non destructive testing experiment report

8/9/2019 Non Destructive Testing Experiment Report

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Kasırga,

Instructor: Prof. Dr. Ahmet ARAN

0

HÜSEYİN KASIRGA

03004033GR!"P

#

$A%ERIA& %ES%ING &A#!RA%!RY REP!R%


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%A#&E !' (!N%EN%S

I. Intro)uct*on1. Definitions

2. Purposes of Non-Destructive Testing

3. Classification of NDT Meto!sa. "isual #nspection

$. %i&ui! 'D(e) Penetrant Meto!

c. Magnetic Particle Meto!

!. *!!( Current Testing

e. +ltrasonic #nspection

f. a!iograp(

g. coustic #nspection

II. E+,er*ment- Proce)ure1. $/ective

2. *ainationa. *!!( Current #nspection

i. *&uipents

ii. *perient

$. +ltrasonic #nspection

i. *&uipents

ii. *perient

c. %i&ui! Penetrant Meto!

i. *&uipents

ii. *perient

!. Magnetic Particle Meto!

i. *&uipentsii. *perient

III. D-t- An-/s*s1. *!!( Current #nspection

2. +ltrasonic #nspection

3. %i&ui! Penetrant Meto!

. Magnetic Particle Meto!

I. Resuts1. *!!( Current #nspection *perient

2. +ltrasonic #nspection *perient3. %i&ui! Penetrant Meto! *perient

. Magnetic Particle Meto! *perient

. D*scuss*on1. !vantages an! Disa!vantages of *ac Meto! Perfore!

I. (oncus*on

II. References

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I. IN%R!D"(%I!N

1. DE'INI%I!NS

Non-!estructive testing, NDT 'also calle! ND*, non-!estructive evaluation, an! ND#, non-!estructive inspection) is te testing perfore! on aterials itout !estro(ing te

test o$/ects an! ipairing its future usefulness. #t is use! for in-service inspection an! for

con!ition onitoring of operating plant. #t is also use! for easureent of coponents an!

spacing an! for te easureent of p(sical properties suc as ar!ness an! internal stress.

Te essential feature of NDT is tat te test process itself pro!uces no !eleterious effects on

te aterial or structure un!er test4 terefore it is vital for constructing an! aintaining all

t(pes of coponents an! structures.

Te su$/ect of NDT as no clearl( !efine! $oun!aries4 it ranges fro siple

tecni&ues suc as visual eaination of surfaces, troug te ell-esta$lise! eto!s of

ra!iograp(, ultrasonic testing, agnetic particle crac5 !etection, to ne an! uc

specialise! eto!s. NDT eto!s can $e a!apte! to autoate! pro!uction processes as ellas to te inspection of localise! pro$le areas.

. P"RP!SES !' N!N2DES%R"(%IE %ES%ING

67ince te 1820s, non!estructive testing as !evelope! fro a la$orator( curiosit(

to an in!ispensa$le tool of pro!uction. No longer is visual eaination te principal eans of

!eterining &ualit(. Non!estructive tests in great variet( are in orl!i!e use to !etect

variations in structure, inute canges in surface finis, te presence of crac5s or oter

p(sical !iscontinuities, to easure te tic5ness of aterials an! coatings an! to !eterine

oter caracteristics of in!ustrial pro!ucts. Mo!ern non-!estructive tests are use! $(anufacturers to9

- ensure pro!uct integrit(, an! in turn, relia$ilit(

- avoi! failures, prevent acci!ents an! save uan life

- a5e a profit for te user

- ensure custoer satisfaction an! aintain te anufacturer:s reputation

- ai! in $etter pro!uct !esign

- control anufacturing processes

- loer anufacturing costs

- aintain unifor &ualit( level

- ensure operational rea!iness.; 'Te erican 7ociet( for NDT)

3. (&ASSI'I(A%I!N !' ND% $E%H!DS

Tere is uc 5in! of non-!estructive test eto!s perfore! on various

aterials inclu!ing etals, plastics, ceraics, coposites, cerets, an! coatings in or!er to

!etect flas, crac5s, internal voi!s, surface cavities, !efective el!s an! oter !efects insi!e

an! on te surface of te aterials.

Tere are soe principal factors use! to caracteri


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nature of te signals, iage or signature resulting fro interaction it te test o$/ect

'attenuation of =-ra(s or reflection of ultrasoun!, for eaple)

eans of !etecting or sensing resulting signals 'poto eulsion, pie


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use! for te inspection of ferrous aterials ere agnetic-particle inspection is !ifficult to

appl(. #n soe cases it can $e use! on non-etallic aterials, too.

Te a$ilit( of te li&ui! penetrant to $e pulle! into surface-$rea5ing !efects $(

capillar( action is eplo(e! in tis tecni&ue to locate crac5s, porosit(, an! oter !efects tat

$rea5 te surface of a aterial an! ave enoug volue to trap an! ol! te penetrant

aterial. %i&ui! penetrant testing is use! to inspect large areas ver( efficientl( an! or5s onost nonporous aterials.

c. $ AGNE%I( P AR%I(&E $ E%H!D:

Magnetic particle inspection is an NDT eto! tat can $e use! to fin! surface,

near surface an! la(er flas in ferroagnetic aterials suc as steel an! iron $( eplo(ing

te principle tat agnetic flu ill $e !istorte! $( te presence of a fla in a anner tat

ill reveal its presence. Te fla 'for eaple, a crac5) is locate! fro te >flu lea5age>

folloing te application of fine iron particles to te area un!er eaination. Tere are

variations in te a( te agnetic fiel! is applie!, $ut te( are all !epen!ent on te a$ove principle.

Te ost coon eto! of agnetic particle inspection uses finel( !ivi!e! iron

or agnetic iron oi!e particles, el! in suspension in a suita$le li&ui! 'often 5erosene). Tis

flui! is referre! to as carrier. Te particles are often colore! an! usuall( coate! it

fluorescent !(es tat are a!e visi$le un!er a +" ligt. Te suspension is spra(e! or painte!

over te agneti


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occasionall( up to @0 MA< are use!. Te soun! aves travel troug te aterial an! are

receive! $( te sae trans!ucer or a secon! trans!ucer. Te aount of energ( transitte! or

receive! an! te tie te energ( is receive! are anal(


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1 5A< an! ave $een reporte! at fre&uencies up to 100 MA


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Figure II.2.1 – Eddy Current Inspection Method

ii. E+,er*ment:

s te first step applie! !uring te eperient, te inspecte! area of te part is

eaine! eter it is clean an! free fro an( paint, !irt, grease or tere is an( visi$le

!aage or !iscontinuit( on te surface. Ten te pro$e is place! on te surface of te part

it an angle of 80F an! it is ove! slol( on te surface pa(ing attention not to cange te

angle an! cut te contact $eteen te pro$e an! inspecte! area. '7ee te igure ##.2.1.)

. " &%RAS!NI( I NSPE(%I!N:

i. E;u*,ments:

or tis eperient, a

+7M-2 t(pe transducer

'pulserGreceiver), an oscilloscope

for onitoring te canges, a

probe supporting to or5 atfre&uenc( of @MA


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Figure II.2.2 – Ultrasonic Inspection Equipmentsii. E+,er*ments:

s te first step of te eperient, te trans!ucer is a!/uste! to a fre&uenc( of @

MA


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cleane! it a clean tetile pa(ing attention not to give soe a!!itional !aage to te

surface. s te last step te (ello can, !eveloper spra(, is applie! to te surface.

). $AGNE%I( PAR%I(&E INSPE(%I!N:

i. E;u*,ments:

or te eperient, a strong + sape agnet, a fluorescent agnetic spra(, an!

+" ligt is use!. Te agnet provi!es te necessar( agnetic fiel!, an! te spra( an! ligt is

eplo(e! to iger te visi$ilit( of te flas, crac5s for te ease of te inspection.

ii. E+,er*ment:

Iecause te surface of te part is eaine!, a clear surface is re&uire! for te

eperient. Terefore, te surface of te part is applie! cleanerGreover spra( or ipe! it

a clean tetile accor!ing to te surface &ualit( of te part. Te surface cleane!, fluorescent

spra( is applie! on te inspecte! surface of te part to a5e te !efects ore visi$le un!er

+" ligt. Ten, accor!ing to te noral proce!ure of te eperient a agnetic fiel! create!

$( a strong agnet soul! $e use!4 oever, te agnet of te la$orator( as lost an! coul!

not $e foun! !uring eperient. Terefore, te eperient as continue! itout using a

agnet. fter aite! for a ile for fluorescent to cover te surface, te surface is eaine!

un!er +" ligt.

III. DA%A ANA&YSIS

1. EDDY ("RREN% INSPE(%I!N

s a result of te electroagnetic in!uction principle, soe currents sirl an!

agnetic aves occur. Te inspection of te !iscontinuities is !one $( o$serving te canges

in te scale of te apparatus. ?en te pro$e coes to a !iscontinuit(, suc as a crac5,

agnetic fiel! an! tus te current re!uces ic can $e o$serve! on te scale. Tis

proce!ure is applie! all sections of te parts an! te in!ications is recor!e!.

. "&%RAS!NI( INSPE(%I!N

or !ata anal(sis of te eperient, te principle of te eco is eplo(e! to !etect

te flas. ?en an ultrasonic soun! energ( is pro!uce! $( te trans!ucer, it propagates

troug te part in te for of soun! aves until it reaces te opposing surface of te part or

an( !iscontinuit( suc as a crac5. ?en te aves encounter a crac5, it interrupts te

propagation of te aves an! reflects a portion of te. Terefore, te aount of te energ(

an! te tie spent for return of te aves gives inforation a$out te presence an! location

of !efects. Tis operation is !one $( o$serving te onitor of te oscilloscope.

3. &I"ID PENE%RAN% INSPE(%I!N

8


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or inspection, te a$ilit( of li&ui! penetrant to infiltrate into surface !efects,

capillar( action is eplo(e!. Tis infiltrate! penetrant is a$sor$e! $( !eveloper it principle

of te atoic attraction forces, an! te( reacts it eac oter. s a result of tis reaction,

tere occurs soe color !ifferences on te !ifferent sections of te part. To ain colors are

o$serve! on te surface9 pin5Gre! areas in!icate for te surface !efects suc as crac5s an!

ite areas in!icates for te clear areas fro an( crac5s.

3. $AGNE%I( PAR%I(&E $E%H!D

?en te agnet is place! on te surface of te part, tere occur agnetic flues

aroun! te part. #f tere is a !iscontinuit( on te surface of te part, agnetic flu is $ro5en

an! a ne polari


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Figure I".2.1 – # Crac$ %etected %uring the E&periment

3. &I"ID PENE%RAN% E8PERI$EN%

Pin5 areas in!icate for te !efects, crac5s an! en te part eaine! it is seentat te( are concentrate! aroun! te oles an! canal on te part. '7ee te igure #".3.1)

Crack

Figure I".3.1 – 'esult o( iquid !enetrant E&periment

4. $AGNE%I( PAR%I(&E E8PERI$EN%

?en te surface of te part is eaine! it is seen tere is soe $ig crac5s

concentrate! aroun! te $olt oles an! te e!ges of te part. Tis is $ecause te possi$ilit( of

a crac5 is iger aroun! te oles an! e!ges in a fore! part !ue to te ig inner stresses

an! stress concentrations aroun! tese areas. '7ee igure #"..1)

11

Crack


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Figure I".).1 – Magnetic !article Inspection Method

. DIS("SSI!N

1. ADAN%AGES < DISADAN%AGES !' EA(H $E%H!D PER'!R$ED:

-. EDDY ("RREN% INSPE(%I!N

i. A)=-nt-7es:

o Detects surface an! near surface !efects.

o

Test pro$e !oes not nee! to contact te part.o Meto! can $e use! for ore tan fla !etection.

o Miniu part preparation is re&uire!.

ii. D*s-)=-nt-7es:

• nl( con!uctive aterials can $e inspecte!.

• erroagnetic aterials re&uire special treatent to a!!ress agnetic perea$ilit(.

• Dept of penetration is liite!.

• las tat lie parallel to te inspection pro$e coil in!ing !irection can go

un!etecte!.

• 75ill an! training re&uire! is ore etensive tan oter tecni&ues.

• 7urface finis an! rougness a( interfere.

• eference stan!ar!s are nee!e! for setup.

. "&%RAS!NI( INSPE(%I!N

i. A)=-nt-7es:

o

Dept of penetration for fla !etection or easureent is superior to oter eto!s.o nl( single si!e! access is re&uire!.

o Provi!es !istance inforation.

o Miniu part preparation is re&uire!.

o Meto! can $e use! for uc ore tan /ust fla !etection.

ii. D*s-)=-nt-7es:

• 7urface ust $e accessi$le to pro$e an! couplant.

• 75ill an! training re&uire! is ore etensive tan oter tecni&ue.

• 7urface finis an! rougness can interfere it inspection.

• Tin parts a( $e !ifficult to inspect.

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• %inear !efects oriente! parallel to te soun! $ea can go un!etecte!.

• eference stan!ar!s are often nee!e!.

c. &I"ID PENE%RAN% INSPE(%I!N

i. A)=-nt-7es:

o %arge surface areas or large volues of partsGaterials can $e inspecte! rapi!l( an! at

lo cost.

o Parts it cople geoetr( are routinel( inspecte!.

o #n!ications are pro!uce! !irectl( on surface of te part provi!ing a visual iage of te

!iscontinuit(.

o *&uipent investent is inial.

ii. D*s-)=-nt-7es:

• Detects onl( surface $rea5ing !efects.

• 7urface preparation is critical as containants can as5 !efects.

• e&uires a relativel( soot an! nonporous surface.

• Post cleaning is necessar( to reove ceicals.

• e&uires ultiple operations un!er controlle! con!itions.

• Ceical an!ling precautions are necessar( 'toicit(, fire, aste).

). $AGNE%I( PAR%I(&E INSPE(%I!N

i. A)=-nt-7es:

o %arge surface areas of cople parts can $e inspecte! rapi!l(.

o Can !etect surface an! su$surface flas.

o 7urface preparation is less critical tan it is in penetrant inspection.

o Magnetic particle in!ications are pro!uce! !irectl( on te surface of te part an! for

an iage of te !iscontinuit(.

o *&uipent costs are relativel( lo.

ii. D*s-)=-nt-7es:

• nl( ferroagnetic aterials can $e inspecte!.

• Proper alignent of agnetic fiel! an! !efect is critical.

• %arge currents are nee!e! for ver( large parts.

• e&uires relativel( soot surface.

• Paint or oter nonagnetic coverings a!versel( affect sensitivit(.

• Deagneti


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Mo!ern non!estructive tests contains useful eto!s use! $( anufacturers for

te purposes to ensure pro!uct integrit(, an! in turn, relia$ilit(4 to avoi! failures, prevent

acci!ents an! save uan life4 to a5e a profit for te user4 to ensure custoer satisfaction

an! aintain te anufacturer:s reputation4 to ai! in $etter pro!uct !esign4 to control

anufacturing processes4 to loer anufacturing costs4 to aintain unifor &ualit( level4 an!to ensure operational rea!iness.

I. RE'ERAN(ES

1 erican 7ociet( for Non-Destructive Testing, retrieve! fro ttp9GG.asnt.org, on

cto$er 31, 200E.

2 6 Non-destructive Testing Encyclopaedia”, $( . Die!erics an! *. in

non destructive testing experiment report

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