic compounds Naturally occurring organic compounds are Naturally occurring organic compounds are

found in plants, animals, and fossil fuelsfound in plants, animals, and fossil fuels All of these have a plant originAll of these have a plant origin Synthetic organic compounds are derived Synthetic organic compounds are derived

from fossil fuels or plant materialfrom fossil fuels or plant material

Functional groupsFunctional groups Functional groups are parts of molecules Functional groups are parts of molecules

that result in characteristic featuresthat result in characteristic features

About 100 functional groups exist, we will About 100 functional groups exist, we will focus on 10focus on 10

Useful to group the infinite number of Useful to group the infinite number of possible organic compoundspossible organic compounds

**You will need to memorize the family name **You will need to memorize the family name and associated general structure and associated general structure

The functional groups determine if The functional groups determine if a molecule is soluble in watera molecule is soluble in water– Hydrocarbons are only slightly polar Hydrocarbons are only slightly polar

and tend to be insoluble in waterand tend to be insoluble in waterThese include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, These include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes,

and aromatic compoundsand aromatic compounds

– Molecules with polar functional Molecules with polar functional groups tend to be soluble in watergroups tend to be soluble in waterThese include alcohols, carboxylic acids, These include alcohols, carboxylic acids,

amines, and amidesamines, and amides

DistillationDistillation

petroleum is refined petroleum is refined by boil the crude oil by boil the crude oil and condensing the and condensing the vapors between vapors between temperature ranges temperature ranges

The liquid collected at The liquid collected at each range is called a each range is called a fractionfraction and the and the process is called process is called fractional fractional distillation distillation

Carbon forms four bondsCarbon forms four bonds Carbon can form four bonds, and forms Carbon can form four bonds, and forms

strong covalent bonds with other elementsstrong covalent bonds with other elements This can be represented in many ways … This can be represented in many ways …

CH C

C CH

CH CH

Cl

Cl

CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2CH2

CH2CH2

CH2CH2

CH2CH2

CH3

C

CO

C

C

Cl

HH

H

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbonsC C C C

C C

C

C

C

C

C

C

H

H

H

H

H

H

C C C C C

H

H

H

H

H H

H

H

H

H

H

H

Alkanes Alkenes

Alkynes Aromatics

C C C C C

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

C C C C CH

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

Mnemonic for first four prefixesMnemonic for first four prefixes

First four prefixesFirst four prefixes MMeth-eth- EEth-th- PProp-rop- BBut-ut-

Monkeys

Eat

Peeled

Bananas

?Decade

Decimal

Decathalon

Other prefixesOther prefixes

Pent-Pent-

• Oct-

• Dec-

• Hex-, Hept-, Non-

Basic names of hydrocarbonsBasic names of hydrocarbonsHydrocarbon names are based on: Hydrocarbon names are based on: 1) class; -ane, -ene, or –yne or other 1) class; -ane, -ene, or –yne or other

Functional groupFunctional group

2) # of C, 2) # of C, 1 meth- 2 eth- 3 prop- 4 but- 5 pent- 1 meth- 2 eth- 3 prop- 4 but- 5 pent- 6 hex- 7 hept- 8 oct- 9 non- 10 dec-6 hex- 7 hept- 8 oct- 9 non- 10 dec-

Name these compoundsName these compounds

7C, 9C alkane7C, 9C alkane

2C, 4C alkyne2C, 4C alkyne

1C, 3C alkene1C, 3C alkene

heptane, nonane

ethyne, butyne

does not exist, propene