north and south - your history siteyourhistorysite.com/the american journey/chap13.pdf ·...

384

North and South

1820ndash1860Why It Matters

At the same time that national spirit and pride were growing throughout the country astrong sectional rivalry was also developing Both North and South wanted to further their

own economic and political interests

The Impact TodayDifferences still exist between the regions of the nation but are no longer as sharp Mass

communication and the migration of people from one region to another have lessenedthe differences

The American Journey Video The chapter 13 video ldquoYoung People of theSouthrdquo describes what life was like for children in the South

1820bull US population

reaches 10 million

1826bull The Last of

the Mohicanspublished

1834bull McCormick

reaper patented

1820bull Antarctica

discovered

1825bull Worldrsquos first public

railroad opens inEngland

Monroe1817ndash1825

1837bull Steel-tipped

plow invented

CHAPTER 13 North and South

JQ Adams1825ndash1829

Jackson1829ndash1837

Van Buren1837ndash1841

WH Harrison1841

1820 1830 1840

AJ-384

null

4190043

385

1845bull Alexander Cartwright

sets rules for baseball


climbs to over30 million

1848bull Revolution in

Austrian Empire

1859bull Darwinrsquos On the

Origin of Speciespublished

1857bull Sepoy Rebellion

begins in India

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 13mdashChapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information

The Oliver Plantation by unknown artist During the mid-1800s plantations in southern Louisiana were entire communities in themselves


Buchanan1857ndash1861

Tyler1841ndash1845

Polk1845ndash1849

Taylor1849ndash1850

Pierce1853ndash1857

Fillmore1850ndash1853

1845bull Beginning of Irish

potato famine

1850 1860

1849bull Thoreau writes

ldquoCivil Disobediencerdquo

Northern

SouthernEconomy amp People

Economy amp People

Step 1 Mark the midpoint of the side edge ofa sheet of paper

Step 2 Turn the paper and fold the outside edgesin to touch at the midpoint

Step 3 Turn and label your foldable as shown

Compare-and-Contrast Study FoldableMake this foldable to help you analyze thesimilarities and differences between thedevelopment of the North and the South

Reading and Writing As you read the chaptercollect and write information under theappropriate tab that will help you compareand contrast the people and economics of theNorthern and Southern states

Draw a markat the midpoint

1834Cyrus McCormickpatents reaper

1844Samuel Morse sendsfirst telegraph message

1846Elias Howe patentsa sewing machine

1860About 3000steamboats are operating

Main IdeaDuring the 1800s advances in tech-nology and transportation shaped theNorthrsquos economy

Key Termsclipper ship telegraph Morse code

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and list examples of advancesin transportation and technology

Read to Learnbull how advances in technology

shaped the economy of the Northbull how new kinds of transportation

and communication spurred economic growth

Section ThemeEconomic Factors Advances in tech-nology and transportation shaped theNorthrsquos economy

The NorthrsquosEconomy

In the 1840s telegraph wires and railroads began to cross the nation But travelingby rail had its discomforts as writer Charles Dickens describes ldquo[T]here is a great dealof jolting a great deal of noise a great deal of wall not much window a locomotiveengine a shriek and a bell In the center of the carriage there is usually a stove which is for the most part red-hot It is insufferably close and you see the hot air flut-tering between yourself and any other object you may happen to look at like the ghostof smoke rdquo

Technology and IndustryIn 1800 most Americans worked on farms Items that could not be made at

home were manufacturedmdashby hand one at a timemdashby local blacksmiths shoe-makers and tailors By the early 1800s changes took place in the Northernstates Power-driven machinery performed many tasks that were once done byhand Industrialization and technology were changing the way Americansworked traveled and communicated

Samuel Morsersquos telegraph key

386 CHAPTER 13 North and South

Advances

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1830 1840 1850 1860

AJ-386

null

7100109


IndustrializationThe industrialization of the North developed

in three phases In the first manufacturers madeproducts by dividing the tasks involved amongthe workers One worker would spin thread allday and another would weave clothmdashinstead ofhaving one person spin and then weave Duringthe second phase manufacturers built factories tobring specialized workers together This allowedproducts to be made more quickly than before

In the third phase factory workers usedmachinery to perform some of their work Manyof the new machines ran on waterpower orsteam power For example power-driven loomstook over the task of weaving The workerrsquos jobchanged from weaving to tending the machinewhich produced more fabric in less time

Mass production of cotton textiles began inNew England in the early 1800s After EliasHowe invented the sewing machine in 1846machine operators could produce clothing on alarge scale from fabrics made by machine Othertypes of industries developed during the sameperiod By 1860 the Northeastrsquos factories pro-duced at least two-thirds of the countryrsquos manu-factured goods

Improved TransportationImprovements in transportation contributed

to the success of many of Americarsquos new indus-tries Between 1800 and 1850 construction crewsbuilt thousands of miles of roads and canals Thecanals opened new shipping routes by connect-ing many lakes and rivers The growth of therailroads in the 1840s and 1850s also helped tospeed the flow of goods Inventor Robert Fultondemonstrated a reliable steamboat in 1807Steamboats carried goods and passengers morecheaply and quickly along inland waterwaysthan could flatboats or sail-powered vessels

In the 1840s canal builders began to widenand deepen canals to accommodate steamboatsBy 1860 about 3000 steamboats traveled themajor rivers and canals of the country as well asthe Great Lakes Steamboats spurred the growthof cities such as Cincinnati Buffalo and Chicago

In the 1840s sailing ships were improved Theclipper shipsmdashwith sleek hulls and tall sailsmdashwere the pride of the open seas They could sail300 miles per day as fast as most steamships ofthe day The ships got their name because theyldquoclippedrdquo time from long journeys Before theclippers the voyage from New York to GreatBritain took about 21 to 28 days A clipper shipcould usually make that trip in half the time

A clipper ship the Flying Cloudset a new record by sailing fromNew York to California in lessthan 90 days How did clipperships get their name

History

AJ-387

null

15997386

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Baltimore

Washington DC

Richmond

Wilmington

Charleston

SavannahMontgomery

Jackson

Atlanta

Memphis

Vicksburg

New Orleans

Jackson

Chattanooga

Cincinnati

La Crosse

LouisvilleSt Louis

QuincySt Joseph

CairoLynchburg

Pittsburgh

Buffalo

ClevelandToledo

Indianapolis

Chicago

Detroit

Albany

Hamburg

Ohio R

Mis

siss

ippi

R

Missouri

R

PENNSYLVANIA

B A LTIMORE AND OHIO

N E WYORK CENTRAL

Lake Erie

Lak

eM

ichi

gan

Lake OntarioLake

Huron

G u l f o f M e x i c o

A t l a n t i c

O c e a n

40degN

30degN

70degW80degW90degW

300 kilometers0

300 miles0

Albers Conic Equal-Area projection

N

S

EW

In 1833 the 136-mile Charlestonand Hamburg line was the longestrailroad in the world

Trains clipped along at 20 to 30miles per hour by 1860

Americans loved their railroads in spite of irregular schedules frequent breakdowns and being showered with sparks from the locomotives

A Railway NetworkIn 1840 the United States had almost 3000

miles of railroad track By 1860 it had almost31000 miles mostly in the North and the Midwest One railway linked New York Cityand Buffalo Another connected Philadelphiaand Pittsburgh Yet another linked Baltimorewith Wheeling Virginia (now West Virginia)


Shippers could send large quantities of goods faster over railroads than they could over earlier canal river and wagonroutes1 Location To what westernmost city did the railroads

extend by 18602 Location What cities might a train traveler pass through

on a trip from Chicago to New Orleans

LocomotivesThe development of railroads in the United

States began with short stretches of tracks thatconnected mines with nearby rivers Early trainswere pulled by horses rather than by locomotivesThe first steam-powered passenger locomotivethe Rocket began operating in Britain in 1829

Peter Cooper designed and built the firstAmerican steam locomotive in 1830 Called theTom Thumb it got off to a bad start In a raceagainst a horse-drawn train in Baltimore the TomThumbrsquos engine failed Engineers soon improvedthe engine and within 10 years steam locomo-tives were pulling trains in the United States

Major Railroads 1860

AJ-388

null

64314

CHAPTER 13 North and South 389

Railway builders connected these easternlines to lines being built farther west in OhioIndiana and Illinois By 1860 a network of rail-road track united the Midwest and the East

Moving Goods and PeopleAlong with canals the railways transformed

trade in the nationrsquos interior The changes beganwith the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 andthe first railroads of the 1830s Before this timeagricultural goods were carried down the Mis-sissippi River to New Orleans and then shippedto other countries or to the East Coast of theUnited States

The development of the east-west canal andthe rail network allowed grain livestock anddairy products to move directly from the Mid-west to the East Because goods now traveledfaster and more cheaply manufacturers in theEast could offer them at lower prices

The railroads also played an important rolein the settlement and industrialization of theMidwest Fast affordable train travel broughtpeople into Ohio Indiana and Illinois As thepopulations of these states grew new townsand industries developed

Faster CommunicationThe growth of industry and the new pace of

travel created a need for faster methods of com-munication The telegraphmdashan apparatus thatused electric signals to transmit messagesmdashfilled that need

Samuel Morse an American inventor hadbeen seeking support for a system of telegraphlines On May 24 1844 Morse got the chance todemonstrate that he could send messagesinstantly along wires As a crowd in the US cap-ital watched Morse tapped in the words ldquoWhathath God wroughtrdquo A few moments later thetelegraph operator in Baltimore sent the samemessage back in reply The telegraph workedSoon telegraph messages were flashing back andforth between Washington and Baltimore

Morse transmitted his message in Morsecode a series of dots and dashes representingthe letters of the alphabet A skilled Morse codeoperator could rapidly tap out words in the dot-and-dash alphabet Americans adopted the tele-graph eagerly A British visitor marveled at thespeed with which Americans formed telegraphcompanies and erected telegraph lines Ameri-cans he wrote were driven to ldquoannihilate [wipeout] distancerdquo in their vast country By 1852 theUnited States was operating about 23000 milesof telegraph lines

Explaining How did canals and rail-ways change transportation

Samuel Morse

The defeat of the train Tom Thumb in 1830 did not meanthe end of the steam engine The first successful use of asteam locomotive in the United States took place in SouthCarolina in 1831 In 1860 which regions of the UnitedStates had the most miles of railroad track

History

AJ-389

null

15574161

Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use each of these terms

in a sentence that will help explain itsmeaning clipper ship telegraphMorse code

2 Reviewing Facts Identify anddescribe the three phases of industri-alization in the North

Reviewing Themes3 Economic Factors How did improve-

ments in transportation affect theprice of goods

Critical Thinking4 Determining Cause and Effect How

did the steel-tipped plow aid settlerson the Great Plains

5 Analyzing Consequences Howmight failure to improve transporta-tion have affected the economic andsocial development of the nation Re-create the diagram below and listthe possible effects

Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Study the map on

page 388 then answer this questionThrough what two cities in Missis-sippi did major rail lines pass

AgricultureThe railroads gave farmers access to new

markets to sell their products Advances in tech-nology allowed farmers to greatly increase thesize of the harvest they produced

In the early 1800s few farmers had venturedinto the treeless Great Plains west of MissouriIowa and Minnesota Even areas of mixed forestand prairie west of Ohio and Kentucky seemedtoo difficult for farming Settlers worried thattheir wooden plows could not break the prairiersquosmatted sod and that the soil was not fertile

Revolution in AgricultureThree revolutionary inventions of the 1830s

changed farming methods and encouraged set-tlers to cultivate larger areas of the West Onewas the steel-tipped plow that John Deereinvented in 1837 Far sturdier than the woodenplow Deerersquos plow easily cut through the hard-packed sod of the prairies Equally importantwas the mechanical reaper which sped up theharvesting of wheat and the thresher whichquickly separated the grain from the stalk

McCormickrsquos ReaperBorn on a Virginia farm Cyrus McCormick

became interested in machines that wouldease the burden of farmwork After years of

tinkering McCormick designed and con-structed the mechanical reaper and made a fortune manufacturing and selling it

For hundreds of years farmers had harvestedgrain with handheld sickles McCormickrsquosreaper could harvest grain much faster than ahand-operated sickle Because farmers couldharvest wheat so quickly they began plantingmore of it Growing wheat became profitable

McCormickrsquos reaper ensured that raisingwheat would remain the main economic activityin the Midwestern prairies New machines andrailroads helped farmers plant more acres inldquocashrdquo cropsmdashcrops planted strictly for saleMidwestern farmers began growing more wheatand shipping it east by train and canal bargeFarmers in the Northeast and Middle Atlanticstates increased their production of fruits andvegetables that grew well in Eastern soils

Despite improvements in agriculture how-ever the North turned away from farming andincreasingly toward industry It was difficultmaking a living farming the rocky soil of NewEngland but industry flourished in the areaThe number of people who worked in factoriescontinued to risemdashand so did problems con-nected with factory labor

Identifying What innovation spedthe harvesting of wheat


Math Research the number ofacres of wheat harvested in theUnited States before and afterMcCormick introduced his reaperThen create a chart or graph toillustrate your findings

Effects

Social Economic

AJ-390

null

1580406

391

Main IdeaMany cities grew tremendously duringthis period

Key Termstrade union strike prejudice discrimination famine nativist

Reading StrategyDetermining Cause and Effect Asyou read the section re-create thediagram below and list two reasonsfor the growth of cities

Read to Learnbull how working conditions in indus-

tries changedbull how immigration affected American

economic political and cultural life

Section ThemeGeography and History Growth ofindustry and an increase in immigra-tion changed the North

The Northrsquos People


1827Freedomrsquos Journal first African American newspaper is published

1833The General TradesUnion of New York isformed

1854American Party(Know-Nothings)forms

1860Population of NewYork City passes800000

ldquoAt first the hours seemed very long but I was so interested in learning that Iendured it very well when I went out at night the sound of the mill was in my earsrdquo aNorthern mill worker wrote in 1844 The worker compared the noise of the cotton millto the ceaseless deafening roar of Niagara Falls The roar of machinery was only onefeature of factory life workers had to adjust to Industrialization created new challengesfor the men women and children who worked in the nationrsquos factories

Northern FactoriesBetween 1820 and 1860 more and more of Americarsquos manufacturing shifted

to mills and factories Machines took over many of the production tasks In the early 1800s in the mills established in Lowell Massachusetts the

entire production process was brought together under one roofmdashsetting up thefactory system In addition to textiles and clothing factories now produced suchitems as shoes watches guns sewing machines and agricultural machinery

12-year-old factory worker

Growth ofcities

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1820 1840 1830 1860 1850

AJ-391

null

7204594


Working ConditionsAs the factory system developed working

conditions worsened Factory owners wantedtheir employees to work longer hours in orderto produce more goods By 1840 factory work-ers averaged 114 hours a day As the workdaygrew longer on-the-job accidents became moreand more common

Factory work involved many dangerous con-ditions For example the long leather belts thatconnected the machines to the factoryrsquos water-powered driveshaft had no protective shieldsWorkers often suffered injuries such as lost fin-gers and broken bones from the rapidly spin-ning belts Young children working onmachines with powerful moving parts wereespecially at risk

Workers often labored under unpleasant con-ditions In the summer factories were miserablyhot and stifling The machines gave off heat and

air-conditioning had not yet been invented Inthe winter workers suffered because most facto-ries had no heating

Factory owners often showed more concernfor profits than for the comfort and safety oftheir employees Employers knew they couldeasily replace an unhappy worker with someoneelse eager for a job No laws existed to regulateworking conditions or to protect workers

Attempts to OrganizeBy the 1830s workers began organizing to

improve working conditions Fearing thegrowth of the factory system skilled workershad formed trade unionsmdashorganizations ofworkers with the same trade or skill Steadilydeteriorating working conditions led unskilledworkers to organize as well

In the mid-1830s skilled workers in New YorkCity staged a series of strikes refusing to workin order to put pressure on employers Workerswanted higher wages and to limit their workdayto 10 hours Groups of skilled workers formedthe General Trades Union of New York

In the early 1800s going on strike was illegalStriking workers could be punished by the lawor they could be fired from their jobs In 1842 aMassachusetts court ruled that workers did havethe right to strike It would be many years how-ever before workers received other legal rights

African American WorkersSlavery had largely disappeared from

the North by the 1830s However racialprejudicemdashan unfair opinion not based onfactsmdashand discriminationmdashunfair treatmentof a groupmdashremained in Northern states Forexample in 1821 New York eliminated therequirement that white men had to own prop-erty in order to votemdashyet few African Ameri-cans were allowed to vote Both Rhode Islandand Pennsylvania passed laws prohibiting freeAfrican Americans from voting

Most communities would not allow freeAfrican Americans to attend public schools andbarred them from public facilities as well OftenAfrican Americans were forced into segregatedor separate schools and hospitals

Young Man in White Apron by John Mackie Falconer The artist of this painting was known forhis watercolors depicting New York City workerssuch as this African American clerk How did prejudice affect the lives of African Americansin the North

History Through Art

392

AJ-392

null

17888837

393CHAPTER 13 North and South

A few African Americans rose in the businessworld Henry Boyd owned a furniture manufac-turing company in Cincinnati Ohio In 1827Samuel Cornish and John B Russwurmfounded Freedomrsquos Journal the first AfricanAmerican newspaper in New York City In 1845Macon B Allen became the first African Ameri-can licensed to practice law in the United StatesThe overwhelming majority of African Ameri-cans however were extremely poor

Women WorkersWomen had played a major role in the devel-

oping mill and factory systems Howeveremployers discriminated against women pay-ing them less than male workers When menbegan to form unions they excluded womenMale workers wanted women kept out of theworkplace so that more jobs would be availablefor men

Some female workers attempted to organizein the 1830s and 1840s In Massachusetts theLowell Female Labor Reform Organizationfounded by a weaver named Sarah G Bagleypetitioned the state legislature for a 10-hourworkday in 1845 Because most of the petitionrsquossigners were women the legislature did not con-sider the petition

Most of the early efforts by women to achieveequality and justice in the workplace failed Theypaved the way however for later movements tocorrect the injustices against female workers

Describing How did conditions forworkers change as the factory system developed

The Rise of CitiesThe growth of factories went hand in hand

with the growth of Northern cities People look-ing for work flocked to the cities where most ofthe factories were located The population of NewYork City the nationrsquos largest city passed 800000and Philadelphia more than 500000 in 1860

Between 1820 and 1840 communities that hadbeen small villages became major cities includingSt Louis Pittsburgh Cincinnati and LouisvilleAll of them profited from their location on the

Mississippi River or one of the riverrsquos branchesThese cities became centers of the growing tradethat connected the farmers of the Midwest withthe cities of the Northeast After 1830 the GreatLakes became a center for shipping creatingmajor new urban centers These centers includedBuffalo Detroit Milwaukee and Chicago

ImmigrationImmigrationmdashthe movement of people into a

countrymdashto the United States increased dramat-ically between 1840 and 1860 American manu-facturers welcomed the tide of immigrantsmany of whom were willing to work for longhours and for low pay

The largest group of immigrants to the UnitedStates at this time traveled across the Atlanticfrom Ireland Between 1846 and 1860 more than15 million Irish immigrants arrived in the coun-try settling mostly in the Northeast

The Irish migration to the United States wasbrought on by a terrible potato famine Afamine is an extreme shortage of food Potatoeswere the main part of the Irish diet When a dev-astating blight or disease destroyed Irishpotato crops in the 1840s starvation struck thecountry More than one million people died

Although most of the immigrants had beenfarmers in Ireland they were too poor to buyland in the United States For this reason manyIrish immigrants took low-paying factory jobs in

Cities grow along fall lines A ldquofall linerdquo is the boundarybetween an upland region and a lower region whererivers and streams move down over rapids or waterfallsto the lower region Cities sprang up along fall lines for anumber of reasons Boats could not travel beyond thefall line so travelers and merchants had to transfer theirgoods to other forms of transportation there Early man-ufacturers also took advantage of the falls to powertheir mills Fall-line cities include Richmond VirginiaTrenton New Jersey and Augusta Georgia

Growth of Cities

AJ-393

null

21102211

Ireland 35

Sources of US ImmigrationAnnual Immigration 1820ndash1860

1820ndash1840

1841ndash1860

All othernations 29

Great Britain14 Germany

22

Great Britain16

Ireland 39

Germany32

All othernations 13

Annu

al Im

mig

ratio

n (in

thou

sand

s)

0

100

200

300

1820

400

Year1830 1840 1850 1860

Immigration to the United States increaseddramatically between 1820 and 1860

1 Identifying Which country provided themost immigrants between 1840 and 1860

2 Analyzing information From the graphin which years did immigration surpass100000

Northern cities The men who came from Irelandworked in factories or performed manual laborsuch as working on the railroads The womenwho accounted for almost half of the immi-grants became servants and factory workers

The second-largest group of immigrants in theUnited States between 1820 and 1860 came fromGermany Some sought work and opportunityOthers had left their homes because of the failureof a democratic revolution in Germany in 1848

Between 1848 and 1860 more than one million German immigrantsmdashmany in familygroupsmdashsettled in the United States Manyarrived with enough money to buy farms oropen their own businesses They prospered in

many parts of the country founding their owncommunities and self-help organizations SomeGerman immigrants settled in New York andPennsylvania but many moved to the Midwestand the western territories

The Impact of ImmigrationThe immigrants who came to the United

States between 1820 and 1860 changed the character of the country These people broughttheir languages customs religions and ways of


ImmigrationNewcomers came to America from many

different countries in the mid-1800s butthe overwhelming majority came from Ireland and Germany

AJ-394

null

7591186


Geographic Patterns Study thegraphs on page 394 Create a quizfor your classmates based on thegeographic patterns of immigrationto the US as shown on the graphsTrade quizzes with a classmate andanswer those questions

life with them some of which filtered intoAmerican culture

Before the early 1800s the majority of immi-grants to America had been either Protestantsfrom Great Britain or Africans brought forciblyto America as slaves At the time the countryhad relatively few Catholics and most of theselived around Baltimore New Orleans and StAugustine Most of the Irish immigrants andabout one-half of the German immigrants wereRoman Catholics

Many Catholic immigrants settled in cities ofthe Northeast The Church gave the newcomersmore than a source of spiritual guidance It alsoprovided a center for the community life of theimmigrants

The German immigrants brought their lan-guage as well as their religion When they settled they lived in their own communitiesfounded German-language publications andestablished musical societies

Immigrants Face PrejudiceIn the 1830s and 1840s anti-immigrant

feelings rose Some Americans feared that immigrants were changing the character of theUnited States too much

People opposed to immigration were knownas nativists because they felt that immigrationthreatened the future of ldquonativerdquomdashAmerican-

bornmdashcitizens Some nativists accused immi-grants of taking jobs from ldquorealrdquo Americans andwere angry that immigrants would work forlower wages Others accused the newcomers ofbringing crime and disease to American citiesImmigrants who lived in crowded slums servedas likely targets of this kind of prejudice

The Know-Nothing PartyThe nativists formed secret anti-Catholic soci-

eties and in the 1850s they joined to form a newpolitical party the American Party Becausemembers of nativist groups often answeredquestions about their organization with thestatement ldquoI know nothingrdquo their party came tobe known as the Know-Nothing Party

The Know-Nothings called for stricter citizen-ship lawsmdashextending the immigrantsrsquo waitingperiod for citizenship from 5 to 21 yearsmdashandwanted to ban foreign-born citizens from hold-ing office

In the mid-1850s the Know-Nothing move-ment split into a Northern branch and a Southern branch over the question of slavery Atthis time the slavery issue was also dividing theNorthern and Southern states of the nation

Identifying What two nations pro-vided the largest number of immigrants to the United Statesduring this era

EffectWorkers organizeCause

Cause

Cause


in a complete sentence that will helpexplain its meaning trade unionstrike prejudice discriminationfamine nativist

2 Reviewing Facts What was thenationrsquos largest city in 1860

Reviewing Themes3 Geography and History How did

German and Irish immigrants differin where they settled

Critical Thinking4 Making Inferences How do you

think nativists would have defined aldquorealrdquo American

5 Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below and list reasons workers formed laborunions

Analyzing Visuals6 Graph Skills Study the graphs on

page 394 What country providedabout 1 out of every 4 immigrantsto the US between 1820 and 1840

AJ-395

null

14868787

396

Reading a Circle GraphWhy Learn This Skill

Have you ever watched someonedish out pieces of pie When the pieis cut evenly everybody gets thesame size slice If one slice is cut alittle larger however someone elsegets a smaller piece A circlegraph is like a pie cut in slicesOften a circle graph is called a pie chart

Learning the SkillIn a circle graph the complete

circle represents a whole groupmdashor 100 percent The circle isdivided into ldquoslicesrdquo or wedge-shaped sections representing partsof the whole

The size of each slice is deter-mined by the percentage it represents

To read a circle graph follow these stepsbull Study the labels or key to determine what the

parts or ldquoslicesrdquo representbull Compare the parts of the graph to draw conclu-

sions about the subjectbull When two or more circle graphs appear together

read their titles and labels Then compare thegraphs for similarities and differences

Practicing the SkillRead the graphs on this page Then answer the fol-lowing questions

1 What do the four graphs represent

2 What percentage of workers were in agriculturein 1840 In 1870

3 During what decade did the percentage of work-ers in manufacturing increase the most

4 What can you conclude from the graphs aboutthe relationship between manufacturing andagricultural workers from 1840 to 1870

Social StudiesSocial Studies

Applying the SkillReading a Circle Graph Find a circle graphrelated to the economy in a newspaper or maga-zine Compare its sections Then draw a conclusionabout the economy

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder InteractiveWorkbook CD-ROM Level 1 providesinstruction and practice in key social studies skills

Agricultural and Nonagricultural Workers 1840ndash1870

1840 1850

1860 1870

Agricultural Manufacturing Other

Source Historical Statistics of the United States

59

69

15

16

16

20

26

2118

2353

64

AJ-396

null

122720856

397

Main IdeaCotton was vital to the economy ofthe South

Key Termscotton gin capital

Reading StrategyComparing As you read the sectionre-create the diagram In the ovalsgive reasons why cotton productiongrew while industrial growth wasslower

Read to Learnbull how settlement expanded in the

Southbull why the economy of the South

relied on agriculture

Section ThemeScience and Technology Technol-ogy a favorable climate and risingdemand led to the cotton boom in theDeep South

Southern Cotton Kingdom


1793Eli Whitney inventscotton gin

1800sRemoval of Native Americans spursexpansion of cotton production

1860The South remains largely ruraland dependent on cotton

Cotton was ldquokingrdquo in the South before 1860 ldquoLook which way you will you see itand see it movingrdquo wrote a visitor to Mobile Alabama ldquoKeel boats ships brigsschooners wharves stores and press-houses all appeared to be fullrdquo Cotton was also the main topic of conversation ldquoI believe that in the three days that I was there I must have heard the word cotton pronounced more than 3000 timesrdquo

Rise of the Cotton KingdomIn 1790 the South seemed to be an underdeveloped agricultural region with

little prospect for future growth Most Southerners lived along the Atlantic coastin Maryland Virginia and North Carolina in what came to be known as theUpper South

By 1850 the South had changed Its population had spread inland to the statesof the Deep SouthmdashGeorgia South Carolina Alabama Mississippi Louisianaand Texas The economy of the South was thriving Slavery which had disap-peared from the North grew stronger than ever in the South

Cotton production Industry

Stem of cotton

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1780 1800 1820 1840 1860

AJ-397

null

7700894

Cotton Rules the Deep SouthIn colonial times rice indigo and tobacco

made up the Southrsquos main crops After theAmerican Revolution demand for these cropsdecreased European mills however wantedSouthern cotton But cotton took time and laborto produce After harvest workers had topainstakingly separate the plantrsquos sticky seedsfrom the cotton fibers

Cotton production was revolutionized whenEli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793 Thecotton gin was a machine that removed seeds

from cotton fibers dramatically increasing theamount of cotton that could be processed A worker could clean 50 pounds of cotton a daywith the machinemdashinstead of 1 pound by handFurthermore the gin was small enough for oneperson to carry from place to place

Whitneyrsquos invention had important conse-quences The cotton gin led to the demand formore workers Because the cotton gin processedcotton fibers so quickly farmers wanted to growmore cotton Many Southern planters relied onslave labor to plant and pick the cotton

1800 1820

1840 1860Source Historical Statistics of the United States

71

32

Cotton production as apercentage of US exports

575516

1 Human-Environment Interaction What statesincluded areas that produced more than 45 bales of cottonper square mile

2 Human-Environment Interaction Describe thechanges in South Carolinas areas of cotton production from1820 to 1860


250 kilometers0Albers Conic Equal-Area projection

250 miles0

N

S

EW

90degW 85degW 80degW25degN

30degN

35degN

Gulf ofMexico

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

ARK

LA

MISSALA

TENNESSEE

GEORGIA

FLA

SC

NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY


250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

ARK

LA

MISS ALA GEORGIA

SC

FLA

TENN NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY

Area produces up to 45 bales per square mile

Area produces more than45 bales per square mile

Area produces up to45 bales per square mile

Cotton Production 1820ndash1860

1820 1860

AJ-398

null

6426176


By 1860 the economies of the Deep South andthe Upper South had developed in differentways Both parts of the South were agriculturalbut the Upper South still produced tobaccohemp wheat and vegetables The Deep Southwas committed to cotton and in some areas to rice and sugarcane

The value of enslaved people increasedbecause of their key role in producing cottonand sugar The Upper South became a center forthe sale and transport of enslaved peoplethroughout the region

Describing What effect did the cotton gin have on the Southrsquos economy

Industry in the SouthThe economy of the South prospered between

1820 and 1860 Unlike the industrial North however the South remained overwhelminglyrural and its economy became increasingly dif-ferent from the Northern economy The South

accounted for a small percentage of the nationrsquosmanufacturing value by 1860 In fact the entireSouth had a lower value of manufactured goodsthan the state of Pennsylvania

Barriers to IndustryWhy was there little industry in the South

One reason was the boom in cotton salesBecause agriculture was so profitable Southern-ers remained committed to farming rather thanstarting new businesses

Another stumbling block was the lack ofcapitalmdashmoney to invest in businessesmdashin theSouth To develop industries required moneybut many Southerners had their wealth investedin land and slaves Planters would have had tosell slaves to raise the money to build factoriesMost wealthy Southerners were unwilling to dothis They believed that an economy based oncotton and slavery would continue to prosper

In addition the market for manufacturedgoods in the South was smaller than it was in the North A large portion of the Southern

The Cotton GinIn 1793 Eli Whitney visitedCatherine Greene a Georgiaplantation owner She askedhim to build a device thatremoved the seeds from cot-ton pods Whitney called themachine the cotton ginmdashrdquoginrdquo being short for engineHow did the invention ofthe cotton gin affect slavery

Cotton bolls aredumped into thehopper

Slots in the grateallow the cotton but not its seeds to pass through

1 2

3

A second cylinder with brushes pulls the cotton off the toothed cylinder and sends it out of the gin

4

grate

hopper

crank

brushes

A hand crank turns a cylinder with wire teeth

The teeth pull the cotton past a grate

1

2

cylinder2

3

4Eli Whitney

AJ-399

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11415314


population consisted of enslaved people with nomoney to buy merchandise So the limited localmarket discouraged industries from developing

Yet another reason for the lack of industry isthat some Southerners did not want industry toflourish there One Texas politician summed upthe Southernersrsquo point of view this way

ldquoWe want no manufactures we desire notrading no mechanical or manufacturingclasses As long as we have our rice our sugarour tobacco and our cotton we can commandwealth to purchase all we wantrdquo

Southern FactoriesWhile most Southerners felt confident about

the future of the cotton economy some leaderswanted to develop industry in the region Theyargued that by remaining committed to cottonproduction the South was becoming dependenton the North for manufactured goods TheseSoutherners also argued that factories wouldrevive the economy of the Upper South whichwas less prosperous than the cotton states

One Southerner who shared this view wasWilliam Gregg a merchant from CharlestonSouth Carolina After touring New Englandrsquostextile mills in 1844 Gregg opened his own tex-tile factory in South Carolina

In Richmond Virginia Joseph Reid Ander-son took over the Tredegar Iron Works in the1840s and made it one of the nationrsquos leadingproducers of iron Years later during the CivilWar Tredegar provided artillery and other ironproducts for the Southern forces

The industries that Gregg and Anderson builtstood as the exception rather than the rule in theSouth In 1860 the region remained largely ruraland dependent on cotton

Southern TransportationNatural waterways provided the chief means

for transporting goods in the South Most townswere located on the seacoast or along riversThere were few canals and roads were poor

Like the North the South also built railroadsbut to a lesser extent Southern rail lines wereshort local and did not connect all parts of theregion in a network As a result Southern citiesgrew more slowly than cities in the North andMidwest where railways provided the majorroutes of commerce and settlement By 1860only about one-third of the nationrsquos rail lines laywithin the South The railway shortage wouldhave devastating consequences for the Southduring the Civil War

Explaining What is capital Why isit important for economic growth

Agriculture

Upper South Deep South

Informative Writing Research andwrite a report on a machine mentionedin the chaptermdashperhaps the steam-boat or another steam-driven machineBe sure to use correct spelling and gram-mar Illustrate your report if you wish

Checking for Understanding

1 Key Terms Use each of these termsin a sentence that will help explain itsmeaning cotton gin capital

2 Reviewing Facts How did the lack of capital affect industrial growth

Reviewing Themes

3 Science and Technology Why didthe invention of the cotton ginincrease the demand for enslavedAfricans

Critical Thinking

4 Predicting Consequences If slaveryhad been outlawed how do youthink it would have affected theSouthrsquos economy

5 Comparing Re-create the diagrambelow Describe the differences inagriculture addressed in the textbetween the Upper South and theDeep South

Analyzing Visuals

6 Geography Skills Look at the mapsand the graphs on page 398 Whatarea of Florida specialized in cottonDid cotton make up more than 50percent of US exports in 1820














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401

Main IdeaThe Southrsquos population consisted ofwealthy slaveholding planters smallfarmers poor whites and enslavedAfrican Americans

Key Termsyeoman tenant farmer fixed costcredit overseer spiritual slave code

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and describe the work that wasdone on Southern plantations

Read to Learnbull about the way of life on Southern

plantationsbull how enslaved workers maintained

strong family and cultural ties

Section ThemeCulture and Traditions Most of thepeople in the South worked in agri-culture in the first half of the 1800s

The SouthrsquosPeople


1808Congress outlaws theslave trade

1831Nat Turner leadsrebellion in Virginia

1859Arkansas orders freeblacks to leave

1860Population of Baltimorereaches 212000

Planters gathered in the bright Savannah sunshine They were asked to bid on astrong slave who could plow their fields Fear and grief clouded the enslaved manrsquosface because he had been forced to leave his wife and children Later he wrote this let-ter ldquoMy Dear wife I [write] with much regret to inform you that I am Sold to a man

by the name of Peterson Give my love to my father and mother and tellthem good Bye for me And if we Shall not meet in this world I hope to meet in

heaven My Dear wife for you and my Children my pen cannot express the[grief] I feel to be parted from you allrdquo

Small FarmsPopular novels and films often portray the South before 1860 as a land of

stately plantations owned by rich white slaveholders In reality most whiteSoutherners were either small farmers without slaves or planters with a hand-ful of slaves Only a few planters could afford the many enslaved Africans and

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860

Working on a plantation

Plow

AJ-401

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7079212

the lavish mansions shown in fictional accountsof the Old South Most white Southerners fit intoone of four categories yeomen tenant farmersthe rural poor or plantation owners

Small Farmers and the Rural PoorThe farmers who did not have slavesmdash

yeomenmdashmade up the largest group of whitesin the South Most yeomen owned landAlthough they lived throughout the region theywere most numerous in the Upper South and inthe hilly rural areas of the Deep South wherethe land was unsuited to large plantations

A yeomanrsquos farm usually ranged from 50 to200 acres Yeomen grew crops both for their ownuse and to sell and they often traded their pro-duce to local merchants and workers for goodsand services

Most Southern whites did not live in elegantmansions or on large plantations They lived infar simpler homes though the structure of theirhomes changed over time In the early 1800smany lived in cottages built of wood and plasterwith thatched roofs Later many lived in one-story frame houses or log cabins

Not all Southern whites owned land Somerented land or worked as tenant farmers onlandlordsrsquo estates Othersmdashthe rural poormdashlivedin crude cabins in wooded areas where they could

clear a few trees plant some corn and keep a hogor a cow They also fished and hunted for food

The poor people of the rural South were stub-bornly independent They refused to take anyjob that resembled the work of enslaved peopleAlthough looked down on by other whites therural poor were proud of being self-sufficient

Identifying What group made upthe largest number of whites in the South

PlantationsA large plantation might cover several thou-

sand acres Well-to-do plantation owners usu-ally lived in comfortable but not luxuriousfarmhouses They measured their wealth partlyby the number of enslaved people they con-trolled and partly by such possessions as homesfurnishings and clothing A small group ofplantation ownersmdashabout 4 percentmdashheld 20 ormore slaves in 1860 The large majority of slave-holders held fewer than 10 enslaved workers

A few free African Americans possessedslaves The Metoyer family of Louisiana ownedthousands of acres of land and more than 400slaves Most often these slaveholders were freeAfrican Americans who purchased their ownfamily members in order to free them

Wealthy Southerners pose for the camera in frontof an elegant plantation home What were theduties of the wife of a plantation owner

History

Atlanta Georgia business street c 1860

AJ-402

null

15025536

African Americans WhitesEnslaved Slaveholders

Free Not slaveholders

1732

49

WhitesAfrican Americans

2

Southern Population 1860

Total population = 12 million

In 1860 about 400000 households in the South held slavesNearly 4 million African Americans remained in slavery




EconomicsPlantation Owners

The main economic goal for large plantationowners was to earn profits Such plantationshad fixed costsmdashregular expenses such as hous-ing and feeding workers and maintaining cottongins and other equipment Fixed costs remainedabout the same year after year

Cotton prices however varied from season toseason depending on the market To receive thebest prices planters sold their cotton to agentsin cities such as New Orleans CharlestonMobile and Savannah The cotton exchanges ortrade centers in Southern cities were of vitalimportance to those involved in the cotton econ-omy The agents of the exchanges extendedcreditmdasha form of loanmdashto the planters and heldthe cotton for several months until the pricerose Then the agents sold the cotton This sys-tem kept the planters always in debt becausethey did not receive payment for their cottonuntil the agents sold it

Plantation WivesThe wife of a plantation owner generally was

in charge of watching over the enslaved workerswho toiled in her home and tending to themwhen they became ill Her responsibilities alsoincluded supervising the plantationrsquos buildingsand the fruit and vegetable gardens Some wivesserved as accountants keeping the plantationrsquosfinancial records

Women often led a difficult and lonely life onthe plantation When plantation agriculturespread westward into Alabama and Mississippimany plantersrsquo wives felt they were moving intoa hostile uncivilized region Planters traveledfrequently to look at new land or to deal withagents in New Orleans or Memphis Theirwives spent long periods alone at the plantation

Work on the PlantationLarge plantations needed many different

kinds of workers Some enslaved people workedin the house cleaning cooking doing laundrysewing and serving meals They were calleddomestic slaves Other African Americans weretrained as blacksmiths carpenters shoemakers

$

or weavers Still others worked in the pasturestending the horses cows sheep and pigs Mostof the enslaved African Americans howeverwere field hands They worked from sunrise tosunset planting cultivating and picking cottonand other crops They were supervised by anoverseermdasha plantation manager

Explaining Why were many slavesneeded on a plantation

Life Under SlaveryEnslaved African Americans endured hard-

ship and misery They worked hard earned nomoney and had little hope of freedom One oftheir worst fears was being sold to anotherplanter and separated from their loved ones Inthe face of these brutal conditions enslavedAfrican Americans maintained their family lifeas best they could and developed a culture alltheir own They resisted slavery through a vari-ety of ingenious methods and they looked tothe day when they would be liberated

Life in the Slave CabinsEnslaved people had few comforts beyond

the bare necessities Josiah Henson an AfricanAmerican who escaped from slavery describedthe quarters where he had lived

AJ-403

null

18411336


ldquoWe lodged in log huts and on the bareground Wooden floors were an unknown lux-ury In a single room were huddled like cattleten or a dozen persons men women and children

Our beds were collections of straw and oldrags thrown down in the corners and boxed inwith boards a single blanket the only covering The wind whistled and the rain and snow blewin through the cracks and the damp earthsoaked in the moisture till the floor was miry[muddy] as a pigstyrdquo

Family LifeEnslaved people faced constant uncertainty

and danger American law in the early 1800sdid not protect enslaved families At any giventime a husband or wife could be sold away ora slaveholderrsquos death could lead to the breakupof an enslaved family Although marriagebetween enslaved people was not recognizedby law many couples did marry Their mar-riage ceremonies included the phrase ldquountildeath or separation do us partrdquomdashrecognizingthe possibility that a marriage might end withthe sale of one spouse

Living UnderSlavery

Enslaved workers reached the fieldsbefore the sun came up and they stayedthere until sundown Planters wanted tokeep the slaves busy all the time whichmeant long and grueling days in the fieldsEnslaved women as well as men wererequired to do heavy fieldwork Young children carried buckets of water By theage of 10 they were considered ready forfieldwork

When rented to othermasters enslaved peoplewore identification tags

Enslaved people had fewpersonal possessions

Cabins were usually made of small logsabout 10 to 20 feet square Often two orthree families shared a cabin

Heavy iron leg shackles were used topunish workers especially those whotried to run away

AJ-404

null

6530668


To provide some measure of stability in theirlives enslaved African Americans established anetwork of relatives and friends who made uptheir extended family If a father or mother weresold away an aunt uncle or close friend couldraise the children left behind Large close-knitextended families became a vital feature ofAfrican American culture

African American CultureEnslaved African Americans endured their

hardships by extending their own culture fel-lowship and community They fused Africanand American elements into a new culture

The growth of the African American popula-tion came mainly from children born in theUnited States In 1808 Congress had outlawedthe slave trade Although slavery remained legalin the South no new slaves could enter theUnited States By 1860 almost all the enslavedpeople in the South had been born there

These native-born African Americans held onto their African customs They continued to prac-tice African music and dance They passed tradi-tional African folk stories to their children Somewrapped colored cloths around their heads inthe African style Although a large number ofenslaved African Americans accepted Christian-ity they often followed the religious beliefs andpractices of their African ancestors as well

African American ChristianityFor many enslaved African Americans Chris-

tianity became a religion of hope and resistanceThey prayed fervently for the day when theywould be free from bondage

The passionate beliefs of the Southern slavesfound expression in the spiritual an AfricanAmerican religious folk song The song ldquoDidnrsquotMy Lord Deliver Danielrdquo for example refers tothe biblical story of Daniel who was saved fromthe lionsrsquo den

ldquoDidnrsquot my Lord deliver Danieldeliver Daniel deliver DanielDidnrsquot my Lord deliver DanielAnrsquo why not every manrdquo

Spirituals provided a way for the enslavedAfrican Americans to communicate secretlyamong themselves Many spirituals combinedChristian faith with laments about earthly suffering

Slave CodesBetween 1830 and 1860 life under slavery

became even more difficult because the slavecodesmdashthe laws in the Southern states that con-trolled enslaved peoplemdashbecame more severeIn existence since the 1700s slave codes aimedto prevent the event white Southerners dreadedmostmdashthe slave rebellion For this reason slavecodes prohibited slaves from assembling inlarge groups and from leaving their masterrsquosproperty without a written pass

Slave codes also made it a crime to teachenslaved people to read or write White South-erners feared that a literate slave might leadother African Americans in rebellion A slavewho did not know how to read and writewhites believed was less likely to rebel

Resistance to SlaverySome enslaved African Americans did rebel

openly against their masters One was NatTurner a popular religious leader among his fel-low slaves Turner had taught himself to readand write In 1831 Turner led a group of follow-ers on a brief violent rampage in SouthhamptonCounty Virginia Before being captured Turnerand his followers killed at least 55 whites NatTurner was hanged but his rebellion frightenedwhite Southerners and led them to pass moresevere slave codes

Armed rebellions were rare however AfricanAmericans in the South knew that they wouldonly lose in an armed uprising For the mostpart enslaved people resisted slavery by work-ing slowly or by pretending to be ill Occasion-ally resistance took more active forms such assetting fire to a plantation building or breakingtools Resistance helped enslaved African Amer-icans endure their lives by striking back at whitemastersmdashand perhaps establishing boundariesthat white people would respect

405

AJ-405

null

23573636


Born as a slave inMaryland Harriet Tub-man worked in plantationfields until she wasnearly 30 years old Thenshe made her break forfreedom escaping to theNorth with the help of theUnderground Railroad

Realizing the risks ofbeing captured Tubman

courageously made 19trips back into the Southduring the 1850s to helpother enslaved peopleescape Altogether sheassisted more than 300individualsmdashincludingher parentsmdashto escapefrom slavery

While she did notestablish the Under-

ground Railroad she cer-tainly became its mostfamous and successfulconductor Tubman wasknown as the ldquoMoses of her peoplerdquo Despitehuge rewards offered inthe South for her captureand arrest Tubmanalways managed to elude her enemies

Most runaways were captured and returned totheir owners Discipline was severe the mostcommon punishment was whipping

Explaining How did the AfricanAmerican spiritual develop

City Life and EducationAlthough the South was primarily agricul-

tural it was the site of several large cities by themid-1800s By 1860 the population of Balti-more had reached 212000 and the populationof New Orleans had reached 168000 The tenlargest cities in the South were either seaportsor river ports

With the coming of the railroad many othercities began to grow as centers of trade Amongthe cities located at the crossroads of the rail-ways were Columbia South Carolina Chat-tanooga Tennessee Montgomery AlabamaJackson Mississippi and Atlanta Georgia Thepopulation of Southern cities included whitecity dwellers some enslaved workers andmany of the Southrsquos free African Americans

Escaping SlaverySome enslaved African Americans tried to

run away to the North A few succeeded Har-riet Tubman and Frederick Douglass twoAfrican American leaders who were born intoslavery gained their freedom when they fled tothe North

Yet for most enslaved people getting to theNorth was almost impossible especially fromthe Deep South Most slaves who succeeded inrunning away escaped from the Upper SouthThe Underground Railroadmdasha network ofldquosafe housesrdquo owned by free blacks and whiteswho opposed slaverymdashoffered assistance torunaway slaves

Some slaves ran away to find relatives onnearby plantations or to escape punishmentRarely did they plan to make a run for theNorth Moses Grandy who did escape spokeabout the problems runaways faced

ldquoThey hide themselves during the day in thewoods and swamps at night they travel [I]nthese dangerous journeys they are guided bythe north-star for they only know that the landof freedom is in the northrdquo

AJ-406

null

12198947

The cities provided free African Americanswith opportunities to form their own communi-ties African American barbers carpenters andsmall traders offered their services throughouttheir communities Free African Americansfounded their own churches and institutions InNew Orleans they formed an opera company

Although some free African Americans pros-pered in the cities their lives were far fromsecure Between 1830 and 1860 Southern statespassed laws that limited the rights of freeAfrican Americans Most states would not allowthem to migrate from other states Althoughspared the horrors of slavery free African Amer-icans were denied an equal share in economicand political life

EducationPlantation owners and those who could afford

to do so often sent their children to privateschools One of the best known was the academyoperated by Moses Waddel in Willington SouthCarolina Students attended six days a week TheBible and classical literature were stressed butthe courses also included mathematics religionGreek Latin and public speaking

During this era no statewide public schoolsystems existed However cities such as Charles-ton Louisville and Mobile did establish excel-lent public schools

By the mid-1800seducation was growingHundreds of publicschools were operatingin North Carolina by1860 Even before thatthe Kentucky legislatureset up a funding systemfor public schools Manystates also had charity schools for studentswhose parents could not afford to pay

Although the number of schools and teachersin the South grew the South lagged behind othersections of the country in literacy the number ofpeople who can read and write One reason forthis was the geography of the South Even in themore heavily populated Southern states therewere few people per square mile Virginia andNorth Carolina had fewer than 15 white inhabi-tants per square mile In contrast Massachusettshad 124 inhabitants per square mile

It was too great a hardship for many South-ern families to send their children great dis-tances to attend school In addition manySoutherners believed education was a privatematter not a state function therefore the stateshould not spend money on education

Describing What Southern city hadsurpassed 200000 in population by the year 1860

Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use the following terms

to create a newspaper article aboutlife in the South during this period oftime yeoman tenant farmer over-seer spiritual slave code

2 Reviewing Facts List two differencesbetween yeomen and plantationowners

Reviewing Themes3 Culture and Traditions Why were

extended families vital to AfricanAmerican culture

Critical Thinking4 Making Generalizations If you

were a plantation owner what wouldyou tell your son or daughter if he orshe asked why you held slaves

5 Classifying Information Re-createthe diagram below and in the boxesbriefly explain how the slave codesoperated

Analyzing Visuals6 Look at the pictures on pages 402

and 404 Write a paragraph explain-ing what you think the pictures portray about life in the South


Geography Research the economic activity of one of theSouthern states Draw a map of the state and use symbols to rep-resent each resource and show itslocation in the state

Slave codes

Control education Control assembly

HISTORY

Student Web ActivityVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 13mdashStudent Web Activitiesfor an activity on familylife in the South

AJ-407

null

15725687

Reviewing Key TermsOn graph paper create a word search puzzle using thefollowing terms Crisscross the terms vertically and hori-zontally then fill in the remaining squares with extra let-ters Use the termsrsquo definitions as clues to find the words inthe puzzle1 telegraph 4 yeoman2 nativist 5 credit3 overseer

Reviewing Key Facts6 How did the development of the canal and rail net-

work alter the trade route between the Midwest andthe East Coast

7 How did the the telegraph influence long-distancecommunication

8 Provide three reasons why cities grew in the early 1800s9 What was the goal of workers going on strike

10 In what ways were women in the workforce discrimi-nated against

11 Why did immigration from Germany increase after 1848

12 How did the cotton gin affect cotton production13 Why was there little industry in the South14 What was the Underground Railroad15 What was the purpose of the slave codes

Critical Thinking16 Analyzing Themes Economic Factors How did

improvements in transportation affect the economy ofthe North

17 Comparing Discuss one advantage and one disadvan-tage of city life in the North

18 Comparing Re-create the diagram below and com-pare the use of railroads in the North and Southbefore 1860

19 Analyzing Information Describe ways in whichenslaved African Americans held on to their Africancustoms

North and South

Way of Life

bull Growth of industrialization

bull Specialization and machin-ery allow for mass production

bull Cotton is leading cashcrop

bull Industry limited due tolack of capital and market demand

bull Many people move tocities to find work

bull Cities grow crowded andmany live in unhealthyand unsafe conditions

bull African Americans sufferdiscrimination and havefew rights

bull Plantation owners farmlarge tracts of land planta-tions are generally self-sufficient

bull Yeomen make up thelargest group of whites

bull Tenant farmers farm smalltracts of land

bull EnslavedAfrican Ameri-cans do mostof the work onplantations

Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South

Transportationbull Roads canals and rail-

roads being built

bull Locomotives improve during this era

bull Natural waterways chiefmeans of transportation

bull Canals and roads are poor

bull Railroads are limited


Directions Choose the bestanswer to the following question

Labor unions were formed for all of these reasonsEXCEPT to

A improve workersrsquo wagesB protect factory owners from being suedC make factories saferD prevent children from working long hours

Test-Taking Tip

When a question uses the word EXCEPT you need tolook for the answer that does not fit Remember that

unions were formed to help workers Which answer isleast likely to help the workers

Standardized Test Practice

Economics Activity27 Although railroads helped the economy why might

investors in turnpikes and canals view them as a threat

Technology Activity28 Using Software Search encyclopedias and other library

resources for information about cotton production in theworld today Find out which countries grow cotton whatquantities are grown and any types of fertilizers usedCreate a short report of interesting facts about cottonproduction in the world today Share your report with therest of the class

Alternative Assessment29 Portfolio Writing Activity Write a conversation between

a Southerner and Northerner who meet on a train in themid-1800s Have them talk about the differences betweentheir lives Use the notes from your journal in the script

Self-Check QuizVisit tajglencoecom and click on Chapter 13mdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test

HISTORY

Practicing SkillsReading a Circle Graph Study the circle graphs below thenanswer these questions

20 What does the information in the two graphs represent21 In what part of the country did African Americans make

up more than one-third of the population22 Can you use the graphs to draw a conclusion about the

total population of each region Why or why not

Geography and History ActivityStudy the map on page 388 and answer the questions thatfollow23 Movement In which direction would a train travel from

Chattanooga Tennessee to Lynchburg Virginia24 Location What was the easternmost city on the New

York Central line25 Movement What cities would a train passenger pass

through taking the most direct Memphis-to-Baltimoreroute

Citizenship Cooperative Activity26 Community Issues Working with two other students

contact the office of your local government to find outwhat is being done to solve local problems and how vol-unteers can help Find out when the town board or citycouncil meets After you obtain the information interviewpeople in the neighborhood to find out what they thinkabout various problems the community faces Tell themabout the town board or city council meetings andencourage them to attend or to become involved in com-munity activities Compare your findings about commu-nity issues with the other groups

Populations of the North and South in 1860


98 white 66 white

2 African American 34 African American

North South

The American JourneymdashIllinois Edition

Illinois Learning Standards for Social Science

How Does The American Journey Help Me Learn the Standards

How Does The American Journey Help Me Test My Knowledge of Social Science

The Illinois Constitution A Summary

Table of Contents

Previewing Your Textbook

Scavenger Hunt

How Do I Study History

The Structure of Illinois Government

Constitution Test Practice

Reading Skills Handbook

Identifying Words and Building Vocabulary

Reading for a Reason

Understanding What You Read

Thinking About Your Reading

Understanding Text Structure

Reading for Research

National Geographic Reference Atlas

United States Political

United States Physical

United States Territorial Growth

North America Physical

North America Political

Middle East PhysicalPolitical

World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography

How Do I Study Geography

How Do I Use Maps

How Does Geography Influence History

Geographic Dictionary

Be an Active Reader

Unit 1 Different Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1625

Chapter 1 The First Americans Prehistory to 1492

Section 1 Early Peoples

Section 2 Cities and Empires

Section 3 North American Peoples

Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 2 Exploring the Americas 1400ndash1625

Section 1 A Changing World

Section 2 Early Exploration

Section 3 Spain in America

Section 4 Exploring North America


Unit 2 Colonial Settlement 1587ndash1770

Chapter 3 Colonial America 1587ndash1770

Section 1 Early English Settlements

Section 2 New England Colonies

Section 3 Middle Colonies

Section 4 Southern Colonies


Chapter 4 The Colonies Grow 1607ndash1770

Section 1 Life in the Colonies

Section 2 Government Religion and Culture

Section 3 France and Britain Clash

Section 4 The French and Indian War


Unit 3 Creating a Nation 1763ndash1791

Chapter 5 Road to Independence 1763ndash1776

Section 1 Taxation Without Representation

Section 2 Building Colonial Unity

Section 3 A Call to Arms

Section 4 Moving Toward Independence

The Declaration of Independence


Chapter 6 The American Revolution 1776ndash1783

Section 1 The Early Years

Section 2 The War Continues

Section 3 The War Moves West and South

Section 4 The War Is Won


Chapter 7 A More Perfect Union 1777ndash1790

Section 1 The Articles of Confederation

Section 2 Convention and Compromise

Section 3 A New Plan of Government


Civics in Action A Citizenship Handbook

Section 1 The Constitution

Section 2 The Federal Government

Section 3 Citizens Rights and Responsibilities

Handbook Assessment

The Constitution of the United States

Unit 4 The New Republic 1789ndash1825

Chapter 8 A New Nation 1789ndash1800

Section 1 The First President

Section 2 Early Challenges

Section 3 The First Political Parties


Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era 1800ndash1816

Section 1 The Republicans Take Power

Section 2 The Louisiana Purchase

Section 3 A Time of Conflict

Section 4 The War of 1812


Chapter 10 Growth and Expansion 1790ndash1825

Section 1 Economic Growth

Section 2 Westward Bound

Section 3 Unity and Sectionalism


Unit 5 The Growing Nation 1820ndash1860

Chapter 11 The Jackson Era 1824ndash1845

Section 1 Jacksonian Democracy

Section 2 Conflicts Over Land

Section 3 Jackson and the Bank


Chapter 12 Manifest Destiny 1818ndash1853

Section 1 The Oregon Country

Section 2 Independence for Texas

Section 3 War with Mexico

Section 4 New Settlers in California and Utah


Chapter 13 North and South 1820ndash1860

Section 1 The Norths Economy

Section 2 The Norths People

Section 3 Southern Cotton Kingdom

Section 4 The Souths People


Chapter 14 The Age of Reform 1820ndash1860

Section 1 Social Reform

Section 2 The Abolitionists

Section 3 The Womens Movement


Unit 6 Civil War and Reconstruction 1846ndash1896

Chapter 15 Road to Civil War 1820ndash1861

Section 1 Slavery and the West

Section 2 A Nation Dividing

Section 3 Challenges to Slavery

Section 4 Secession and War


Chapter 16 The Civil War 1861ndash1865

Section 1 The Two Sides

Section 2 Early Years of the War

Section 3 A Call for Freedom

Section 4 Life During the Civil War

Section 5 The Way to Victory


Chapter 17 Reconstruction and Its Aftermath 1865ndash1896

Section 1 Reconstruction Plans

Section 2 Radicals in Control

Section 3 The South During Reconstruction

Section 4 Change in the South


Unit 7 Reshaping the Nation 1858ndash1914

Chapter 18 The Western Frontier 1858ndash1896

Section 1 The Mining Booms

Section 2 Ranchers and Farmers

Section 3 Native American Struggles

Section 4 Farmers in Protest


Chapter 19 The Growth of Industry 1865ndash1914

Section 1 Railroads Lead the Way

Section 2 Inventions

Section 3 An Age of Big Business

Section 4 Industrial Workers


Chapter 20 Toward an Urban America 1865ndash1914

Section 1 The New Immigrants

Section 2 Moving to the City

Section 3 A Changing Culture


Unit 8 Reform Expansion and War 1865ndash1920

Chapter 21 Progressive Reforms 1877ndash1920

Section 1 The Progressive Movement

Section 2 Women and Progressives

Section 3 Progressive Presidents

Section 4 Excluded from Reform


Chapter 22 Overseas Expansion 1865ndash1917

Section 1 Expanding Horizons

Section 2 Imperialism in the Pacific

Section 3 Spanish-American War

Section 4 Latin American Policies


Chapter 23 World War I 1914ndash1919

Section 1 War in Europe

Section 2 Americas Road to War

Section 3 Americans Join the Allies

Section 4 The War at Home

Section 5 Searching for Peace


Unit 9 Turbulent Decades 1919ndash1945

Chapter 24 The Jazz Age 1919ndash1929

Section 1 Time of Turmoil

Section 2 Desire for Normalcy

Section 3 A Booming Economy

Section 4 The Roaring Twenties


Chapter 25 The Depression and FDR 1929ndash1941

Section 1 The Great Depression

Section 2 Roosevelts New Deal

Section 3 Life During the Depression

Section 4 Effects of the New Deal


Chapter 26 World War II 1939ndash1945

Section 1 Road to War

Section 2 War Begins

Section 3 On the Home Front

Section 4 War in Europe and Africa

Section 5 War in the Pacific


Unit 10 Turning Points 1945ndash1975

Chapter 27 The Cold War Era 1945ndash1954

Section 1 Cold War Origins

Section 2 Postwar Politics

Section 3 The Korean War

Section 4 The Red Scare


Chapter 28 America in the 1950s 1953ndash1960

Section 1 Eisenhower in the White House

Section 2 1950s Prosperity

Section 3 Problems in a Time of Plenty


Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Era 1954ndash1973

Section 1 The Civil Rights Movement

Section 2 Kennedy and Johnson

Section 3 The Struggle Continues

Section 4 Other Groups Seek Rights


Chapter 30 The Vietnam Era 1960ndash1975

Section 1 Kennedys Foreign Policy

Section 2 War in Vietnam

Section 3 The Vietnam Years at Home

Section 4 Nixon and Vietnam


Unit 11 Modern America 1968ndashPresent

Chapter 31 Search for Stability 1968ndash1981

Section 1 Nixons Foreign Policy

Section 2 Nixon and Watergate

Section 3 The Carter Presidency


Chapter 32 New Challenges 1981ndashPresent

Section 1 The Reagan Presidency

Section 2 The Bush Presidency

Section 3 A New Century

Section 4 The War on Terrorism


Appendix

What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One

Primary Sources Library

Presidents of the United States

Documents of American History

Supreme Court Case Summaries

Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index

Acknowledgements and Photo Credits

Feature Contents


Documents of Americas Heritage

More Abouthellip

What Life Was Likehellip

National Geographic Geography amp History

Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints

Technology and History

Linking Past amp Present

What Ifhellip

Hands-On History Lab Activity

TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History

Fact Fiction Folklore

Primary Source Quotes

Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks

Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition



























































































































































Activity Workbook - Student Edition

Local history activities

Activity 1 The First Americans

Activity 2 Exploring the Americas

Activity 3 Colonial America

Activity 4 The Colonies Grow

Activity 5 Road to Independence

Activity 6 The American Revolution

Activity 7 A More Perfect Union

Activity 8 A New Nation

Activity 9 The Jefferson Era

Activity 10 Growth and Expansion

Activity 11 The Jackson Era

Activity 12 Manifest Destiny

Activity 13 North and South

Activity 14 The Age of Reform

Activity 15 Road to Civil War

Activity 16 The Civil War

Activity 17 Reconstruction and Its Aftermath

Activity 18 The Western Frontier

Activity 19 The Growth of Industry

Activity 20 Toward an Urban America

Activity 21 Progressive Reforms

Activity 22 Overseas Expansion

Activity 23 World War I

Activity 24 The Jazz Age

Activity 25 The Depression and FDR

Activity 26 World War II

Activity 27 The Cold War Era

Activity 28 America in the 1950s

Activity 29 The Civil Rights Era

Activity 30 The Vietnam Era

Activity 31 Search for Stability

Activity 32 New Challenges

Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition



























































































































































Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition

Capiacutetulo 1 Los primeros habitantes de las Ameacutericas Prehistoria a 1492

Guiacutea de estudio 1-1 Los primeros pueblos

Guiacutea de estudio 1-2 Ciudades e imperios

Guiacutea de estudio 1-3 Pueblos norteamericanos

Capiacutetulo 2 La exploracioacuten de las Ameacutericas 1400ndash1625

Guiacutea de estudio 2-1 Un mundo cambiante

Guiacutea de estudio 2-2 Primeras exploraciones

Guiacutea de estudio 2-3 Espantildea en Ameacuterica

Guiacutea de estudio 2-4 Exploracioacuten de Norteameacuterica

Capiacutetulo 3 La Ameacuterica colonial 1587ndash1770

Guiacutea de estudio 3-1 Primeros asentamientos ingleses

Guiacutea de estudio 3-2 Colonias de Nueva Inglaterra

Guiacutea de estudio 3-3 Colonias del Centro

Guiacutea de estudio 3-4 Colonias del Sur

Capiacutetulo 4 El desarollo de las colonias 1607ndash1770

Guiacutea de estudio 4-1 La vida en las colonias

Guiacutea de estudio 4-2 Gobierno religioacuten y cultura

Guiacutea de estudio 4-3 Choque entre Francia e Inglaterra

Guiacutea de estudio 4-4 La guerra francesa e india

Capiacutetulo 5 El camino de la Independencia 1763ndash1776

Guiacutea de estudio 5-1 Impuestos sin representacioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 5-2 Formacioacuten de la unidad colonial

Guiacutea de estudio 5-3 Un llamado a las armas

Guiacutea de estudio 5-4 Avanzar hacia la independencia

Capiacutetulo 6 La Guerra de Independencia 1776ndash1783

Guiacutea de estudio 6-1 Los primeros antildeos

Guiacutea de estudio 6-2 La guerra continuacutea

Guiacutea de estudio 6-3 La guerra se mueve hacia el Oeste y el Sur

Guiacutea de estudio 6-4 La guerra se gana

Capiacutetulo 7 Una unioacuten maacutes perfecta 1777ndash1790

Guiacutea de estudio 7-1 Los artiacuteculos de la Confederacioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 7-2 Convencioacuten y compromiso

Guiacutea de estudio 7-3 Un nuevo plan de gobierno

Capiacutetulo 8 Una nueva Nacioacuten 1879ndash1800

Guiacutea de estudio 8-1 El primer presidente

Guiacutea de estudio 8-2 Primeros retos

Guiacutea de estudio 8-3 Los primeros partidos poliacuteticos

Capiacutetulo 9 La era de Jefferson 1800ndash1816

Guiacutea de estudio 9-1 Los republicanos toman el poder

Guiacutea de estudio 9-2 La compra de Louisiana

Guiacutea de estudio 9-3 Una eacutepoca de conflicto

Guiacutea de estudio 9-4 La guerra de 1812

Capiacutetulo 10 Crecimiento y expansioacuten 1790ndash1825

Guiacutea de estudio 10-1 Crecimiento econoacutemico

Guiacutea de estudio 10-2 Rumbo al Oeste

Guiacutea de estudio 10-3 Unidad y seccionalismo

Capiacutetulo 11 La era Jackson 1824ndash1845

Guiacutea de estudio 11-1 Democracia jacksoniana

Guiacutea de estudio 11-2 Conflictos por la tierra

Guiacutea de estudio 11-3 Jackson y el banco

Capiacutetulo 12 Destino manifiesto 1818ndash1853

Guiacutea de estudio 12-1 El paiacutes de Oregoacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 12-2 Independencia para Texas

Guiacutea de estudio 12-3 Guerra con Meacutexico

Guiacutea de estudio 12-4 Nuevos colonos en California y Utah

Capiacutetulo 13 El Norte y el Sur 1820ndash1860

Guiacutea de estudio 13-1 La economiacutea del Norte

Guiacutea de estudio 13-2 La gente del Norte

Guiacutea de estudio 13-3 El reino surentildeo del algodoacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 13-4 La gente del Sur

Capiacutetulo 14 La era de la reforma 1820ndash1860

Guiacutea de estudio 14-1 Reforma social

Guiacutea de estudio 14-2 Los abolicionistas

Guiacutea de estudio 14-3 El movimiento femenino

Capiacutetulo 15 Caminono a la Guerra Civil 1820ndash1861

Guiacutea de estudio 15-1 La esclavitud y el Oeste

Guiacutea de estudio 15-2 Una nacioacuten dividida

Guiacutea de estudio 15-3 Retos para la esclavitud

Guiacutea de estudio 15-4 Secesioacuten y guerra


Guiacutea de estudio 16-1 Los dos bandos

Guiacutea de estudio 16-2 Los primeros antildeos de la guerra

Guiacutea de estudio 16-3 Un llamado a la libertad

Guiacutea de estudio 16-4 La vida durante la guerra civil

Guiacutea de estudio 16-5 El camino a la victoria

Capiacutetulo 17 La reconstruccioacuten y sus consecuencias 1865ndash1896

Guiacutea de estudio 17-1 Planes de reconstruccioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 17-2 Los radicales toman el control

Guiacutea de estudio 17-3 El Sur durante la reconstruccioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 17-4 Cambio en el Sur

Capiacutetulo 18 La frontera occidental 1858ndash1896

Guiacutea de estudio 18-1 El auge de la mineriacutea

Guiacutea de estudio 18-2 Rancheros y agricultores

Guiacutea de estudio 18-3 Luchas de los nativos americanos

Guiacutea de estudio 18-4 Protesta de los agricultores

Capiacutetulo 19 El crecimiento de la industria 1865ndash1914

Guiacutea de estudio 19-1 Los ferrocarriles ensentildean el camino

Guiacutea de estudio 19-2 Inventos

Guiacutea de estudio 19-3 Una era de grandes negocios

Guiacutea de estudio 19-4 Trabajadores industriales

Capiacutetulo 20 Hacia una Ameacuterica urbana 1865ndash1914

Guiacutea de estudio 20-1 Los nuevos inmigrantes

Guiacutea de estudio 20-2 Mudarse a la ciudad

Guiacutea de estudio 20-3 Una cultura cambiante

Capiacutetulo 21 Reformas progresistas 1877ndash1920

Guiacutea de estudio 21-1 El movimiento progresista

Guiacutea de estudio 21-2 Las mujeres y los progresistas

Guiacutea de estudio 21-3 Los presidentes progresistas

Guiacutea de estudio 21-4 Los excluidos de la reforma

Capiacutetulo 22 Expansioacuten extranjera 1865ndash1917

Guiacutea de estudio 22-1 Expansioacuten de horizontes

Guiacutea de estudio 22-2 Imperialismo en el Paciacutefico

Guiacutea de estudio 22-3 Guerra hispana-estadounidense

Guiacutea de estudio 22-4 Poliacuteticas latinoamericanas

Capiacutetulo 23 La Primera Guerra Mundial 1914ndash1919

Guiacutea de estudio 23-1 Guerra en Europa

Guiacutea de estudio 23-2 El camino de Estados Unidos hacia la guerra

Guiacutea de estudio 23-3 Los estadounidenses se unen a los aliados

Guiacutea de estudio 23-4 La guerra en casa

Guiacutea de estudio 23-5 En busca de la paz

Capiacutetulo 24 La eacutepoca del jazz 1919ndash1929

Guiacutea de estudio 24-1 Tiempo de caos

Guiacutea de estudio 24-2 Deseo de normalidad

Guiacutea de estudio 24-3 Un auge de la economiacutea

Guiacutea de estudio 24-4 Los clamorosos antildeos veinte

Capiacutetulo 25 La Depresioacuten y FDR 1929ndash1941

Guiacutea de estudio 25-1 La Gran Depresioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 25-2 El Nuevo Trato de Roosevelt

Guiacutea de estudio 25-3 La vida durante la Depresioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 25-4 Efectos del Nuevo Trato

Capiacutetulo 26 La Segunda Guerra Mundial 1939ndash1945

Guiacutea de estudio 26-1 El camino hacia la guerra

Guiacutea de estudio 26-2 La guerra empieza

Guiacutea de estudio 26-3 En el frente nacional

Guiacutea de estudio 26-4 Guerra en Europa y Aacutefrica

Guiacutea de estudio 26-5 Guerra en el Paciacutefico

Capiacutetulo 27 La Guerra Friacutea 1945ndash1954

Guiacutea de estudio 27-1 Oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea

Guiacutea de estudio 27-2 Poliacutetica de posguerra

Guiacutea de estudio 27-3 La Guerra de Corea

Guiacutea de estudio 27-4 La amenaza roja

Capiacutetulo 28 Estados Unidos en la deacutecada de 1950 1953ndash1960

Guiacutea de estudio 28-1 Eisenhower en la Casa Blanca

Guiacutea de estudio 28-2 Prosperidad en los antildeos cincuenta

Guiacutea de estudio 28-3 Problemas en tiempos de abundancia

Capiacutetulo 29 La era de los derechos civiles 1954ndash1973

Guiacutea de estudio 29-1 El movimiento de los derechos civiles

Guiacutea de estudio 29-2 Kennedy y Johnson

Guiacutea de estudio 29-3 La lucha continuacutea

Guiacutea de estudio 29-4 Otros grupos buscan derechos

Capiacutetulo 30 La era de Vietnam 1960ndash1975

Guiacutea de estudio 30-1 Poliacutetica extranjera de Kennedy

Guiacutea de estudio 30-2 Guerra en Vietnam

Guiacutea de estudio 30-3 Los antildeos de Vietnam en casa

Guiacutea de estudio 30-4 Nixon y Vietnam

Capiacutetulo 31 En busca de estabilidad 1968ndash1981

UnGuiacutea de estudio 31-1 Poliacutetica extranjera de Nixontitled

Guiacutea de estudio 31-2 Nixon y Watergate

Guiacutea de estudio 31-3 La presidencia de Carter

Capiacutetulo 32 Nuevos retos 1981ndashPresente

Guiacutea de estudio 32-1 La presidencia de Reagan

Guiacutea de estudio 32-2 La presidencia de Bush

Guiacutea de estudio 32-3 Un nuevo siglo

Guiacutea de estudio 32-4 La guerra contra el terrorismo

Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition

Objectives Addressed in the Activities

Workbook Overview

Preparing for a Standardized Test

Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order

Activity 2 Interpreting Charts and Tables

Activity 3 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data

Activity 4 Using the Scale of Distance on a Map

Activity 5 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact

Activity 6 Descriptive Writing About a Visual

Activity 7 Comparing and Contrasting

Activity 8 Making Inferences

Activity 9 Drawing Conclusions

Activity 10 Interpreting Diagrams

Activity 11 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships

Activity 12 Outlining Information for Writing

Activity 13 Classifying Facts and Details

Activity 14 Recognizing Point of View

Activity 15 Detecting Bias

Activity 16 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions

Activity 17 Identifying the Main Idea

Activity 18 Predicting Outcomes

Activity 19 Analyzing a Political Cartoon

Activity 20 Analyzing Statistics

Activity 21 Persuasive Writing About an Issue

Activity 22 Interpreting Primary Sources

Activity 23 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda

Activity 24 Forming Hypotheses

Activity 25 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence

Activity 26 Making Decisions

Activity 27 Writing a News Story

Activity 28 Interpreting Graphs

Activity 29 Making Generalizations

Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience

Activity 31 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem

Activity 32 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full available on OS X and Windows in Reader 601

Page Navigator

Exit

385

1845bull Alexander Cartwright

sets rules for baseball


climbs to over30 million

1848bull Revolution in

Austrian Empire

1859bull Darwinrsquos On the

Origin of Speciespublished

1857bull Sepoy Rebellion

begins in India

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 13mdashChapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information

The Oliver Plantation by unknown artist During the mid-1800s plantations in southern Louisiana were entire communities in themselves


Buchanan1857ndash1861

Tyler1841ndash1845

Polk1845ndash1849

Taylor1849ndash1850

Pierce1853ndash1857

Fillmore1850ndash1853

1845bull Beginning of Irish

potato famine

1850 1860

1849bull Thoreau writes

ldquoCivil Disobediencerdquo

Northern

SouthernEconomy amp People

Economy amp People

Step 1 Mark the midpoint of the side edge ofa sheet of paper

Step 2 Turn the paper and fold the outside edgesin to touch at the midpoint

Step 3 Turn and label your foldable as shown

Compare-and-Contrast Study FoldableMake this foldable to help you analyze thesimilarities and differences between thedevelopment of the North and the South

Reading and Writing As you read the chaptercollect and write information under theappropriate tab that will help you compareand contrast the people and economics of theNorthern and Southern states

Draw a markat the midpoint


















Advances

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1830 1840 1850 1860

AJ-386

null

7100109











History

AJ-387

null

15997386

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Baltimore

Washington DC

Richmond

Wilmington

Charleston

SavannahMontgomery

Jackson

Atlanta

Memphis

Vicksburg

New Orleans

Jackson

Chattanooga

Cincinnati

La Crosse

LouisvilleSt Louis

QuincySt Joseph

CairoLynchburg

Pittsburgh

Buffalo

ClevelandToledo

Indianapolis

Chicago

Detroit

Albany

Hamburg

Ohio R

Mis

siss

ippi

R

Missouri

R

PENNSYLVANIA


N E WYORK CENTRAL

Lake Erie

Lak

eM

ichi

gan

Lake OntarioLake

Huron


A t l a n t i c

O c e a n

40degN

30degN

70degW80degW90degW

300 kilometers0

300 miles0


N

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Samuel Morse


History

AJ-389

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Effects

Social Economic

AJ-390

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1580406

391



















Growth ofcities

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1820 1840 1830 1860 1850

AJ-391

null

7204594
















History Through Art

392

AJ-392

null

17888837


















Growth of Cities

AJ-393

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Ireland 35


1820ndash1840

1841ndash1860

All othernations 29


22

Great Britain16

Ireland 39

Germany32

All othernations 13

Annu

al Im

mig

ratio

n (in

thou

sand

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0

100

200

300

1820

400

Year1830 1840 1850 1860













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Cause











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69

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16

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Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1780 1800 1820 1840 1860

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1800 1820


71

32


575516





250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

35degN

Gulf ofMexico

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

ARK

LA

MISSALA

TENNESSEE

GEORGIA

FLA

SC

NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY


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Reviewing Themes


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Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


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Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

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History


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1732

49


2















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AJ-403

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Living UnderSlavery






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Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

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15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit


















Advances

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1830 1840 1850 1860

AJ-386

null

7100109











History

AJ-387

null

15997386

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Baltimore

Washington DC

Richmond

Wilmington

Charleston

SavannahMontgomery

Jackson

Atlanta

Memphis

Vicksburg

New Orleans

Jackson

Chattanooga

Cincinnati

La Crosse

LouisvilleSt Louis

QuincySt Joseph

CairoLynchburg

Pittsburgh

Buffalo

ClevelandToledo

Indianapolis

Chicago

Detroit

Albany

Hamburg

Ohio R

Mis

siss

ippi

R

Missouri

R

PENNSYLVANIA


N E WYORK CENTRAL

Lake Erie

Lak

eM

ichi

gan

Lake OntarioLake

Huron


A t l a n t i c

O c e a n

40degN

30degN

70degW80degW90degW

300 kilometers0

300 miles0


N

S

EW














AJ-388

null

64314












Samuel Morse


History

AJ-389

null

15574161

























Effects

Social Economic

AJ-390

null

1580406

391



















Growth ofcities

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1820 1840 1830 1860 1850

AJ-391

null

7204594
















History Through Art

392

AJ-392

null

17888837


















Growth of Cities

AJ-393

null

21102211

Ireland 35


1820ndash1840

1841ndash1860

All othernations 29


22

Great Britain16

Ireland 39

Germany32

All othernations 13

Annu

al Im

mig

ratio

n (in

thou

sand

s)

0

100

200

300

1820

400

Year1830 1840 1850 1860













AJ-394

null

7591186

















Cause

Cause











AJ-395

null

14868787

396



















1840 1850

1860 1870



59

69

15

16

16

20

26

2118

2353

64

AJ-396

null

122720856

397


















Stem of cotton

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1780 1800 1820 1840 1860

AJ-397

null

7700894






1800 1820


71

32


575516





250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

35degN

Gulf ofMexico

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

ARK

LA

MISSALA

TENNESSEE

GEORGIA

FLA

SC

NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY


250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

ARK

LA

MISS ALA GEORGIA

SC

FLA

TENN NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY





1820 1860

AJ-398

null

6426176















1 2

3


4

grate

hopper

crank

brushes



1

2

cylinder2

3

4Eli Whitney

AJ-399

null

11415314














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit











History

AJ-387

null

15997386

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Baltimore

Washington DC

Richmond

Wilmington

Charleston

SavannahMontgomery

Jackson

Atlanta

Memphis

Vicksburg

New Orleans

Jackson

Chattanooga

Cincinnati

La Crosse

LouisvilleSt Louis

QuincySt Joseph

CairoLynchburg

Pittsburgh

Buffalo

ClevelandToledo

Indianapolis

Chicago

Detroit

Albany

Hamburg

Ohio R

Mis

siss

ippi

R

Missouri

R

PENNSYLVANIA


N E WYORK CENTRAL

Lake Erie

Lak

eM

ichi

gan

Lake OntarioLake

Huron


A t l a n t i c

O c e a n

40degN

30degN

70degW80degW90degW

300 kilometers0

300 miles0


N

S

EW














AJ-388

null

64314












Samuel Morse


History

AJ-389

null

15574161

























Effects

Social Economic

AJ-390

null

1580406

391



















Growth ofcities

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1820 1840 1830 1860 1850

AJ-391

null

7204594
















History Through Art

392

AJ-392

null

17888837


















Growth of Cities

AJ-393

null

21102211

Ireland 35


1820ndash1840

1841ndash1860

All othernations 29


22

Great Britain16

Ireland 39

Germany32

All othernations 13

Annu

al Im

mig

ratio

n (in

thou

sand

s)

0

100

200

300

1820

400

Year1830 1840 1850 1860













AJ-394

null

7591186

















Cause

Cause











AJ-395

null

14868787

396



















1840 1850

1860 1870



59

69

15

16

16

20

26

2118

2353

64

AJ-396

null

122720856

397


















Stem of cotton

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1780 1800 1820 1840 1860

AJ-397

null

7700894






1800 1820


71

32


575516





250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

35degN

Gulf ofMexico

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

ARK

LA

MISSALA

TENNESSEE

GEORGIA

FLA

SC

NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY


250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

ARK

LA

MISS ALA GEORGIA

SC

FLA

TENN NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY





1820 1860

AJ-398

null

6426176















1 2

3


4

grate

hopper

crank

brushes



1

2

cylinder2

3

4Eli Whitney

AJ-399

null

11415314














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Boston

New York City

Philadelphia

Baltimore

Washington DC

Richmond

Wilmington

Charleston

SavannahMontgomery

Jackson

Atlanta

Memphis

Vicksburg

New Orleans

Jackson

Chattanooga

Cincinnati

La Crosse

LouisvilleSt Louis

QuincySt Joseph

CairoLynchburg

Pittsburgh

Buffalo

ClevelandToledo

Indianapolis

Chicago

Detroit

Albany

Hamburg

Ohio R

Mis

siss

ippi

R

Missouri

R

PENNSYLVANIA


N E WYORK CENTRAL

Lake Erie

Lak

eM

ichi

gan

Lake OntarioLake

Huron


A t l a n t i c

O c e a n

40degN

30degN

70degW80degW90degW

300 kilometers0

300 miles0


N

S

EW














AJ-388

null

64314












Samuel Morse


History

AJ-389

null

15574161

























Effects

Social Economic

AJ-390

null

1580406

391



















Growth ofcities

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1820 1840 1830 1860 1850

AJ-391

null

7204594
















History Through Art

392

AJ-392

null

17888837


















Growth of Cities

AJ-393

null

21102211

Ireland 35


1820ndash1840

1841ndash1860

All othernations 29


22

Great Britain16

Ireland 39

Germany32

All othernations 13

Annu

al Im

mig

ratio

n (in

thou

sand

s)

0

100

200

300

1820

400

Year1830 1840 1850 1860













AJ-394

null

7591186

















Cause

Cause











AJ-395

null

14868787

396



















1840 1850

1860 1870



59

69

15

16

16

20

26

2118

2353

64

AJ-396

null

122720856

397


















Stem of cotton

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1780 1800 1820 1840 1860

AJ-397

null

7700894






1800 1820


71

32


575516





250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

35degN

Gulf ofMexico

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

ARK

LA

MISSALA

TENNESSEE

GEORGIA

FLA

SC

NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY


250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

ARK

LA

MISS ALA GEORGIA

SC

FLA

TENN NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY





1820 1860

AJ-398

null

6426176















1 2

3


4

grate

hopper

crank

brushes



1

2

cylinder2

3

4Eli Whitney

AJ-399

null

11415314














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit












Samuel Morse


History

AJ-389

null

15574161

























Effects

Social Economic

AJ-390

null

1580406

391



















Growth ofcities

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1820 1840 1830 1860 1850

AJ-391

null

7204594
















History Through Art

392

AJ-392

null

17888837


















Growth of Cities

AJ-393

null

21102211

Ireland 35


1820ndash1840

1841ndash1860

All othernations 29


22

Great Britain16

Ireland 39

Germany32

All othernations 13

Annu

al Im

mig

ratio

n (in

thou

sand

s)

0

100

200

300

1820

400

Year1830 1840 1850 1860













AJ-394

null

7591186

















Cause

Cause











AJ-395

null

14868787

396



















1840 1850

1860 1870



59

69

15

16

16

20

26

2118

2353

64

AJ-396

null

122720856

397


















Stem of cotton

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1780 1800 1820 1840 1860

AJ-397

null

7700894






1800 1820


71

32


575516





250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

35degN

Gulf ofMexico

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

ARK

LA

MISSALA

TENNESSEE

GEORGIA

FLA

SC

NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY


250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

ARK

LA

MISS ALA GEORGIA

SC

FLA

TENN NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY





1820 1860

AJ-398

null

6426176















1 2

3


4

grate

hopper

crank

brushes



1

2

cylinder2

3

4Eli Whitney

AJ-399

null

11415314














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

























Effects

Social Economic

AJ-390

null

1580406

391



















Growth ofcities

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1820 1840 1830 1860 1850

AJ-391

null

7204594
















History Through Art

392

AJ-392

null

17888837


















Growth of Cities

AJ-393

null

21102211

Ireland 35


1820ndash1840

1841ndash1860

All othernations 29


22

Great Britain16

Ireland 39

Germany32

All othernations 13

Annu

al Im

mig

ratio

n (in

thou

sand

s)

0

100

200

300

1820

400

Year1830 1840 1850 1860













AJ-394

null

7591186

















Cause

Cause











AJ-395

null

14868787

396



















1840 1850

1860 1870



59

69

15

16

16

20

26

2118

2353

64

AJ-396

null

122720856

397


















Stem of cotton

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1780 1800 1820 1840 1860

AJ-397

null

7700894






1800 1820


71

32


575516





250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

35degN

Gulf ofMexico

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

ARK

LA

MISSALA

TENNESSEE

GEORGIA

FLA

SC

NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY


250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

ARK

LA

MISS ALA GEORGIA

SC

FLA

TENN NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY





1820 1860

AJ-398

null

6426176















1 2

3


4

grate

hopper

crank

brushes



1

2

cylinder2

3

4Eli Whitney

AJ-399

null

11415314














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

391



















Growth ofcities

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1820 1840 1830 1860 1850

AJ-391

null

7204594
















History Through Art

392

AJ-392

null

17888837


















Growth of Cities

AJ-393

null

21102211

Ireland 35


1820ndash1840

1841ndash1860

All othernations 29


22

Great Britain16

Ireland 39

Germany32

All othernations 13

Annu

al Im

mig

ratio

n (in

thou

sand

s)

0

100

200

300

1820

400

Year1830 1840 1850 1860













AJ-394

null

7591186

















Cause

Cause











AJ-395

null

14868787

396



















1840 1850

1860 1870



59

69

15

16

16

20

26

2118

2353

64

AJ-396

null

122720856

397


















Stem of cotton

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1780 1800 1820 1840 1860

AJ-397

null

7700894






1800 1820


71

32


575516





250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

35degN

Gulf ofMexico

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

ARK

LA

MISSALA

TENNESSEE

GEORGIA

FLA

SC

NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY


250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

ARK

LA

MISS ALA GEORGIA

SC

FLA

TENN NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY





1820 1860

AJ-398

null

6426176















1 2

3


4

grate

hopper

crank

brushes



1

2

cylinder2

3

4Eli Whitney

AJ-399

null

11415314














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit
















History Through Art

392

AJ-392

null

17888837


















Growth of Cities

AJ-393

null

21102211

Ireland 35


1820ndash1840

1841ndash1860

All othernations 29


22

Great Britain16

Ireland 39

Germany32

All othernations 13

Annu

al Im

mig

ratio

n (in

thou

sand

s)

0

100

200

300

1820

400

Year1830 1840 1850 1860













AJ-394

null

7591186

















Cause

Cause











AJ-395

null

14868787

396



















1840 1850

1860 1870



59

69

15

16

16

20

26

2118

2353

64

AJ-396

null

122720856

397


















Stem of cotton

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1780 1800 1820 1840 1860

AJ-397

null

7700894






1800 1820


71

32


575516





250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

35degN

Gulf ofMexico

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

ARK

LA

MISSALA

TENNESSEE

GEORGIA

FLA

SC

NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY


250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

ARK

LA

MISS ALA GEORGIA

SC

FLA

TENN NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY





1820 1860

AJ-398

null

6426176















1 2

3


4

grate

hopper

crank

brushes



1

2

cylinder2

3

4Eli Whitney

AJ-399

null

11415314














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit


















Growth of Cities

AJ-393

null

21102211

Ireland 35


1820ndash1840

1841ndash1860

All othernations 29


22

Great Britain16

Ireland 39

Germany32

All othernations 13

Annu

al Im

mig

ratio

n (in

thou

sand

s)

0

100

200

300

1820

400

Year1830 1840 1850 1860













AJ-394

null

7591186

















Cause

Cause











AJ-395

null

14868787

396



















1840 1850

1860 1870



59

69

15

16

16

20

26

2118

2353

64

AJ-396

null

122720856

397


















Stem of cotton

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1780 1800 1820 1840 1860

AJ-397

null

7700894






1800 1820


71

32


575516





250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

35degN

Gulf ofMexico

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

ARK

LA

MISSALA

TENNESSEE

GEORGIA

FLA

SC

NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY


250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

ARK

LA

MISS ALA GEORGIA

SC

FLA

TENN NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY





1820 1860

AJ-398

null

6426176















1 2

3


4

grate

hopper

crank

brushes



1

2

cylinder2

3

4Eli Whitney

AJ-399

null

11415314














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Ireland 35


1820ndash1840

1841ndash1860

All othernations 29


22

Great Britain16

Ireland 39

Germany32

All othernations 13

Annu

al Im

mig

ratio

n (in

thou

sand

s)

0

100

200

300

1820

400

Year1830 1840 1850 1860













AJ-394

null

7591186

















Cause

Cause











AJ-395

null

14868787

396



















1840 1850

1860 1870



59

69

15

16

16

20

26

2118

2353

64

AJ-396

null

122720856

397


















Stem of cotton

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1780 1800 1820 1840 1860

AJ-397

null

7700894






1800 1820


71

32


575516





250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

35degN

Gulf ofMexico

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

ARK

LA

MISSALA

TENNESSEE

GEORGIA

FLA

SC

NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY


250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

ARK

LA

MISS ALA GEORGIA

SC

FLA

TENN NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY





1820 1860

AJ-398

null

6426176















1 2

3


4

grate

hopper

crank

brushes



1

2

cylinder2

3

4Eli Whitney

AJ-399

null

11415314














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

















Cause

Cause











AJ-395

null

14868787

396



















1840 1850

1860 1870



59

69

15

16

16

20

26

2118

2353

64

AJ-396

null

122720856

397


















Stem of cotton

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1780 1800 1820 1840 1860

AJ-397

null

7700894






1800 1820


71

32


575516





250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

35degN

Gulf ofMexico

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

ARK

LA

MISSALA

TENNESSEE

GEORGIA

FLA

SC

NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY


250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

ARK

LA

MISS ALA GEORGIA

SC

FLA

TENN NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY





1820 1860

AJ-398

null

6426176















1 2

3


4

grate

hopper

crank

brushes



1

2

cylinder2

3

4Eli Whitney

AJ-399

null

11415314














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

396



















1840 1850

1860 1870



59

69

15

16

16

20

26

2118

2353

64

AJ-396

null

122720856

397


















Stem of cotton

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1780 1800 1820 1840 1860

AJ-397

null

7700894






1800 1820


71

32


575516





250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

35degN

Gulf ofMexico

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

ARK

LA

MISSALA

TENNESSEE

GEORGIA

FLA

SC

NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY


250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

ARK

LA

MISS ALA GEORGIA

SC

FLA

TENN NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY





1820 1860

AJ-398

null

6426176















1 2

3


4

grate

hopper

crank

brushes



1

2

cylinder2

3

4Eli Whitney

AJ-399

null

11415314














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

397


















Stem of cotton

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1780 1800 1820 1840 1860

AJ-397

null

7700894






1800 1820


71

32


575516





250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

35degN

Gulf ofMexico

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

ARK

LA

MISSALA

TENNESSEE

GEORGIA

FLA

SC

NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY


250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

ARK

LA

MISS ALA GEORGIA

SC

FLA

TENN NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY





1820 1860

AJ-398

null

6426176















1 2

3


4

grate

hopper

crank

brushes



1

2

cylinder2

3

4Eli Whitney

AJ-399

null

11415314














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit






1800 1820


71

32


575516





250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

35degN

Gulf ofMexico

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

ARK

LA

MISSALA

TENNESSEE

GEORGIA

FLA

SC

NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY


250 miles0

N

S

EW


30degN

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

Gulf ofMexico

ARK

LA

MISS ALA GEORGIA

SC

FLA

TENN NC

VIRGINIA

KENTUCKY





1820 1860

AJ-398

null

6426176















1 2

3


4

grate

hopper

crank

brushes



1

2

cylinder2

3

4Eli Whitney

AJ-399

null

11415314














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit















1 2

3


4

grate

hopper

crank

brushes



1

2

cylinder2

3

4Eli Whitney

AJ-399

null

11415314














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit














Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals















Agriculture






Reviewing Themes


Critical Thinking



Analyzing Visuals


AJ-400

null

1561596

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

401



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1800 1820 1840 1860


Plow

AJ-401

null

7079212














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit














History


AJ-402

null

15025536



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit



1732

49


2















$







AJ-403

null

18411336






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit






Living UnderSlavery






AJ-404

null

6530668


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit


















405

AJ-405

null

23573636

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

















AJ-406

null

12198947






















Slave codes


HISTORY


AJ-407

null

15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































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HISTORY


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15725687














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit














North and South

Way of Life












Economy

North South

Use of railroads

North South


roads being built









Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit





Test-Taking Tip











HISTORY













98 white 66 white


North South






Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

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