Nonferrous Alloys

Nonferrous Alloys

Aluminum Alloys Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys Copper Alloys Nickel and Cobalt Alloys Titanium Alloys Refractory and Precious Metals

Aluminum Alloys

Aluminum Alloys

Aluminum Alloys

Aluminum Alloys

Aluminum Alloys

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Portion of the aluminum-magnesium phase diagram.

Aluminum Alloys

Sand-cast 443 aluminum alloy containing coarse silicon and inclusions. (b) Permanent-mold 443 alloy containing fine dendrite cells and fine silicon due to faster cooling. (c) Die-cast 443 alloy with a still finer microstructure ( 350). (From ASM Handbook, Vol. 7, (1972), ASM International, Materials Park, OH 44073.)

Aluminum Alloys

Magnesium alloys are used in aerospace applications, high-speed machinery, and transportation and materials handling equipment.

Instrument grade beryllium is used in inertial guidance systems where the elastic deformation must be minimal; structural grades are used in aerospace applications; and nuclear applications take advantage of the transparency of beryllium to electromagnetic radiation. Beryllium is expensive, brittle, reactive, and toxic.

Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys

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The magnesium-aluminum phase diagram.

Magnesium Alloys

Magnesium Alloys

Blister copper - An impure form of copper obtained during the copper refining process.

Applications for copper-based alloys include electrical components (such as wire), pumps, valves, and plumbing parts, where these properties are used to advantage.

Brass - A group of copper-based alloys, normally containing zinc as the major alloying element.

Bronze - Generally, copper alloys containing tin, can contain other elements.

Copper Alloys

Copper Alloys

Nickel and cobalt alloys are used for corrosion protection and for high-temperature resistance, taking advantage of their high melting points and high strengths.

Superalloys - A group of nickel, iron-nickel, and cobalt-based alloys that have exceptional heat resistance, creep resistance, and corrosion resistance.

Nickel and Cobalt Alloys

Nickel and Cobalt Alloys

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The effect of temperature on the tensile strength of several nickel-based alloys.

Nickel and Cobalt Alloys

Microstructure of a superalloy, with carbides at the grain boundaries and γ΄ precipitates in the matrix ( 15,000). (b) Microstructure of a superalloy aged at two temperatures, producing both large and small cubical γ΄ precipitates ( 10,000). (ASM Handbook, Vol. 9, Metallography and Microstructure (1985), ASM International, Materials Park, OH 44073.)

Nickel and Cobalt Alloys

Titanium’s excellent corrosion resistance provides applications in chemical processing equipment, marine components, and biomedical implants such as hip prostheses.

Titanium is an important aerospace material, finding applications as airframe and jet engine components.

Titanium alloys are considered biocompatible (i.e., they are not rejected by the body).

Titanium Alloys

Titanium Alloys

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The effect of temperature on the yield strength of selected titanium alloys.

Titanium Alloys

Refractory metals – These include tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, and niobium (or columbium), have exceptionally high-melting temperatures (above 1925oC) and, consequently, have the potential for high-temperature service.

Applications of Refractory metals include filaments for light bulbs, rocket nozzles, nuclear power generators, tantalum- and niobium-based electronic capacitors, and chemical processing equipment.

Precious Metals - These include gold, silver, palladium, platinum, and rhodium.From an engineering viewpoint, these materials resist corrosion and make very good conductors of electricity.

Refractory and Precious Metals

Refractory and Precious Metals

Cobalt-Chromium Alloys

Dental Metals - Amalgam 65% silver (minimum)

29% tin, 6% copper, 2% zinc, 3% mercury (maximum) 45 - 55 % mercury - 45 % silver 15 % tin

Dental Metals - Gold Nickel-Titanium Alloys Tantalum, Platinum and other noble metals

Dental Metals