North America in North America in 17501750

North America in North America in 17501750

Greedy for LandGreedy for Land• 1750:

– France is Britain’s greatest rival in the America’s.

– They both wanted the Ohio River Valley.

• What was so special about this place that made it worth fighting over?– Rich soil, waterway, westward

expansion for colonies.• Colonists felt loyalty toward Britain.

– They also wanted to expand westward and kick the French out.

French ColoniesFrench Colonies• Where were the French located:

– Quebec– Mississippi Valley (called

Louisiana)• Fur Trade, not settlement• Catholic priests wanted to convert

Native Americans.– Friendlier relations with Natives

than the British.• They relied on tribes:

– Hurons– Ottawas– They set up a trade relationship.

• Trade let to military alliances.

Colliding EmpiresColliding Empires

• France built Fort Duquesne where two rivers meet in the Ohio River Valley. (modern-day Pittsburgh)

• The British had claimed this land already for Virginia planters and sent militia to kick out the French.– George Washington

was sent.– He established Fort

Necessity which was about 60 miles away from the French fort.

TheThe

OhioOhio

ValleyValley

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

• Washington’s militia attacked a small detachment of French soldiers.

• The French counterattacked.• The French forced Washington

to surrender.• This was the opening battle of

the French and Indian War.

Early BattlesEarly Battles

•General Edward Braddock evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada •He was approaching Ft. Duquesne and the French with their Indian allies ambushed them.•The British fled.

1755 1755 Britain decides to Britain decides to eliminateeliminate French presence in French presence in

North AmericaNorth America

1755 1755 Britain decides to Britain decides to eliminateeliminate French presence in French presence in

North AmericaNorth America

1757 1757 William William PittPitt becomes becomes Foreign MinisterForeign Minister

1757 1757 William William PittPitt becomes becomes Foreign MinisterForeign Minister

• Pitt was energetic, self-confident politician.

•He began winning battles.

•Iroquois support British.

France --> lost Canadian possessions, most of the empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River.England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

Native Americans --> found the British harder to bargain with than the French.

1763 1763 Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris1763 1763 Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

The Aftermath: Tensions The Aftermath: Tensions Along the FrontierAlong the Frontier

• The Indians feared that the British settlers crossing the Appalachian mountains would drive away their food.

• 1763, Pontiac, the Ottawa leader captured 8 British forts in the Valley.

• British officers presented small-pox infected blankets to 2 Delaware chiefs during peace negotiations.– Tribes were too weak and sick to

fight.– They negotiated treaties with the

British.

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

1763 1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion

British “gifts” of smallpox-British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

Proclamation of Proclamation of 17631763

• To avoid conflicts with Indians, the British issued this.

• It banned all settlement west of the Appalachian mountains.

• Colonists could not cross this.• It was difficult for the British to

enforce this just like the Navigation Acts.

• Colonists continued to move West.

BritishBritish Proclamation Line of 1763.Proclamation Line of 1763.

BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

• Colonists were convinced Britain did not care about their need to move West.

• Britain was in a lot of debt because of the French and Indian War.

• Britain was cracking down on smuggling, especially in Massachusetts.– Writs of Assistance: authorized any

British customs official to search any ship or building.

– Many merchants worked out of their homes so this meant that officials could search houses. Merchants were outraged.

• Britain stationed 10,000 troops in its territories to control Indian and former French subjects.– Colonists saw this as a threat. What if

the army turned against them?

• Having that many soldiers meant an increasing debt.– This was an unnecessary added expense on

an already strained budget.

• King George II wanted to lower the debt.– He chose a financial expert, George

Grenville, to serve as Prime Minister in 1763.

• Sugar Act: – Put in place to prevent smuggling.– It placed a duty on foreign-made molasses.– It placed duties on certain imports.– It strengthened the enforcement of the law

allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a stricter court.

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas.

2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.

3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings.

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time.

2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated.

3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

Effects of the War on the Effects of the War on the American ColonialsAmerican Colonials

Effects of the War on the Effects of the War on the American ColonialsAmerican Colonials

BritishBritish

•March in formation or bayonet charge.

•British officers wanted to take charge of colonials.

•British officers with servants & tea settings.

•Drills & tough discipline.

•Colonists should pay for their own defense.

•Indian-style guerilla tactics.

•Colonial militias served under own captains.•No strict military protocols rules followed.•Resistance to rising taxes.

•Casual, non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganizationOrganization::MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

British Government tries to British Government tries to prevent smuggling:prevent smuggling:

James Otis’James Otis’ case case

Protection of a citizen’sProtection of a citizen’s private property must private property must bebe held in higher regard held in higher regard than a parliamentary than a parliamentary statute. statute.

A 1761 1761 writs of assistancewrits of assistance

He lost He lost parliamentary parliamentary law and custom had law and custom had equalequalweight.weight.

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

1.1. Sugar Act - 1764 Sugar Act - 1764

2.2. Currency Act - 1764 Currency Act - 1764

4.4. Stamp Act - 1765 Stamp Act - 1765

3.3. Quartering Act - 1765 Quartering Act - 1765

George Grenville’s George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765George Grenville’s George Grenville’s

Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765

Real WhigsReal Whigs

Q->Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’sWhat was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? authority over the colonies??

Absolute?Absolute? OR OR Limited?Limited?

Q->Q-> How could the colonies give or How could the colonies give or withhold consent for withhold consent for parliamentaryparliamentary legislation when they did not legislation when they did not havehave representation in that body?? representation in that body??

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Loyal NineLoyal Nine - 1765- 1765

Sons of LibertySons of Liberty – – began in began in NYC:NYC:Samuel Samuel Adams Adams

Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress – 1765– 1765 ** Stamp Act ResolvesStamp Act Resolves

Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act – – 17661766

Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act Crisis

Costs of Costs of Colonial Colonial

ResistanceResistance

Costs of Costs of Colonial Colonial

ResistanceResistance

17671767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. the Exchequer.

A Shift from paying taxes for Br. Shift from paying taxes for Br. war war debts & quartering of troops debts & quartering of troops paying col. govt. salaries. paying col. govt. salaries.A He diverted revenue collection He diverted revenue collection from from internal to external trade. internal to external trade.A Tax these imports Tax these imports paper, paint, paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. lead, glass, tea.

A Increase custom officials at Increase custom officials at American ports American ports established a established a Board of Customs in Boston. Board of Customs in Boston.

Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770

1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson 1768 1768 ** Letters from a Farmer inLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania..

2.2. 1768 1768 2 2ndnd non-importation non-importation movement: movement: ** “Daughters of Liberty”“Daughters of Liberty” ** spinning beesspinning bees

3.3. Riots against customs Riots against customs agents:agents: ** John Hancock’s ship, the John Hancock’s ship, the

LibertyLiberty.. ** 4000 British troops sent 4000 British troops sent to Boston. to Boston.

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties