non-formal education and economic uplift of the...
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER VI
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION AND THE ECONOMIC UPLIFT OF THE
RURAL MASSES (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE COASTAL AREA
OF ALAPPUZHA DISTRICT)
6.1 Introduct ion
6.2 Alappurha District - A Profile
6.2.1 Population
6.2.2 Socio-economic condition
6.3 Research Problem
6.4 Non-Formal Educational Programmes
6.5 Analysis of Field Information (Data)
(a) Ceogrq,hical area of the study
6.5.1 Educ.ational qualification of respondents according to sex (Formal and Non-Formal)
6.5.2 Joh placement of respondents according to sex and education
6.5.3 Income of the respondents' family
6.5.4 (a) General employment status of respondents
6.5.4 (b) Gender-wise employment status of respondents
6.5.5 (a) Education and employment relation o f respondents
6.5.5 (b) Self employment possibilities below S.S.L.C.
6.5.5 (c) Employment possibilities after S.S.L.C.
6.5.6 Employment chances according to geographical set-up
6.5.7 Stipend training and non-stipend training relationship
6.5.8 Relig~on of respondents according to sex
6.5.9 Family income of the respondents
6.6 Non-Formal Education - By Government
6.6.1 L i t e r . 1 ~ ~ and continuing education programmes
(a) Literacy beneficiaries and literary workers
(b) Employment status of literary trainers
(c) Principal jobs of neo-literates according to sex
(d) From literacy to development
6.6.2 Job-oriented training - TRYSEM
(a) Sex-wise distribution of respondents
( 11 ) Sex . ~ n d age-wise distribution of respondents
(c) Age and employment relation
(d l Educational background of the trainees
(el Selection of beneficiaries to various trade
(I) Training institutions
(g) Training and employment relation
(h) Block-wise employment status
6.6.3 Development of women and children in rural areas (DWCRA)
(a) DWCRA in coastal blocks of Alappuzha district
(b) Employment possibilities through DWCRA
(c) Age and employment relation
6.6.4 Self employment possibilities after IRDP infrastructure training
(a) Age .ind employment status of IRDP infrastructure training
6.7 Employment Possibilities Through Correspondence Courses
6.8 Transformation o f IRD t o SGSY
6.8.1 Swarnajayanfhi Gramswarozgar Yojana
6.9 NFE - By Non-Governmental Institutions
6.9.1 NFE by Matsyafed
(a) Age ' ~ n d education relation of respondents
(b) Age . ~ n d employment relation
6.9.2 NFE by KERDA (Kerala Rural Development Association)
(a) Sex and employment relation
(b) Age .ind employment relation
6.10 Functions of Libraries
6.1 1 Conclusion
Chapter VI
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION AND THE ECONOMIC UPLIFT OF THE RURAL MASSES
(WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO COASTAL AREA OF ALAPPUZHA DISTRICT)
6.1 In t roduct ion
Economic development is one of the main objectives of education. In
this chapter, the investigator is trying to analyse the economic uplift of the
rural masses with reference to the coastal area of Alappuzha District. In this
study, the economic upliftment measured with the parameters of income and
employment status of respondents and a detailed description of various
non-formal training programmes and its impact on coastal people.
6.2 Alappuzha District - A Profile
Alappuzha came into existence as a district, in the political map of
Kerala on the 27th of August 1951. Before the formation of the district, a
major part of this area was part of Quilon district and the rest of Kottayam
district. The district consists of iwo revenue divisions, six taluks and
84 revenue villages. There are 69 panchayats and five municipalities in the
district. Bounded on the north-east by Emakulam and Kottayam districts, on
the east by Pathanamthitta, on the south-east by Quilon district and the west
by the Arabian sea, this district lies between north latitude 90.05" and 90.52"
and east longitude 76.17" and 76.48". The climate is moist and hot in the
coast and it is slightly cooler and drier in the interior of the district. The
average monthly temperature of the district is approximately 18°C.
6.2.1 Population
According to 1991 Census, Alappuzha district has got a population of
19.86 lakhs. During the 1981-91 decade, this district showed the lowest
growth rate. i.e. 10.56 per cent. But as far as density of population is
concerned, Alappuzha district stands for most among the districts, with
1408 persons per sq. km. while that of the State is only 717. The sex ratio
recorded in this district is 1061 females to 1000 males.
6.2.2 Socio-economic conditions
Alappuzha IS a backward district in terms of the standard of living. The
majority of the population of the district comprises agricultural labourers and
coir workers. Though the literacy rate in Alappuzha district is in the second
rank as compared to other districts, employment rate is not proportionate to
literacy rate.
6.3 Research Problem
It is a study of Non-Formal Education and the economic, socio-cultural
and political uplift of rural masses. Non-Formal Education is the process of
education to child or adults or any group, which is structured but outside the
formal education.
6.4 Non-Formal Educational Programmes
Majority of the people in Alappuzha district live in rural and coastal
areas. The educational facilities are not sufficient enough to reduce
inequalities among the different strata of the society. Majority live in poverty
and ignorance wlthout the skills or production needed for day-to-day life. The
only way out is, complete literacy, continuing education like job-oriented
training as TRYSEM, DWCRA training, IRDP infra training, mothers' training
and training give by voluntary agencies. Non-Formal Education considered
as an important instrument in the transformation of society by promoting
personal as well as economic wellbeing of the poor people. According to
Mahatma Gandhi believe that "mass illiteracy is India's greatest sin." He
advocated that the literary campaigns must go hand in hand with the spread
of knowledge.
Traditionally, the main aim of literacy is to help the illiterate in learning
the basic skills of reading, writing and in acquiring, elementary knowledge of
arithmetic. Nowadays, the main objective of the literacy programme is to
promote literacy among the masses and to enable them to became aware of
the constraints tu their development and growth and give them functional
competency to improve their living and working conditions. The existing
statistics show that we are hundred per cent literate. But the level of literacy
accounted from the field shows a different picture.
6.5 Analysis of Field Information
The investigator interviewed 400 respondents belonging to various
categories in employment, education, sex and lifestyle. The Table 6.1 shows
the general analys~s of field information.
TABLE 6.1
Field Information
1. Literay training
2. TRYSEM
3. DWCRA
4. lRDP
5. Mothers' Training
6. KERDA (NGO)
7. Matsyaied
8. Corresporider~cc?
Enlployed Unemployed - Total
Male Female Subtotal Male Female Subtotal - -
35 1 36 11 33 44 80
-
Total 54 142 196 52 152 204 400 -- -
6.5a Geographical area of the study
The study covered four coastal Blocks of Alappuzha district. The
following map shows the area under study. The Blocks from north to south
are Pattanakkad, Kanjikuzhy, Aryad and Amabalapuzha. These Blocks cover
70% of the coastal area of the district.
6.5.1 Educational qualification of respondents according to sex (Formal and Non-Formal)
Out of 400 respondents in various categories, 26.4 per cent are male
and 73.6 per cent are female. The educational level of respondents divided
into four categories. First is Literates only. Twenty per cent of total
respondents belong to this category. Primary to VI class plus NFE includes
26.75 and VII to X failed plus NFE have 23 per cent. Majority of the
respondents are above S.S.L.C. and having Non-Formal Education training of
same kind.
TABLE 6.2
Educational Qualification of Respondents According to Sex
Male Female Total Educational level
Frequency % Frequency % Frequency %
I-VI + NFE 22 20.56 85 79.43 107 26.75
VII-X + NFE 14 15.2 18 84.8 92 23.00
> X -e NFE 46 38 75 62 121 32 25 -- - -
Total 106 26 4 294 400 100 - -- -
73 6 - --
6.5.2 Job placement of respondents according to sex and education
The data glven in the Table 6.3 indicate that 4.5 per cent of only
literate male are employed and 3.5 per cent women are employed. The
second education category of 1 to VI, three per cent men and 16.5 per cent
female are employed 6% men and 15.25% female employed under third and
fourth education category. It is observed that unemployed women were
engaged in household works. Above SSLC and NFE has more employment
chances than the lower categories of education. When consider the sex-wise
employment charices only 13.5 per cent of male, 13 per cent female are
employed.
TABLE 6.3
Job Placement of Respondents According to Sex
Male Female Total SI. Educaiiorial - -
No. Level Employed Unemployed Employed Unemployed
F % F % F % F % F %
2 I-VI + NFE 12 3.00 10 2.50 66 16.50 19 4.75 107 26.75
3 VII-X + NFE 12 3.00 2. 0.50 51 12.75 27 6.75 92 23.00
4 >X+NFE 12 3.00 34 8.5 10 2.5 65 16.25 121 30.25
Total 54 13.5 52 13 137 25.5 157 3 8 400 100
6.5.3 Income of the respondents' families
Majority of respondents come from very poor background.
73.5 per cent of respondents are from the category of annual income below
Rs. 2000. Next 18.5 per cent are from the annual income between Rs. 2001
to 3000. Only two per cent of respondents coming from the annual income
above Rs. 6000.
TABLE 6.4
Income of Respondents' Family
Income level (in Rs.! Freauencv Per cent
> 5000 8 2.00 -~
Total ~
400 100.00
6.5.4a Employment status of respondents
Out of 400 respondents, 51 per cent are unemployed, 20.5 per cent
are wage employed and remaining 28.5% engaged in self-employment.
Higher self-employment possibilities in coir and related production. More
than half ot the respondents are remain unemployed.
Self-employed
Figure 6.1 Employment Status of Respondents
6.5.4b Gender-wise employment status
Out of 49 per cent of employed beneficiaries, 28.5 per cent
self-employed and 20.5 per cent wage employed in various firms. In the case
of male respondents. 21 per cent is self-employed and 31 per cent is wage
employed, remaining 48 per cent is unemployed. Thirty per cent female are
self-employed and 18 per cent is wage employed and remaining 48 per cent is
unemployed. Male beneficiaries had more employment chances than female
beneficiaries.
Female
50
40
30
20
10
0 Self-employed Wage employed Unemployed
Figure 6.2 Gender-wise Employment Status
6.5.5a Education and employment relation of respondents
The employment status of the respondents depends on their education.
The beneficiaries having only school level education are found to be more
employed than those with higher education. The level of significance of this
phenomenon is shown in the following table.
TABLE 6.5
Education and Employment Relation of Respondents
SI. No. Variables Calculated Table significance A2 value
1 School education and employment 10.806 11.24 Significant
2 Higher education and employment 25.98 9.21 Not significant -- . ~p ~- - -
6.5.5b Self-employment possibilities below SSLC
Out of the 400 respondents, 196 are employed, 313 are self-employed
and 83 respondents are wage employed. Out of this, 113 self-employed
respondents. 96 members are coming from the category education status of
below SSLC. Majority of self-employed are found working as a group under
various schemes. Table 6.6 shows the actual variations in the relation of
education and self-employment placement of the respondents.
TABLE 6.6
Self-employment Possibilities Below SSLC
Educatio~ial C!ualification Self-employed Wage employed Total - - - . - -
Literate 17 16 33
I-VI 46 32 78
VII-X 33 30 63
6.5.5~ Employment possibilities after SSLC
120 respondents are of category of SSLC pass and above qualification.
Out of this 120. 98 respondents are unemployed and only 22 is employed.
Out of this 22, 12 are employed male and 10 employed female. Out of
46 male above the qualification of SSLC, 26 per cent are employed and
remaining 74 per cent are unemployed. 75 female represents above SSLC,
13 per cent are employed and 87 per cent are unemployed. This shows that
employment possibilities are more for male than female.
TABLE 6.7
Employment Possibilities After SSLC -
Male Female Educat~ondl Stdtus - Total
Employed Unemployed Employed Unemployed
SSLC + Sech~i~cal 6 14 6 13 39
6.5.6 Employment chances according to geographical set-up
Alappuzha district is generally coir-related area, especially northern
Blocks of Pattanakkad and Kanjikuzhy. A long coastal area of the district gives
employment prospects in fishing and related employment. Women have more
employment chances in coir-related production. They are employed in
various fields. But their standard of living remains below poverty line.
6.5.7 Stipend and non-stipend training relation with employment training
Out of 400 respondents, 55 per cent of them get various kinds of
employment train~ng. Out of this 55 per cent, 63 per cent had avail training
with stipend and 33 per cent had not avail stipend during the period of
training. It is ~rnportant to note that training like TRYSEM is mainly
stipend-oriented, which shows no good relation between training and after
placement. Out of this, 6 8 per cent stipend-oriented trainees, only 52 per cent
are employed and remaining 58 per cent is unemployed. Out 8 0 non-stipend
beneficiaries, 91 per cent have been employed. This study shows that there is
not positive influence of stipend on job placement.
Stipend Non-stipend
Figure 6.3 Stipena and non-stipend training with employment relation
6.5.8 Religion of respondents according to sex
The area selected for the study is religiously harmonious. Out of 400
respondents, Hindus are 56 per cent, Muslims only four per cent and
Christians 40 per cent. Out of Hindus, 53 per cent are male and 59 percent
are female. 44 per cent Christians are male and 36 per cent female. Muslims
are the minority community in coastal area. Out of 400 respondents, they are
only four per cent. Of this, three per cent are male and the remaining five per
cent are female.
TABLE 6.8
Religion of Respondents According to Sex
Relis~ori Male Female Total
Hindu 53 59 56
Christian
Muslim
Total --
100 100 100
6.5.9 Family income of the TRYSEM trainees
This trainiriy is given to the rural youth, those who are living under the
poverty line. Therefore their annual income would always be lying under the
maximum level i.,f Rs. 6,400. But the selection of beneficiaries are on the
basis of antyodaya approach, so the annual family income of the trainees
would be much below maximum level. Eighty per cent of the respondents are
below the annual income of Rs. 3,000. Only two per cent having the
maximum income of above Rs. 5,000.
6.6 NFE Under the Government
First and ioremost NFE programme by government is restricted to
literacy campaign, under the leadership of Kerala Saksharatha Sarnithy,
100 per cent people are literate with a period of one year. Mothers'
programmes are also conducted through balavadies for health education,
nutrition programmes etc. Job-oriented training and placement after training
functions through National Educational Service (NES) Blocks. They are
mainly TRYSEM, DWCRA, IRDP infrastructure training. Some of the main
NFE programmes in the coastal blocks of Alappuzha District analysed below.
6.6.1 Literacy and Continuing Education Programmes
Illiteracy has been a centuries-old curse of our country. Literacy has a
direct relat~on to poverty. Large section of our people are poor because they
are illiterate. Economic and social development largely depends on
education. The total number of illiterates in India is almost half of the
illiterates in the lest of the world. Alappuzha is one of the most populous
districts of Kerala and has the highest density of population. The first phase of
literacy programme completed very successfully. But the literate masses
became illiterate because of the lack of follow-up programmes. S o the
Continuing Education programmes are not only academic perspective but
also job-oriented training.
The beneficiaries of this scheme is neo-literates, drop-outs, financially
backward, weaker sections of the community, women etc. During the first
phase, Janasikshana Nilayas and Janavidya Kendram are the institutions for
the programmes Now the Continuing Education Centre (CES) were
established. Now In Kerala there are 3,500 CES and 500 Wkasana
Wdyakendras functioned. Hkasana Wdyakendra's are a nodal agency for
8-10 Continuing Education Centres. CES functioned at Panchayat level and
Hkasana Mdya Kendras functioned at Block level. 'Education for all and
Education tor ever' is the motto of Continuing Education Programme. It is a
previous programme in theoretical point of view. If it is conducted with
people's participation, democratic in nature and proper evaluation and follow
up gives good result. Continuing Education programmes function at
Panchayat level viith the co-operation of members, schools, mahilasamajams,
anganwadis, representatives of libraries, VEOs, representatives of charitable
organisations, social workers etc. The instructors of the programme called as
Preraks.
The main components of these centres are library, reading room,
classroom (padanakendram), training centre, information centre, charchavedi,
vikasanakendram, cultural centres and sports centres.
Primary data collected from the neo-literates and literacy workers are
analysed below.
6 .6 . la Literacy beneficiaries and literacy workers
Literacy programmes are conducted through literacy workers as well as
beneficiaries. The investigator met 8 0 respondents. Out of this 80, 68 are
literacy beneficiaries and the remaining 12 literacy workers known as Preraks
and social workers engaged in literacy work.
TABLE 6.10
Literacy Beneficiaries and Literacy Workers
Category No.
Literacy workers 12
Literacy beneficiaries 68
Total 80
6.6. lb Employment status of neo-literates
Twenty per cent of total respondents constitutes the category of
neo-literates. Out of this neo-literates include 58 per cent male and 42 per
cent of female beneficiaries. The following figure shows that men are more
employed than women. 76 per cent of men are employed corresponding to
three per cent female employed. 34 per cent male unemployed
corresponding to 97 per cent women unemployed. A majority of unemployed
women are engaged in household activities.
Figure 6.4 Employment status of neo-literates
6 . 6 . 1 ~ Principal jobs of neo-literates according to sex
When cons~der tile principal work of neo-literates found that the higher
percentage of men were employed in the field of fishing and related activities.
Considering the next highest percentage of principal work of neo-literates we
find coir and related activities stand first. Eighteen per cent men and two
per cent women ~ncluded in this category. Remaining 10 per cent men are
engaged in daily work and miscellaneous activities. Thirty-four percent male
and 97 per cent female are under the category of unemployed
TABLE 6.11
Category-wise Employment Distribution - - - - -
Catego1 y Male (%) Female (%)
Coir related 18 2
Fishing and related
Daily labours
Others
Unemployed
Total
6.6 . ld From literacy to development
In order to sustain the interest of the neo-literates in literacy it was
necessary that the concept of literacy is integrated with development. At the
first stage the skills oi reading and writing are acquired. This was the
beginning of literacy. The overall objective of the literacy programme was the
total development of the individual with a view to achieving a socio-cultural
renaissance in the individual and eventually in the society. In the next chapter
the investigator presents a detailed analysis of socio-cultural uplift theory of
the literacy programme. During the second stage after mere literacy
development-oriented activities and giving opportunities for improving the
skills which they are already attained are developed. Government and
voluntary organisations are planned and prepared for this concept as
Continuing Education programmes. Grassroot level works already finished
with participation of Panchayatraj institutions.
TABLE 6.12
Trends in Literacy-Kerala and Alappuzha District (1961-1991) -- -- -
1961 1971 1981 - - .-
1991
Alappuzha Total 56 9 70 44 77 44 93 87
Female 50.15 65.79 73.3 91.12
Kerala Total 56.85 60.42 70.42 90.59
Male 54.97 66.62 87.74 94.15
Female -
38.90 54 31 75.65 86.93 --
Source: (1) Stat~$ Paper on Literacy in Kerala. (2) Census Reports of Alappuzha District.
6.6.2 Job-oriented NFE training - TRYSEM (Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment)
The new initiative for launching a mass movement for functional
education through non-formal programmes among other things should place
emphasis on the following elements. Mass education should constitute an
integral component of relevant schemes of development directed towards
rural poor and beneficiary-oriented programmes like IRDP, NREP, RLEGP,
ICDS, DWCRA and TRYSEM. The hypotheses make it clear that unskilled
workers can learn skills in order to improve their standard of life. The
unskilled and illiterate worker is amenable to a variety of exploitation. An
unequal society exists of greater exploitation of people unless the people are
trained in various skills. The functioning of certain programmes in the
selected areas are analysed below.
The national scheme of Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment
was started in August 1979, as an integral part of Integrated Rural
Development Programme; with the principal objective of removal of
unemployment among rural youth. The scheme aims at providing necessary
skills and technology to the rural youth to enable them to take up
self-employment. The main objective of the programme is to provide
technical skills to rural youth from families below poverty line, to enable them
to take up self-employment in the broad fields of agriculture and allied
activities, industries, service and business activities. The training is given to
the rural youth having age between 18-35.' It is also a planned scheme for
providing self-employment opportunities after imparting training and
education in different trades.
The present study on this kind of non-formal training called TRYSEM
conducted in four coastal NES blocks of Alappuzha District. The selection of
beneficiary families are based on income criterion. In the selection procedure,
first prior~ty is glven to the poorest of the poor families and only one person is
taken from each of the selected families. In each block, the target to the
training is giver, to 40 rural youth in each year. The training is given in
various trades such as automobile, coir carpet, plumber, turner, welding,
photography, tailoring, embroidery, beautician, coir making etc. Duration of
the training period is three months to one year. In order to study the effect of
the programme in these blocks 25 youth have been selected from these
selected Blocks. These beneficiaries have got training in different trades,
during the period from 1994 to 2000. The following analysis is done on the
basis of the trainee's opinion; collected from a discussion with the trainees and
block official as BDO, IRD Officer, VEO etc.
6.6.2a Sex-wise distribution
The socio-economic development of the rural women is a major
concern in many rural development programmes. In this training programme
also, due regarti is given to them. In order to get adequate representation
to the rural young women to this course, the government have fixed
33.3 per cent of TRYSEM trainees should be women. Uplift of the women is a
necessary for the development of rural areas. Otherwise it should leads to a
one side growth. Sex and year-wise distribution of selective Blocks shown the
following tables.
TABLE 6.13
Sex-wise and Year-wise Distribution of Pattanakad Block
Year No. registered Male Female Discontinued Completed
1998-99 35 3 32 4 3 1 - p ~ . -
Total 145 36 109 12 133 ---
TABLE 6.14
Sex-wise and Year-wise Distribution of Kanjikuzhy Block
~-
Year NCI. registered Male Female Discontinued Completed - --
1994-95 32 11 21 6 26
Total 306 127 179 16 290
TABLE 6.15
Sex-wise and Year-wise Distribution of A y a d Block
~ --
Year No , registered Male Female Discontinued Completed
1998-99 34 12 22 2 32
Total 173 87 86 6 167 ~- ~- ~ ~p
TABLE 6.16
Sex-wise and Year-wise Distribution of Ambalappuzha Block
Year Nii. rey~stered Male F emale Discontinued Completed
1998-99 3 7 14 23 7 30 ~. p- ~ ~-
Total 184 80 104 15 169 .- --
Source: Living Registers of selected Developmental Blocks (Pattanakkad, Kanjikuzhy, Ayad arid Arlibalappuzha)
The above tables show that women have got sufficient opportunity in
the training programme. According to their opinion, most of them have got
the training according to their interest.
6.6.2b Age-wise distribution
Age is an ~mportant aspect in the reference of the trainee's aspiration,
because it is relating to his mental maturity and development. Mental
maturity is an essential factor for running an industrial venture in a successful
way. Therefore in the present study age is supposed to be an important one.
In this training process the technical skill is imparied to the rural youth
belonging to the age group of 18-35 years. The entire age group is further
divided into 18-23 years, 24-29 years, 30-35 years and 35-40 years.
TABLE 6.17
Age and Sex-wise Distribution of Respondents
Age group -
Total (%) Male (%) Female (%)
18-23 14 16 12
Total --
100 100 100
Out of 100 TRYSEM trainees, 4 9 per cent male and 51 per cent female
padicipated in the interview. Out of this 49 per cent male respondents,
16 per cent are frorn the age group of 18.23. Thirty-one per cent under the
age group of 24-29 and 37 per cent comes under 30-35 age group. Out of
51 per cent female respondents, 12 per cent are from the group of 18-25.
Majority (35 per cent) of female comes under 24-29 age group. Majority of
male (37 per cent) conres under the age group of 30-35.
6.6.2~ Age and employment relations
Age and employment are closely related. Elder respondents are ready
to do any work than younger groups. The employment status of younger
generation is v e y poor. The Table 6.18 shows that 7 5 per cent male
employed respondents coming from the age group of above 30 years and
83 per cent of female respondents are from the above categoy.
TABLE 6.18
Age and Employment-wise Distribution of Respondents
Age group - - -
Male Female
E~~~ployed Unemployed Employed Unemployed
1- 70 F % F 70 F % - --
- - 8 22 - - 10 22
Fifty-three per cent of unemployed female are from the category of
below 29 years Forty-nine per cent of unemployed male are from the
categoy of below 2 9 years. Thirty-one per cent unemployed female belongs
to the age groulj oi 30-35. The remaining female unemployed belongs to
36-40 categoy. Out of 49 male respondents, only 12 get employment and
37 belong to unerriployed categoy. In the case of women respondents, only
six out of 51 have earning from their work.
6.6.2d Educational background of the trainees
Educatiori is necessary for each and evey individual for acquiring
ability, knowledge. technical and mechanical knowledge and capacities.
Regarding the education of the trainees, all of them are educated. The only
difference is in the level of education. Only 12 per cent of respondents are
from below VIIl Class and 46 percent have got higher education above SSLC.
TABLE 6.19
Respondents' Educational Background
Level of Education Per cent
Below VIIl 12
Upto SSLC 42
Higher education 46
Total 100 - . -~ .~
6.6.2e Selection of beneficiaries to various trade
The selection of beneficiaries to various trade are depend upon the
beneficiaries and skill towards the trade and the opportunities of the living
area. Some beneiiciaries may not get the trade according to their choice. In
such cases the training may become a failure.
TABLE 6.20
Selection of Beneficiaries to Various Trade -~
Selection of trade according Frequency Per cent to beneficiary
~
Choice 80 80
Out of choice 20 20
-- -- Total -
100 100
Table 6.20 reveals that 8 0 per cent of the trainees have got the trade
according to the~r choice. To a great extent, this interest would help the
trainees to involve himself fully into the training programme. Because interest
is a pre-condition for acquiring knowledge. In this case, majority of them have
got trade according to their interests
6.6.2f Attitude towards training institutions
The quality as well as the quantity of the training mostly depends upon
the nature of the institution. Because sometimes the institutions do not have
sufficient training facilities. In this District, government and private institution
are utilized for providing training to the TRYSEM trainees.
TABLE 6.21
Attitude towards Training Institutions - - -
- Per cent Satisfactory Unsat~sfactoy
Governmerit 64 56 8
Pr~vate --
36 19 17
Total --- .-
100 75 25
In the Table 6.21 shows that 7 5 per cent of trainees are satisfied for
their training and training institutions. But 2 5 per cent are unsatisfied in
inadequate facilities and master's training. Out of the 36 per cent of private
trainees, 19 per cent were satisfied their training and training institutions.
Seventeen per cent of them are not satisfied their courses and training
institutions
6.6.25(g) Training and employment relations
Employment and training in TRYSEM has less relationship. Only
18 per cent of the respondents have got employment in their own trade.
Eighty-two per cent of respondents are unemployed relating to TRYSEM.
Sixteen per cent have got training in tailoring. Beautician, eledrician,
photography anti computer trainees are not get job in the same category.
These trades are highly employment prospects, but they got inadequate
training in this category.
TABLE 6.22
Training and Employment Relation
Traininq (Trade) Employed (%) Unemployed (%)
Coir (related) 22 10
Beautician
Tailoring
Welding
Outboard engine training 22 5
Composing 11 7
Carpentry 11 6
Electrician - 5
Photography - 4
Computer course - 25
Auto mechan~s~ri 6 4 - - - - -
Total 100 100
6.6.2h Block-wise employment status of TRYSEM
The investigation conducted four coastal Blocks of Alappuzha district.
The employmerit-unemployment situation differs from one Block to another.
Out of 100 TRYSEM trainers, 18 per cent unemployed and seven per cent
employed are in Pattanakkad Block, two per cent employed and 23 per cent
unemployed, one in Kanjikuzhy Block, five per cent employed and
20 per cent unemployed and in A y a d Block and four per cent employed and
21 per cent unemployed and in Ambalapuzha Block.
" Paltanakad Kanjikuzhy Atyad Arnbalapuzha
NES Blocks
Figure 6.5 Area-wise employment status of TRYSEM
6 .6 .3 Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)
6.6.3a DWCRA in coastal blocks of Alappuzha district
It is a subproject of Integrated Rural Development Programme for the
eradication of poverty. It was started from 1983-84 for the uplift of rural
women. DWCRA formulated under the conditions of IRDP. It also includes
new perspectives in 1995-96, i.e. child development and general awareness.
DWCRA is a group activity for women. A group of 10-15 women are jointly
engaged in an income-generating activity. The Government provides
economic assistance as well as training for this group. An 'Anfhyodaya
approach', i.e. unto this last one leads the project for the rural poor. For the
better functioning of the scheme select minimum beneficiaries from outside
below poverty line. Training for different trade conducted under TRYSEM
and IRDP infrastructure training. Selection of beneficiaries made with the
co-operation of Panchayatraj institutions and voluntary agencies. Special
reservation for scheduled caste and scheduled tribe beneficiaries and
physically handicapped. DWCRA groups are registered under Charitable
Societies Act. As a joint responsibility of Centre and State Government, give
an amount of Rs. 25,000 as a revolving fund without interest. It is generally
provided as working capital for the unit.
At the sarne time, for the promotion of savings and investment, thrift
and credit groups are formed. Government also allotted an amount of
Rs. 1,500 for child development and Rs. 1,500 for Extension Education.
There are more than forty category of employment generating programmes
included in the scheme. Selection of scheme mainly given thrust to
geographical and surrounding set-up of working area. They are mainly
tailoring, embro~dery, readymade units, coir yearn and coir-related products,
bakery and dairq.
An evaluation meeting conducted every month for the analysis of
problems, prospects etc. under the leadership of the authorities such as VEO,
BDO etc. The working condition of Kerala as a whole and especially in
coastal areas of Alappuzha District shown in the following tables.
TABLE 6.23
DWCRA Units in Kerala
Year .I aryet groups Formation % of Functioning % of formation functioning
1992-93 225 319 142 299 94
1998-99 720 940
Source: f ikasana~uide. Rural Information Bureau, Government of Kerala, 1999.
TABLE 6.24
Ambalappuzha Block
Year Target Total
TABLE 6.25
Ayad Block -
Yedr -
Target Total
1991 92 3 3
TABLE 6.26
Kanjikuzhy Block ---
Year -
Target Total
TABLE 6.27
Pattanakkad Block
-. ~
Year Target Total
1998-99 3 -- - .
Source: Registers of selective Development Blocks.
6.6.3b Employment possibilities through DWCRA
DWCRA training also have close relation to employment. Women
group ability in certain employment areas like coir yarn by handmade rhatt
and mechanical rhatt, readymade garments, Cora grass products, campi
carpet, bakery etc. Out of the 80 respondents, 91 per cent employed and the
remaining nine per cent are unemployed. More than half of them are in
coir-related production such as 20.5 per cent employed respondents in coir
yarn, 20.5 per cent employed in mechanised rhaft and 23 per cent
respondents in campi carpet units. Out of the remaining respondents,
11 per cent in coragrass, 11 per cent in baker and 14 per cent in readymade
garment units. The major group also remain unemployed. Out the nine
per cent unemployed, 57 per cent in coir-related and 43 per cent in
campi carpet training. Employment in this scheme arise because health or
other personal problems. The training in the scheme closely related to job. In
this, firstly identify the beneficiaries and employment scheme, then comes the
matter of training
TABLE 6.28
Employment Possibilities through DWCRA - - ~-
Trair~iny (Trade) Employed (%) Unemployed (%) ~ ~~
Coir yarn 20.50 28.50
Readymade garments
Mechanical rhatt
Campi carpet
Bakery
Total . .-
100 100
6 . 6 . 3 ~ Age and Employment Relation in DWCRA
The investigator found that all the respondents of this training have
employment chances. Only seven per cent of the respondents are
unemployed in nature because of health and age problems. Majority of the
employed respondents are belong to the age group of 41-50. Twenty-five
per cent belongs to 31-40 age group. Forty per cent belongs to 41-50 age
group and 14 per cent belongs to 51-60 age group. Two per cent of the
employed respondents belong to 61-70 age group and 71 per cent
unemployed belongs to the same age group. All the unemployed belongs to
above 51 years.
TABLE 6.29
Age and Employment Relation
Aye Employed (%) Unemployed (%) ~~ ~ .
21-30 19.00 -
3 1-40 25.00 -
41-50 40.00 -
51-60 14.00 29.00
61-70 ~
2.00 71.00
Total - -- -.
100 100
6.6.4 Self-employment possibilities after IRDP infra training
The trainlng facility given to the age group above 35 years known as
infra training. Training and stipend given from the IRDP infrastructure
development. Out of 400 respondents, 40 or 10 per cent get this type of
training. It is mainly given to the area of mechanised coir rhalt, bakery,
Cora grass products. campi carpet and coir yarn. Out this 40, 95 per cent are
employed and the remaining five per cent are unemployed because of their
unhealthy situation. The main speciality of the programmes is the training
and employment are closely related.
TABLE 6.30
Self-employment Possibilities after IRDP infra training ~ .. .~
'I-rade . - --
Employed (70) Unemployed (%)
Mechanised coir rhatt 32.00 50.00
Bakery 16.00 -
Cora grass 18.00 50.00
Campi carpet 21.00 -
Coir yarn 13.00 - ~ ~-
Total 100 100
6.6.4a Age and employment status - lRDP infrastructure training
Out of the total respondents, 10 per cent belongs to the IRDP
infrastructure beneficiaries. Table 6.31 shows that majority of employed
respondents are belongs to the age level of 35-55 (89 per cent). Only five
per cent of the trainees are unemployed. Eleven per cent of employed
belongs to the aye group of 56-65. The training and employment are closely
related in IRDP infrastructure training.
TABLE 6.31
Age and Employment Status - IRDP Infrastructure -
Age - - - --
Employed (%) Unemployed (%)
56-65 ~ ~~
11.00 100
Total 100 100
6.7 Employment Possibilities through Distance Education
Distance education techniques through open universities in
correspondence courses, radio, television, folk media etc. really serve the
needy as per their convenience and circumstances. Out of 400 respondents,
the investigator met 2.5 per cent are correspondence course beneficiaries.
Out of this respondents, 61.5 per cent are employed and 38.5 per cent
unemployed. The percentage of employed male is more than employed
female. The table shows that 66 per cent of male 57 per cent female are
employed. Th~rty-four per cent of male and 4 3 per cent female are
unemployed.
TABLE 6.32
Employment Possibilities through Distance Education ~- - -~ p~~ -
Employ~nent status Male (%) Female (%) Total (%)
Employed 66.00 57.00 61.5
Unemployed 34.00 43.00 38.5
Total 100 100 100 -- -- - -
6.8 Transformation of IRDP to SGSY
Integrated Rural Development Programme had long been
experimented through Five Year Plans. To eradicate the problems,
deficiencies and difficulties, the Central Government transformed this to SGSY
with some modifications.
6.8.1 Swarnajayanfi Gram Swarozgar Yojana
Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) will be a holistic
programme covering all aspects of self-employment, viz. organisation of the
rural poor into self-help groups and their capacity building, planning of
activity clusters, infrastructure build up, technology, credit and marketing.
Each district will draw up a comprehensive plan of the resources and the
strategies for poverty eradication.' SGSY commenced on 1 April 1999.
IRDP, TRYSEM, DWCRA, GKY etc. are suspended on the commencement of
the SGSY. At the same time beneficiaries of the above cancelled programmes
also concerned in the new scheme
Under this scheme 4 to 5 activity clusters in each Block based on the
resources but also on the occupational skills of the people. The existing
infrastructure for the clusters of activities will be reviewed and gaps will be
identified. SGSY will focus on group approach. This would involve
organisation of the poor and their capacity building. The formation of
self-help groups under DWCRA has yielded good results. Elsewhere too, the
group approach was found to be very effective. The objective is to extend this
approach to SGSY. Under SGSY, self-help groups (SHGs) will be formed and
steps will be take11 to nuriure these groups to enable them to fundion
effectively as well as to choose their economic activity. Efforts would be made
to involve women members in each SHG. Besides exclusive women groups
will be continue to be formed as is currently being done under DWCRA.
At the level of the Block, at least half of the groups will be exclusively women
groups.
Suitable entry points such as thrift and credit will be identified at the
local level for the self-help groups. SHGs will have to satisfy certain minimum
norms before they can be considered for assessing credit. Revolving fund that
is currently being given as a one-time grant will be supplemented by
expenditure to be incurred on the groups for capacity building, group activity
will be given preference and progressively, majority of the funding will be for
SHGs. Likewise, the major share of SGSY assistance will be in activity
clusters. However, a certain percentage may need to be made available for
assistance to other activities, so as to give a certain flexibility. The
Gramasabha will authenticate the list of families below the poverty line
identified in the BPL Census. Since group formation will involve a voluntary
action on the part of the members, there cannot be any selection. In case of
the individual berieficiaries, their selection will be made in the Gramasabha.
A suitable design will be evolved in consultation with the banks to ensure a
better selection of individual beneficiaries and their capacity building so as to
prepare them to receive and manage credit.
SGSY will seek to lay emphasis on skill development through
well-designed courses. The duration of training and the training curriculum
will be designed in accordance with the needs of the identified activities as
well as the needs of the groups/individuals. Training will take place only after
the group has rnade a decision to take up a particular economic activity in
consultation with the financing banks. Training will precede extension of
credit so as to ensure efficiency of loan utilization. Training for skill
development would be imparted through recognised training institutes, ITIs,
master craftsman etc. Suitable provision for incurring expenditure on training
will be made in the programmes. DRDAs will be allowed to set apart upto
10 per cent of the allocation on training. This would be maintained as 'SGSY
Training Fund' and will also be used for setting up appropriate training
facilities for the identified activities, where none exits.
SGSY will ensure upgradation of the technology in the identified
activity clusters. The technology intervention will seek to add value to the
local resources, including processing of the locally available material from
natural and other resources for local and non-local market. For this purpose,
existing institution structure will be strengthened. Transmission of technology
and necessary training to the rural poor will be carefully planned and ensured.
Suitable institutions will be identified in each district to cater to the
requirements of the technology upgradation and dissemination. SGSY will
provide for prorr~otion of marketing of the goods produced by the SGSY
beneficiaries. This would involve providing of market intelligence,
development ot markets, consultancy service, as well as institutional
arrangements for marketing of the goods including exports. Each district will
conduct annual exhibitions of the goods produced by the rural poor. This
would also serve as a venue for buyer-seller meet. Suitable initiation will be
taken up for permanent exhibition-cum-sale points. Necessary linkages will be
established with the different commodity boards.
The objective under SGSY will be to bring every assisted poor family
above the poverty line in a period of three years. Subjed to availability of
funds, SGSY will broadly seek to cover 30 per cent of the rural poor families
over the next five years in each districts. Women will continue to be the focus
of poverty eradication efforts under SGSY.3 The stipulation regarding
reservation of benefits to women will remain unchanged and this will be
achieved mainly through the mechanism of SHGs. As indicated above, at
least half of the SHGs will be exclusively those of women. Similarly, the
provisions relating to SC/STs and physically handicapped persons will also
continue.'
Funding tor the SGSY between the Centre and the State will be in the
ratio of 75:25. This fund of Government of India will be distributed as
per poverty levels as per the present p r a ~ t i c e . ~ However, additional
parameters such as absorption capacity, special requirements etc. will also
taken into consideration.
6.9 NFE - By Non-Governmental Organisations
Today several non-governmental organisations in Kerala are engaged
in multifar~ous activities of NFE, voluntary action has been a long tradition in
India occupies a place of pride, especially in the field of social welfare. The
voluntary agencies are well recognised and the policymakers and administers
also recognise their contribution. In order to the effective implementation of
NFE programmes for the uplift of rural masses, voluntary organisations should
be endowed with voluriteers having a missionary nature, knowledge, skills and
above all experience of working effectively with people. Religious and
correlated charitable organisations actively engaged this field. But the
investigator selected two representing agencies in social work irrespective of
caste, creed and religion. Matsyafed, the Kerala Co-operative Federation of
Fisheries Development and KERDA (Kerala Association of Rural Development
Agency) selected for detailed investigation.
6.9.1 Non-Formal Education by Matsyafed
Matsyafed. the Kerala State Co-operative Federation for Fisheries
Development Ltd. as an apex federation of the primary level welfare societies
in the coastal fishery sector with the objective of ensuring economic and social
development of fishermen community by implementing various schemes
aimed at promoting production, procurement, processing and marketing of
fish and fish products." Later three public sector corporations, namely Kerala
Fisheries Corporation, Kerala inland Fisheries Development Corporation and
Kerala Fisheries Welfare Corporation, were amalgamated to the federation.
Matsyafed started the implementation of various developmental and welfare
activities for fishermen through 222 fishermen welfare societies, which were
registered undel- the Welfare Societies Ad. The apex federation was
envisaged as a three-tier structure with the village level societies at the primary
level, five district level societies, at the middle level and the federation at apex
level. The intention was to route all developmental and welfare activities for
the fishing comrrlunity through societies with governments financial support.
Since the area ot coverage of the primary societies appeared very large and
therefore manageable and so the bye-law was amended to have two-tier
structure with village level primaries at the bottom and apex federation at the
top. The apex federation had nine district offices, one in each of the coastal
districts of the state. Again during 1996 the number of primary societies
became 594 i~icluding 111 women's co-operatives and 161 inland
co-operatives with membership crossing 2 lakh.' One more district office at
Kottayam started functioning to take care of the inland societies, making the
total number of project districts 10. Matsyafed is managed by a Board of
Directors consisting of representatives of primary societies, government
officials and National Co-operative Development Corporation.
Women empowerment is an important factor in the overall
development of the community. There was committed effort to enhance the
women membership in the primary societies so that the women are able to
participate in the decision-making process. Women in the fisheries sector
have a very spec~fic role to play as it is always the women who contribute to
the household income. Recognising the need for empowering women for the
development of the community, intensive membership campaigns were
organised tor enrolling women. New generation of the community unwilling
to work in this sector. Women especially youth community search for an
alternative employment. At this time Matsyafed planned for the training
programmes for employment generation in the field of ornamental fish culture,
embroidery, costume design, screen printing, book binding etc. Apart from
this job-oriented training programmes, health awareness camps, medical
camp etc. being organised in the coastal belt. Co-operative training
programmes for the Board of Directors of the primay societies has also been
imparted and this has resulted in better functioning of many primay societies.
Entrepreneurship training programmes for women enable them to take up
self-employment ventures in vocations like ornamental fish culture,
embroidery etc.
In the fishermen community, earning members are men only.
Ornamental fish culture training also visualised an alternative earning for
women. There are 111 youth who completed five days residential
programme conducted at Ayswaya Fish Farm Alathoor, Palakkad. Artificial
flower-making, electric embroidery work training given under the sponsorship
of Matsyafed. Arl outboard engine repairing training centre at Arthunkal give
training for 10 youth at every year. A case study of ornamental fish culture
training analysed here. The Ministry of Human Resource Development has
approved a scheme for the development of ornamental fish culture.
Matsyafed implementing the scheme by identifying the project societies and
project beneficiaries and training of prospective beneficiaries for rearing of
ornamental fishes. The project is implemented during a period of three years.
Out of the 200 units approved 100 units are for pond rearing and the other
100 units are shown for tank rearing. The District-wise allocation of rearing
units, their investments, number of societies and beneficiaries etc. for the
financial year 1999-2000 are shown in Table 6.33. For this purpose there are
111 beneficiaries trained from Alappuzha district. From this a sample of 25
beneficiaries selected for analysis.
The respondent trainees are from fishermen family members and also
they are live in below poverty line. All are women below the age of 40 and
their education around school life. Table 6.33 shows the district-wise scheme
of ornamental fish farming. Alappuzha distrid occupies ten pond units having
20 beneficiaries and 10 tank units. Tank units mean fish farming in artificial
ponds like cement tanks.
TABLE 6.33
District-wise Scheme for Ornamental Fish Farming
Units of ponds Units of tanks
District No. of No. of No. of ,,,its No. of Amoun No. of Amount units bene- bene-
Rs' ficiaries units ~ Rs' ficiaries
Kollam 1 5 55,000 10 5 1,10,000 20
Alappuzha 2 10 1,10,000 20 10 2,20,000 40
Ernakulan I 2 10 1,10,000 20 10 2,20,000 40
Trissur 2 10 1,10,000 20 10 2,20,000 40
Malappural~ I 1 5 55,000 10 5 1,10,000 10 -- -- -
Source Documents of Matsyafed's Regional Off~ce, Alappuzha
6.9. la Age and education relation of respondents
Generally speaking, the trainees are get medium level formal education
corresponding to their age. The age group of 20-29 are highly educated than
the senior trainees. More than half of the respondents belong to this category.
TABLE 6.34
Age and Education Relation
~p ~ .-
Education (in per cent) Total Age <VIII VIII-X >X (in per cent)
- -
20-29 - 50.00 100.00 52.00
40-49 25.00 12.00 - 22.00 -- ~ ~~
Total . ~ ~ -
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Generally speaking the trainees are get medium level formal education
corresponding to their age. The age group of 20-29 are highly educated than
the senior trainees. More than half of the respondents belong to this categoy.
In the case of employment, nobody have regular employment. A few
of them have been self-employed in coir-making which is only a part-time or
leisure time employment. Their earning are below Rs. 8 per day.
6.9. lb Age and employment relation
TABLE 6.35
Age and Employment Relation - -- --
Age qroull Self-employed(%) Unemployed (%)
Total 100.00 100.00
The younger respondents show no employment. The address have
been engaged in coir making. S o the employment opportunity is necessary
for this group, because they are not willing to be engaged in fish selling and
allied activities.
All respondents who got ornamental fisheries training are from
fishermen family Their monthly income is below. Rs. 2501- and at the same
number of the family members are between 4-10. This income is not
sufficient to the poor families.
Respondents and their family members have got only minimum formal
education. Gents in their younger age, discontinue the education and
engaged in fishing and allied activities. Ninety-nine per cent of families are
from this category. Of these, 78 per cent are from Christian and 22 per cent
are from Hindu community.
6.9.2 Non-Formal Education through KERDA (Kerala Rural Development Association)
KERDA (Kerala Rural Development Association) is voluntary
organisation started on 1991 at Puthiakavu, Pattanakkad, Alappuzha, with an
encouragement from late P. N. Panikar, President, KANFED (Kerala
Association for Non-Formal Education). This organisation arranged
employment-oriented training programmes as well as socio-cultural
development programmes. One of the main programme was bush jasmine,
i.e. Jasminum sumsuk cultivation. They organised this programme with the
co-operation of Sinsas Charitas and Kochin Thapovanam. They also conduct
awareness programmes related to various topics.
6.9.2a Sex and employment relation of KERDA trainees
KERDA give continuous training for various categories of beneficiaries.
The Table 6.36 shows their sex and employment relation. Seventy-five per
cent of male and 54 per cent female respondents are employed. Female
unemployment is more than male unemployment. There are 46 per cent of
female are unemployed corresponding to 25 per cent male unemployed.
TABLE 6.36
Sex and Employment Relation of KERDA Trainees - --
Employment status Male (%) Female (%) Total (%)
Employment 75.00 54.00 64.50
Unemployment 25.00 46 00 35 50
Total --
100 00 100 00 100 00
6.9.2b Age and employment relation of KERDA trainees
Out of this respondent, 52 per cent of them are from the age group of
25.29. Twenty per cent belongs to the category of 30-40. Ninety-two
per cent respondents are the above the age of 25. Sixty-six per cent of male
employed also comes under the category of 30-35 and remaining comes
under the age group of 36-40. But in the case of female, 57 per cent comes
under 25-29 age group. Remaining employed comes under 30-40 category.
TABLE 6.37
Age and Employment Relation of KERDA trainees ~ -
Employed Unemployed Age Total
Male Female Male Female
18-24 - - - 33.00 8.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
KERDA also conduct various training programmes with the
co-operation of various agencies like ANERT, Saksharafha Mission,
Mitranikethan, KANFED etc. Production training of thermal box for cooking
conducted with the help of energy management consultancy, ANERT.
Agricultural programmes like integrated coconut development, bush jasmine
cultivation, integrated paddy cultivation, dairy development etc. conducted
with the co-operation of NABARD, district lead bank, Agriculture and Dairy
Department. Health programmes like AIDS camps and awareness
programmes are conducted with the co-operation of Health Deparhnent and
Kerala field publicity wing. For the legal awareness and easy consultation of
common people, the agency of conducted Neethimela and awareness
programmes with the co-operation of People's Council for Social Justice
(PCSJ). KERDA is closely associated with the programmes of Saksharatha
Mission and literacy programmes. Saksharatha week, awareness classes,
padayatras. saksharatha rally etc. proposed the motto of 'Education for All'.
For the promotion of reading habit of students, conduct Balasastra-Knjan
Pravesak Exam under Social Action Group for Science, Technology.
Humanities in Rural Areas (SASTRA). This programmes leads close relation
of teacher-students and parents. The exam conducted every year on
October 2, the Gandhi Jayantiday.
6.10 Functions of Libraries
Libraries and reading rooms are really Non-Formal Education centres
which can be used for self-learning only subject interest at one's own pace. In
Kerala, a network of 5,000 odd libraries have come fotward to establish
Post-Literacy and Continuing Education Centres.' Read and grow was their
slogan. In most libraries, neo-literate corners have also been established.
Now they are planning to organise nurseries or pre-schools also. They are
community centres providing necessary reference materials, books,
pamphlets, journals. periodicals etc. with media support through radio and
T. V. as public utility system. Nehru Yuva Kendras are established in e v e y
district to serve those in the age group 15-25, who are out of formal
institutions. Mainly occupational and recreational activities are chalked out
and offered to village youth. National integration camps, work camps etc. are
organised for sucti groups.
6.1 1 Conclusion
In short, irr this chapter, the investigator tried to analyse various
job-oriented Non-Formal Education programmes and their impact on the
economic aspect w~th respect of income and employment. Most of the
beneficiaries are in low-income group. The analysis shows more in detail in
several ways how Non-Formal Education has been geared to the primary
need of the rural unemployed in several ways.
Notes
IRDP Manual (New Delhi: Govt. of India, 1990).
Guideliries of SGSY Government Order (M.S.) 187199, p. 2.
"bid.. p. 3.
[bid.
lbid.. p. 5.
9evelopmental Dairy (Thiruvananthapuram: Matsyafed, 2000) p. 4.
' Ibid.. p. 5.
qK. Sivadasan Pillai, "Prospects for Non-Formal Education in India,"
Journal of Educational Planning andAdministration, Vol. 9, No. 3, July 1995,
p. 292.