NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTINGThird Edition

HANDBOOK

Volume 10

Nondestructive

Testing Overview

Technical Editor

Gary L. Workman

Editor

Patrick O. Moore

American Society for Nondestructive Testing

Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction to

Nondestructive Testing 1

Part 1. Nondestructive Testing 2

Part 2. Management of Nondestructive

Testing 13

Part 3. Measurement Units for

Nondestructive Testing 19

References 30

Chapter 2. Bibliography of Nondestructive

Testing History 31

Nondestructive Testing in General....

32

Visual Testing 33

Liquid Penetrant Testing 35

Leak Testing 36

Infrared and Thermal Testing 36

Radiographic Testing 38

Electromagnetic Testing 40

Magnetic Testing 43

Ultrasonic Testing 44

Acoustic Emission Testing 45

Chapter 3. Visual Testing 47

Part 1. Introduction to Visual

Testing 48

Part 2. Light and Vision 49

Part 3. Images 55

Part 4. Direct Visual Testing 63

Part 5. Indirect Visual Testing 69

Part 6. Visual Testing of Metals 75

Part 7. Visual Acceptance Criteria

for Welds 87

References 94

Chapter 4. Liquid Penetrant

Testing 95

Part 1. Elements of Liquid Penetrant

Testing 96

Part 2. Liquid Penetrant TestingProcesses 104

Part 3. Emulsification and Removalof Excess Surface LiquidPenetrant 110

Part 4. Application and Operation of

Developers 117

Part 5. Interpretation of LiquidPenetrant Indications 121

Part 6. Field Techniques for LiquidPenetrant Testing 127

Part 7. Maintenance of LiquidPenetrant Test Systems 131

References 134

Chapter 5. Leak Testing 135

Part 1. Management of Leak

Testing 136

Part 2. Selection of Leak Test

Techniques 145

Part 3. Bubble Testing 153

Part 4. Mass Spectrometer Helium

Leak Testing 156

Part 5. Leak Testing with

Halogen Tracer Gases 158

Part 6. Other Techniques of Leak

Testing 163

Part 7. Leak Testing of

Hermetically Sealed

Devices 167

Part 8. Other Applications of

Leak Testing 170

References 173

Chapter 6. Infrared and Thermal

Testing 175

Part 1. Management of Infrared and

Thermal Testing 176

Part 2. Principles of Infrared and

Thermal Testing 178

Part 3. Techniques of Infraredand Thermal Testing 187

References 198

Chapter 7. Radiographic Testing 199

Part 1. Radiographic Principles 200

Part 2. Radiation Sources 203

Part 3. Radiographic Imaging 215

Part 4. Radiographic Techniques 221

Part 5. Computed Tomography 227

Part 6. Neutron Radiography 230

Part 7. Radiographic Applications.... 232

References 241

Chapter 8. Electromagnetic Testing .... 243

Part 1. Introduction to ElectromagneticTesting 244

Part 2. Electromagnetic TechniquesOther than Eddy Current

Testing 246

Part 3. Eddy Current Testing 253

Part 4. Applications of ElectromagneticTesting 263

References 272

viii Nondestructive Testing Overview

Chapter 9. Magnetic Particle and Flux

Leakage Testing 273

Part 1. Introduction to MagneticTesting 274

Part 2. Magnetic Field Theory 276

Part 3. Magnetic Flux and Flux

Leakage 279

Part 4. Magnetic Flux LeakageTesting 282

Part 5. Electrically InducedMagnetism 286

Part 6. Magnetic Particle Test

Systems 288

Part 7. Ferromagnetic Material

Characteristics 290

Part 8. Types of MagnetizingCurrent 293

Part 9. Media and Processes in

Magnetic Particle Testing .. . 296

Part 10. Magnetic TestingApplications 301

References 311

Chapter 10. Ultrasonic Testing 313

Part 1. Management of Ultrasonic

Testing 314

Part 2. Ultrasonic Wave

Propagation 320

Part 3. Scan Data Presentation 326

Part 4. Pulse Echo Tests 329

Part 5. Angle Beam Contact Testing ..341

Part 6. Coupling Media for Contact-

Tests 345

Part 7. Immersion Coupling 349

Part 8. Angle Beam Immersion

Techniques 356

Part 9. Multiple-TransducerUltrasonic Techniques 363

Part 10. Phased Arrays 371

Part 11. Lamb Waves 375

Part 12. Ultrasonic Guided Waves ... 376

Part 13. Optical Generation and

Detection of Ultrasound .... 381

Part 14. Electromagnetic Acoustic

Transduction 389

Part 15. Air Coupled Transducers 400

Part 16. Special Purpose Ultrasonic

Equipment 403

Part 17. Ultrasonic Testing of

Adhesive Bonds 406

References 413

Chapter 11. Acoustic Emission

Testing , 415

Part 1. Introduction to Acoustic

Emission Technology 416

Part 2. Noise in Acoustic Emission

Testing 425

Part 3. Acoustic Emission SignalCharacterization 429

Part 4. Monitoring of Leakage from

Vessels, Tanks and

Pipelines 432

Part 5. Aerial Personnel Lift

Inspection 437

Part 6. Acoustic Emission Testingof Spheres and Other

Pressure Vessels 439

Part 7. Other Vessels 447

Part 8. Acoustic Emission Testing of

Bridges 450

References 454

Chapter 12. Vibration Analysis 457

Part 1. Introduction to Vibration

Analysis 458

Part 2. Theory of Vibration

Analysis 460

Part 3. Implementation of Vibration

Analysis 464

References 471

Chapter 13. Laser Testing: Shearographyand Holography 473

Part 1. Principles of Optical Laser

Techniques 474

Part 2. Test Operation 481

Part 3. Stress Loading Techniques ....486

References 490

Chapter 14. Alloy Identification 491

Part 1. Introduction 492

Part 2. Techniques for AlloyIdentification 495

References 500

Chapter 15. Strain Measurement 501

Part 1. Resistance Strain Gaging 502

Part 2. Optical Measurement of

Strain and Deformation ....507

Part 3. Fiber Optic Strain Gages 512

References 513

Chapter 16. Nondestructive TestingGlossary 515

Terms 516

References 574

Index 577

Figure Acknowledgments 594

Nondestructive Testing Overview