XXI International Congress of Engineering and XIII Arquiforo “Vision 2016“ University of San Martin de Porres

Lima, Peru October 20th, 2016

Norbert Kraft, M.D.,

CMO Mars One, USA

Starting Point

1994 Medical Degree University Vienna, Austria

Military Department of Flight, Space and Glacionautic medicine (1992-97) • Yearly overall exam and certification of Fighter Pilots.

• Co-development of

Rehabilitation machine “Meditrain“ and Exercise machine “MotoMIR“.

Russian cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov 437 consecutive days aboard the MIR station (1994-95). Trained on MotoMIR and could walk back on Earth.

Exercise Machines

Meditrain Pros

• Training of e.g. Leg, Arm, Back and Neck muscles.

• Bio feedback – faster training sucess

• Endurance and Strength measurement

Cons

• Too expensive

• Not pretty enough

MotoMIR Pros

• Sucessfull training during space flight.

• Endurance and Strength measurement

Cons

• Not enough political connections to be

used in space again

Japanese Space Agency 1997-2002, Japan

Medical and Operations Office

• First isolation chamber project for medical and psychological research.

• Selection of three Japanese Astronauts

(first time use of Isolation chamber for selection).

• Physiological and Medical requirements for the ISS.

Japanese Science and Technology Agency Award

264 Days Isolation Chamber Project

1999-2000, Russia

Principal Investigator and Commander • Principal Investigator of the 5 crews during the 264 days

• Commander of the international and mixed gender crew – 110 days

My 110 days in Isolation

Crew 3 (international) and Crew 1 (Russian, all male)

Intercultural crew issues happend: Bloody Fistfight and Sexual Assault

1 crew member left after 60 days into his 110 day stay (most stressful and frightened event in his life).

My 110 days in Isolation

Crew 3 (international) and Crew 1 (Russian, all male)

Result of overall complaints in the reports

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

8078.4

7.1 5.3 4.5

1.4 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.1

Crew 3 complaints in their reports

Results were similar of NASA psychologists who stated

after Shuttle-MIR missions: “Most of the psychological

problems (80%) originate with the organization.”

Japanese Space Agency

1997-2002, Japan

Physiological and Medical requirements for the ISS

Nutrient Training Habitat In-Flight Settlement

Kcal/d 2400 2710 2400

Total Fat 55 g 102 g 55 g

Saturated fatty acids 20 g 20 g 20 g

Sodium 2000 mg 6406 mg 2000 mg

Potassium 3500 mg 3984 mg 3500 mg

Total carbohydrate 354 g 334 g 354 g

Fiber 25 g 25 g 25 g

Protein 48 g 48 g 48 g

Vitamin A 5000 IU 5000 IU 5000 IU

Vitamin C 60 mg 60 mg 60 mg

Calcium 900 mg 1240 mg 900 mg

Iron 15 mg 20 mg 15 mg

Vitamin D 400 IU 400 IU 400 IU

Vitamin E 30 IU 30 IU 30 IU

Vitamin K 80 µg 80 µg 80 µg

Thiamin 1.5 mg 1.5 mg 1.5 mg

Riboflavin 1.7 mg 1.7 mg 1.7 mg

Niacin 20 mg 20 mg 20 mg

Vitamin B6 2.0 mg 2.0 mg 2.0 mg

Folate 400 µg 400 µg 400 µg

Vitamin B12 6.0 µg 6.0 µg 6.0 µg

Biotin 300 µg 300 µg 300 µg

Pantothenic acid 10 mg 10 mg 10 mg

Phosphorus 1400 mg 1714 mg 1400 mg

Iodine 150 µg 150 µg 150 µg

Magnesium 400 mg 377 mg 400 mg

Zinc 15 mg 16 mg 15 mg

Selenium 70 µg 70 µg 70 µg

Copper 2.0 mg 2.0 mg 2.0 mg

Manganese 2.0 mg 2.0 mg 2.0 mg

Chromium 120 µg 120 µg 120 µg

Molybdenum 75 µg 75 µg 75 µg

Protocol used as bases for the Mars One Medical and Psychological Operations Requirements Document (MOMPOR)

L-45/30 days: Blood :

a. Hematology – CBC w/differential, reticulocytes;

b. Chemistry profile – glucose, BUN, creatinine, AST,

ALT, GGTP, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin,

total protein, electrolytes, calcium, magnesium,

phosphorus, creatine kinase, LD, uric acid, albumin;

Ionized calcium;

c. Thyroid function – free T4, TSH;

d. Iron profile – iron, iron binding capacity, transferrin,

transferrin saturation, ferritin; Special chemistry – C-

reactive protein;

e. Bone Markers – bone specific alkaline phosphatase,

osteocalcin;

NASA Ames Research Center

2002-2011, USA

Enhancing Team Performance for Exploration Missions • Is there a difference between: all male, all female and gender-mixed teams?

• Paper tests useful as perfomance predictors?

• Which training method would improve perfomance?

Unsuccessful team

Purple

Base

Green Red

Red

Green

Base

Purple

Successful team*

Discourse Structure of

* Color of arrow identifies speaker; Width indicates percentage of his contributions responded to by a given teammate

Aerospace Medical Association Raymond F. Longacre Award

Major South American Airline

2008, Peru

• To collect non-simulated in-flight data on the following topics: - Work schedule related alertness decrements

- Cognitive decrements in pilots due to jet lag on long-haul flights - Physiological and psychological workload of flight attendants on long-haul flights

20 20

DAY 1 0000 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100

Activity S A O

Fatigue 6

Workload

1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300

Activity T W T T E

Fatigue 6 4 4

Workload 6 1

NASA Ames Research Center

2002-2011, USA

Traffic Controller Alertness and Fatigue Monitoring Study &

Physiological Monitoring of First Responders

• Perceived fatigue and sleep quantity, sleep quality, and alertness.

• Online survey - measure of perceived fatigue. • Objective measures of sleep, fatigue and alertness

NASA Group Achievement Award

Selection Rounds

• Basic personal data e.g. age, gender indentity, profession, education

• Essay motivation for applying

• Questions about their life:

- frightening incident,

- event that increased your stress dramatically,

- experience with other cultures,

- personalities you have difficulty with,

- never meet your family again

• Small administration fee based on GDP of country of residence

• 60 sec. video including 3 questions:

- why do you apply for the mission

- describe your sense of humor

- why you would make a good candidate

1. Application: We moved from 202.586 to 12.874 candidates

Selection Rounds

• Essay and question content

• Video presentation

2. Profile: We moved from 12.874 to 1.058 candidates

Selection Rounds

3. Medical check: Mars One Medical Standards Certification Document (MOMSC)

• The Medical Standards cover those parameters that can be evaluated against a clinically accepted scale. They are based on the medical criteria for NASA Mission Specialist Astronauts, in order to ensure the selection of Mars One astronauts with career longevity and identify those applicants who by current standards can be classified as having no acceptable potential medical risk factors even under aspect of Extravehicular and Extrahabitat Activities.

2.7 OPHTHALMOLOGY

1. Vision in both eyes.

2. Visual acuity in both eyes of 100% (20/20) either uncorrected or

corrected with lenses or contact lenses.

3. Refractive error shall not exceed +5 to -8 diopters.

4. Astigmatism shall not exceed 3 diopters.

5. PRK or LASIX: at least 1 year has passed since the date of the

refractive surgical procedure with no permanent adverse after

effects.

6. Normal color perception (Ishihara or Nagel’s anomaloscope)

3.14 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

1. Psychosis or authenticated history of psychotic episode.

2. Psychoneurosis or authenticated history of a

psychoneurotic episode requiring professional care.

3. Character and behavior disorders that are evident by

history and objective examination such that the degree of

immaturity, instability, personality inadequacy, or

dependency will seriously interfere with performance of

duty.

4. History of "fear of flying."

Selection Rounds

3. Medical check: We move from 1.058 to 630 candidates

• Medical exam conducted by their own physician

• Requirements very similar to those by NASA and ESA

50%

36% 36% 40%

23%

< 26 26 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 55 < 55

Age range

Medically disqualified

Selection Rounds

4. Personal Interview: We moved from 630 to 100 candidates

15 min. carefully structured interview:

1. When did you decide to apply for Mars One‘s mission to Mars with no return

and why?

2. Tell a story of your life that shows what unique qualities you bring to a team.

3. How do your friends and family support you?

4. After 3 years on Mars, given the opportunity that a return flight will be

possible, would you take the trip?

5. Several knowledge questions - We asked them to study specific pages from

the Mars One website and other Mars related material 2 months before the

start of the interviews:

Questions focused on the possible risks of a Mars mission e.g.:

• How many hours will the reserve of water and oxygen last?

• What are the acceptable radiation limits?

Selection Rounds

4. Personal Interview: We moved from 630 to 100 candidates

• Exlusion based on team understanding and knowledge

115 131 132

145 140

NO SHOW NONE 10-30% 40-60% 70-100%

Can

did

ate

s

Correct answered

Knowledge questions

48

289

211 171

225

152

UNDER

10

10 OVER

10

UNDER

10

10 OVER

10

Can

did

ate

s

Rating

Quest 2 Quest 4

Selection Rounds

4. Personal Interview: We moved from 630 to 100 candidates

• Exlusion based on team understanding and knowledge

9% 9%

15%

25%

9% 11%

33%

NONE AA BA MA PHD JD MD

Per

cen

tage

left

Degree

Reduction after personal interview

6% 8%

38%

25%

9%

< 26 26 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 55 55 <

Per

cen

tage

left

Age range

Reduction after personal interview

Selection Rounds

5. Group Challenge: Mars One Selection Activity Document (MOSAD) • We will move from 100 to 40 candidates

BLUE NAME ORANGE NAME GREEN NAME YELLOW NAME RED NAME

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5

21-25 NA F 21-25 Eu F Hannah 21-25 As F 21-25 NA F 21-25 SA F Zaskia

26-35 Af M 26-35 Af M 26-35 As M 21-25 Af M 21-25 Af M

26-35 Eu M 26-35 Eu M 26-35 Eu M 26-35 Eu M 26-35 Eu M

26-35 NA M 26-35 Eu M 26-35 NA M 26-35 NA M 26-35 NA M

26-35 Eu F 26-35 As F 26-35 NA F 26-35 NA F 26-35 NA F

26-35 NA F 26-35 NA F 26-35 Eu F 26-35 Eu F 26-35 Eu F

36-45 NA F 36-45 NA F 36-45 NA F 36-45 Oc F 36-45 NA F

36-45 As M 36-45 As M 36-45 Oc M 36-45 NA M 36-45 Eu M

36-45 Eu M 36-45 NA M 36-45 Eu M 46-55 Eu M Steve 46-55 As F Etsuko

46-55 Oc F Dianne 46-55 NA F 46-55 Eu F Ljubinka 56+ As F 46-55 NA M

Spokesperson Spokesperson Spokesperson Spokesperson Spokesperson

Candidates within limitations form their own groups

100 Candidate Distribution

Gender identity: Women 50 – Men 50

12

23

48

15 2

< 26 26 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 55 < 55

Can

did

ate

s

Age range

Age distribution

23

2

35

29

6 1 4

NONE AA BA MA PHD JD MD C

and

idat

es

Degree

Degree distribution

100 Candidate Distribution

Professions:

7

29

16

42

6

OCEANIA EUROPE ASIA AMERICAS AFRICA

Can

did

ate

s

Nationality distribution

Study Material

Study material will be provided. Content will include, but is not limited to material from the key areas

Medicine Physiology Psychology

Law Engineering Biology

Selection Criteria

Challenges will be filmed and reviewed by the committee

Morale Motivation Norm Settings Psychological Adaptation

Coping Strategies Decision Making

Handling Conflict Power & Leadership Struggles

Sociogram & Behavior outside the challenges

Clarity and relevance of communication

Challenges Include

Interdependency

Knowledge: Study material necessary to complete some of the tasks

Lower personal barriers

Problem solving and creativity

Teamwork

Thoroughness and precision

Trust

Use of other senses / Teamwork under limitations

15 minutes debriefing after each challenge

Focus on key competencies

Morale, Motivation, Psychological Adaptation, Coping Strategies, Norm Setting, Decision Making, Handling Conflict,

Power and Leadership Struggles

Sociogram – Example Sheet

Name: Name 5 ID#:

When answering the following question, select from the following

team members you have been working with.

Don’t select yourself

Name 1, Name 2, Name 3, Name 4, Name 5, Name 6, Name7 ,

Name 8, Name 9, Name 10

With whom would you like to live on Mars?

First choice: Name 3

Second choice: Name 6

Third choice: Name 7

With whom would you like to live on Mars?

Individual relationship Chart = IR chart

Name 1

First choice Second choice Third choice

= 5 = 3 = 2

Name 2

Name 8

Name 3 Name 7

Name 4

Name 5 Name 6

Name 9 Name 10

Selection Procedure

Multiple different indoor and outdoor challenges

Objective: Completion in the given time and speed

Winner group will not loose a member at the end of the day

Every evening, the selection committee decides on

who will leave the selection process

Day 2

80

Day 3

60

Day 4

50

Day 5

40

Isolation challenge

Male/Female ratio remains

Next Selection Rounds

6. Isolation Challenge: We move from 40 to ~30 candidates

Temperature: 18oC/64oF – 24oC /75oF

Relative Humidity: 25 - 60% RH.

Ventilation Rate: 4-30 n (1/hr)

Hearing protection devices will be used when

noise levels meet or exceed 65 dBA, or exceed

the Noise Criteria-50 guidelines for work and

NC-40 for sleep (higher Hz lower dBA).

Next Selection Rounds

Isolation habitat living conditions:

Mars One Medical and Psychological Operations Requirements Document (MOMPOR)

PRIVATE MEDICAL CONFERENCES

A Private Medical Conference (PMC) may be requested at

any time by the Flight Surgeon (FS), or any crewmember.

Health Care and Reporting Policy: Scheduled PMCs shall

be timelined as follows:

A. Daily for the first seven days (15 minutes for entire crew)

B. Weekly after the first seven days (15 min. each)

C. Prior to each EHA; conducted within 24 hours.

D. Following each EHA; conducted within 24 hours

following EHA suit removal.

The general crew workday shall be timelined as follows:

A. 8.5 hours Sleep

B. 1.5 hours Post-sleep

C. 0.5 hours Planning and Coordination

D. 8.0 hours System Operations

E. 1.0 hours Midday Meal

F. 2.5 hours Exercise Period

(1.5 hours for setup, stowage, cleaning, etc.)

G. 2.0 hours Pre-sleep

Next Selection Rounds

7. Suitability Interview: We move from ~30 to 24-12 candidates

Mars One Mars Settlers Suitability Interview Document (MOMSSID)

• Part 1 Candidate’s Background • Part 2 Mission Related Factors

- Mental and Emotional Stability - Performance under stressful & unique working conditions - Group Living Skills - Team Work Skills - Family Issues - Motivation - Judgment & Decision Making - Conscientiousness - Communication Skills - Leadership Skills

• Part 3 other qualifications and additional information - Foreign Languages - Alternative Future Plans

After the Selection Rounds

Mission Training:

• Part 1 Technical Training

- All crew members: medical, engineering, law, political science, ..

- At least 50%: geology, construction, exobiology, astronomy, …

• Part 2 Personal and Group Training

- Simulation missions up to three months per year

• Part 3 Research Work

- Research proposals in their area of expertise

Every year:

• Medical health

• One or more crews of four will be replaced

• New crews will join

I believe all things are possible when we

are unified, and I cannot think of anything more unifying for this planet than putting

one of us on another world.

Mars One Candidate

Mars One Humanity’s Next Great Adventure: Inside the first human settlement on Mars

Questions ?

www.mars-one.com