north american archaeology paleoindianarchaicwoodlandmississippian
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North American North American ArchaeologyArchaeology
PaleoindianPaleoindianArchaicArchaic
WoodlandWoodlandMississippianMississippian
PaleoindianPaleoindian
Pre-ClovisPre-Clovis• Occupation prior to 12,000 years agoOccupation prior to 12,000 years ago• Sites include:Sites include:
Monte Verde, ChileMonte Verde, Chile Meadowcroft Rockshelter, PAMeadowcroft Rockshelter, PA Cactus Hill, VACactus Hill, VA
ClovisClovis• From 12,000 to 11,200 years agoFrom 12,000 to 11,200 years ago• Clovis projectile pointsClovis projectile points
Paleoindian (other than Clovis) ends with Paleoindian (other than Clovis) ends with end of Pleistocene (10,000 years ago)end of Pleistocene (10,000 years ago)
Location of Dust CaveLocation of Dust Cave
Dust Cave Paleoindian Dust Cave Paleoindian 10,800-10,000 B.P.10,800-10,000 B.P.
Excavation UnitsExcavation Units
ExcavationExcavation
Mapping
Screening
Flotation
The Trench
Close-up of Zones and Close-up of Zones and FeaturesFeatures
Hearth
Ash Pit
Remnant of Clay-lined floor
Hearth
ArtifactsArtifacts
Bone tools
Animal bones
ProjectilePoints
Camp LifeCamp Life
Kitchen/Lab
Tents
Boat AccessBoat Access
Archaic PeriodArchaic Period10,000-3,000 B.P.10,000-3,000 B.P.
Begins with start of Holocene Begins with start of Holocene (10,000)(10,000)
Characterized by more generalized Characterized by more generalized foraging.foraging.• Hunting deer, other mammalsHunting deer, other mammals
Still fairly mobile lifestyle.Still fairly mobile lifestyle. More variable stone tools.More variable stone tools.
Early Archaic: Koster, IL Early Archaic: Koster, IL
Middle Archaic: Shell Mounds/MiddensMiddle Archaic: Shell Mounds/Middens
Late Archaic: Poverty PointLate Archaic: Poverty Point
Poverty Point: Mounds and ObjectsPoverty Point: Mounds and Objects
Woodland (3,000-1,000 B.P.)Woodland (3,000-1,000 B.P.)
Increased Sedentism (living in one Increased Sedentism (living in one place year round)place year round)
Horticulture of native plantsHorticulture of native plants• Sumpweed, maygrass, sunflower, Sumpweed, maygrass, sunflower,
gourds, squashgourds, squash Increase use of potteryIncrease use of pottery Mound building expandsMound building expands
Early Woodland: Adena CultureEarly Woodland: Adena Culture
Effigy Mounds
Conical burial mounds
Adena ArtifactsAdena Artifacts
Middle Woodland: Hopewell Middle Woodland: Hopewell CultureCulture
Copper Art
Effigy pipes
Late Woodland: Northeastern SitesLate Woodland: Northeastern Sites
Northeastern cultures continued in Northeastern cultures continued in the Late Woodland tradition.the Late Woodland tradition.
Long Houses, large populations.Long Houses, large populations. Corn, Beans and squash horticulture Corn, Beans and squash horticulture
by 1200 A.D.by 1200 A.D. Some site with palisades (wooden Some site with palisades (wooden
walls) constructed around them.walls) constructed around them.
MississippianMississippian (1000-500 B.P.)(1000-500 B.P.)
Height of complexity in eastern North Height of complexity in eastern North America.America.
Centralized governments, large “city-Centralized governments, large “city-states”.states”.
Flat-topped mounds.Flat-topped mounds. Elaborate burial mounds.Elaborate burial mounds.
Mississippian Sites: Mississippian Sites: Etowah, MoundsvilleEtowah, Moundsville
Etowah Mound and Statues, GA
Moundsville, AL
Cahokia, ILCahokia, IL
Monks Mound-CahokiaMonks Mound-Cahokia
Largest North American structure-
Mississippian CeramicsMississippian Ceramics
Human Effigy
Owl
Dog
Shell OrnamentsShell Ornaments
Shell Mask
Spider Gorget
Priest/Warrior Gorget
Lithic ArtifactsLithic Artifacts
Monolithic AxeDuck River Cache, TN
Burial & Status: Cahokia Mound 72Burial & Status: Cahokia Mound 72The wood dates to approximately 1000 A.D. 272 burials were discovered in mound 72.
Burials without litters Burials with litters
Mound 72Mound 72
Headless Burials Female Burial Pit (53 between 15 and 30)
Historic Contact (Post A.D. 1492)Historic Contact (Post A.D. 1492)
Contact between Europeans and Contact between Europeans and Native Americans.Native Americans.
Early settler sites.Early settler sites. Historic Farmsteads.Historic Farmsteads. Plantation Archaeology.Plantation Archaeology.
Jamestown, VA 1607-1698Jamestown, VA 1607-1698
Jamestown ArtifactsJamestown Artifacts