north korea’s external resources and constraints

8/3/2019 North Koreas External Resources and Constraints

1/12

IordnwDgokom|2::6


2/12

GOKXDKXW

Znrx L0 Oqdrqldu nkh Mngrodgokomlg

Lwwtdw

Iordnw Dgokomlg Ngfldqdmdkxw nkh Zrowzdgxw

Z|o Fni-ilc + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + >

Xfd Ern|lke oa Iordn0 Nhhrdwwlke xfd

Gfnccdkedw oa Nelke

@drnch Wgflaa nkh Mtrxnpn W|dh+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 5

Znrx LL0 Alknkglnc Lkwxlxtxlokw nkh Mnridxw

Alknkglnc Nwln Rlwlke0 Nwlnk Wxogi Mnridxw lkxfd Kdu Mlccdkkltm

Inrlm Znirnqnk + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + >4

Iordnw Mokd| Mnridx

Homlkl~td Huor-Argntx + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2>

Lkerdhldkxw aor n Udcc-Atkgxloklke Gnzlxnc

Mnridx

@ofk Btredr#Arnkglw Unrkogi#

Qdroklgn Gnghng Unrkogi + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 7>

Xfd Gnzlxnc Mnridx Gokwoclhnxlok Ngx nkh xfd

Iordnk Alknkglnc Mnridx

Ilm Hoke-funk + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 7

N Unwflkexok Zdrwzdgxlqd

@orhnk Fdlbdr+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1+ Dhunrh M+ Ernfnm# Fou Korxf Iordn Alknkgdw Lxw Lkxdrknxloknc Xrnhd Hdalglx0 Nk Dhtgnxdh Etdww#Iordnw Dgokom| 2::527 &2::5,0 5862# uuu+idln+ore/2-Ztbclgnxlokw/2-2-Dgokom|/Dgokom|2::5/>5+Ernfnm+zha+

2+ Wdd Wxdzfnk Fneenrh nkh Mnrgtw Kocnkh# Korxf Iordnw Dvxdrknc Dgokomlg Rdcnxlokw# Uorilke Znzdr :5-5# Zdxdrwok Lkwxlxtxdaor Lkxdrknxloknc Dgokomlgw# Unwflkexok# H+G+# Ntetwx 2::5# uuu+zdxdrwoklkwxlxtxd+ore/ztbclgnxlokw/uz/uz:5-5+zha# aor hdxnlcwoa wotrgdw nkh mdxfohw twdh xo gokwxrtgx xfd dwxlmnxdw rdzorxdh lk xflw znzdr+

Lkxrohtgxlok

Htrlke xfd >

Xflw znzdr rdzrdwdkxw nk dvxdkwlok oa xfnx dnrcldr

daaorx+ Ud wtmmnrlpd nk daaorx xo gokwxrtgx nk lkxdr-

kncc| gokwlwxdkx bncnkgd oa zn|mdkxw aor Korxf Iordn#

nhozxlke xfd gokqdkxlokw dmbohldh lk xfd Lkxdrknxloknc

Mokdxnr| AtkhwBncnkgd oa Zn|mdkxw Mnktnc&4xf

dh+# >9 nkh Rlgfnrh G+ Znhhogi nkh Bnrbnrn Hdmlgi# K+ Iordnw Eroulke Hrte Xrnhd Wddk lk Boxgfdh Fdrolk Hdclqdr|#Unwflkexok Zowx# 2> Mn| 2::7+ Nk tkknmdh Wdotc-bnwdh T+W+ eoqdrkmdkx oaalglnc dwxlmnxdh nkktnc lkgomd arom mlwwlcd wncdwnx (41: mlcclok lk 2::2# udcc naxdr xfdwd ktmbdrw fnh ncmowx gdrxnlkc| hdgclkdh9 wdd Nkhrdu Unrh# TW Nggtwdw Korxf Iordn oa

Knrgoxlgw Xrnhd#Alknkglnc Xlmdw# 8 Hdgdmbdr 2::29 nkh Bdrxlc Clkxkdr# Erdnx Cdnhdr# Hdnr Cdnhdr0 Hdm|wxla|lke Korxf Iordntkhdr xfd Ilm Rdelmd &Gflnke Mnl# Xfnlcnkh0 Wlciuorm Booiw# 2::4,+ Dwxlmnxdw oa clglx @nznkdwd rdmlxxnkgdw nrd wlmlcnrc| dvne-edrnxdh# ulxf flef dwxlmnxdw rnkelke arom (> blcclok xo (2 blcclok9 wdd @dkkladr Clkh# Enmbclke ulxf Ecobnclwm# Znglalg Rdqldu

8+ Aor dvnmzcd# dqdk xfotef womd wfnrd oa Gflkdwd xrnhd znwwdw xfrotef wxnxd-oukdh dkxdrzrlwdw# mowx oa xfdwd xrnkwngxlokwulxfxfd dvgdzxlok oa olc nkh aooh dvzorxwho kox nzzdnr xo dk`o| wtbwlhldw+ Lk nhhlxlok xo otxrlefx nwwlwxnkgd# womd komlkncc| gom-mdrglnc xrnhd bdxuddk Korxf nkh Wotxf Iordn lw wtbwlhlpdh hlrdgxc| or lkhlrdgxc|+

xlok xo xfd hderdd oa tkgdrxnlkx| wtrrotkhlke dngf oa

xfdwd dwxlmnxdw+

Ud alkh xfnxhdwzlxd xfd gokwxrnlkxw ok xfd gotkxr|

nwwoglnxdh ulxf lxw zoclxlgnc lwocnxlok nkh xfd okwdx oa

xfd ktgcdnr grlwlwxrnhd# xfd gtrrdkx nggotkx hdalglx#

nkh b| lmzclgnxlok gnzlxnc lkacouw fnqd ncc wfoudh

wxdnh| erouxf wlkgd xfd anmlkd oa xfd mlh->


4/12

68 XFD IORDN DGOKOMLG LKWXLXTXD

lk angx fnqd xfd ozzowlxd daadgx# rdhtglke zrdwwtrd aor

dgokomlg rdaorm+

Gtrrdkx Nggotkx Xrnkwngxlokw

Obwdrqdh Eoohw Xrnhd

Korxf Iordnk gommdrglnc xrnhd qoctmdw bdenk ancclke

lk >+1 blcclok

nx xfd dkh oa xfd anmlkd zdrloh lk >


5/12

KORXF IORDNW DGOKOMLG HDQDCOZMDKX NKH DVXDRKNC RDCNXLOKW 64

oxfdr zrohtgdrw+ Ztbclwfdh dwxlmnxdw oa hrte-rdcnxdh

rdqdktdw rnked arom (5> mlcclok xo (> blcclok &., nkkt-

ncc|# nkh dqdk Ernfnm fnpnrhw n etdww oa (4:: mlcclok+

Btx bdgntwd hrte wncdw lkqocqd dvxrnorhlknr| mnritzw

nw okd moqdw houk xfd hlwxrlbtxlok gfnlk# dwxlmnxdw oa

xfd hrte xrnhd nrd dnwlc| lkacnxdh b| gokatwlke ufocd-

wncd ulxf rdxnlc or wxrddx-cdqdc zrlgdw+ Otr gncgtcnxlokwoa dwxlmnxdh ngrdned tkhdr gtcxlqnxlok# xoedxfdr ulxf

clidc| otxztx nkh ufocdwncd zrlgdw# cdnh tw xo bdcldqd

xfnx xfd coudr dwxlmnxdw lk xfd ztbclg homnlk wfotch

lk angx bd xrdnxdh nw nk tzzdr botkh+

Mordoqdr# xfdrd lw gokwlhdrnbcd dqlhdkgd xfnx xfdwd

ktmbdrw fnqd anccdk htrlke xfd 2:::w+ Xfd mowx w|w-

xdmnxlg oqdrqldu oa ztbclg rdzorxw oa hrte wdlptrdw

xfrotef 2::1 wfouw n hrnmnxlg lkgrdnwd lk wdlptrdw

bdelkklke lk xfd mlh->::

blccw+ Xfd lwwtd wtredh xo zromlkdkgd lk 2::4 ulxf n

wdrldw oa grlmlknc gnwdw nkh xfd Xrdnwtr| Hdznrxmdkx

alkhlke xfnx n Mngnt bnki# Bnkgo Hdcxn Nwln &BHN,#

unw n alknkglnc lkwxlxtxlok oa zrlmnr| mokd| cntkhdr-

lke gokgdrk# nk ngxlok xfnx unw xo zcn| n rocd lk xfd

brdnihouk oa xfd wlv-znrx| xnciw lk cnxd 2::4 nkh xfdlr

tcxlmnxd rdqlqnc lk dnrc| 2::5+ Wtbwd~tdkx Xrdnwtr|

Hdznrxmdkx wxnxdmdkxw nggtwdh xfd bnki kox okc| oa

lkxrohtglke gotkxdradlx koxdw btx oa mokd| cntkhdrlke

ok bdfnca oa Korxf Iordnk UMH-clkidh dkxdrzrlwdw+

T+W+ eoqdrkmdkx oaalglncw fnqd dwxlmnxdh xfnx koxdw

uorxf (4: mlcclok fnqd bddk wdlpdh wlkgd >+24 mlcclok zdr |dnr+ Oa gotrwd

wdlptrdw gotch gokwxlxtxd n mtgf coudr wfnrd oa xoxnckoxdw znwwdh# btx lx nzzdnrw xfnx gotkxdradlxlke lw lk

rdxrdnx9 nggorhlke xo Gfdwktx# gtrrdkg| gotkxdradlxlke

lkglhdkxw hrozzdh xo pdro lk 2::1+

Gotkxdradlxlke fnw kox bddk clmlxdh xo gtrrdkg|#

foudqdr9 dqlhdkgd ncwo dvlwxw oa Korxf Iordnk lk-

qocqdmdkx lk gotkxdradlxlke oa glenrdxxdw nkh zfnrmn-

gdtxlgncw# nkh n xobnggo lkhtwxr| erotz zcngdw Korxf

Iordnk rdqdktdw arom gotkxdradlxlke lk xfd rnked oa

(6:>1: mlcclok n |dnr# ulxf n gdkxrnc dwxlmnxd oa

zdrfnzw (>:: mlcclok+

Nw xflw rdqldu wfouw# xfdrd lw dvxrnorhlknrlc| flef

qnrlnxlok lk xfd qnctnxlok oa Korxf Iordnw lcclglx wncdw+

Gommdkxnrldw# foudqdr# ard~tdkxc| mnid rdadrdkgd xo

zrlor zdrlohw or zdni cdqdcw oa xfd elqdk ngxlqlx| nkh

oaxdk ho kox gokwlhdr xfd clidc| daadgx oa xfd gcowdr

wgrtxlk| oa Korxf Iordnw dgokomlg ngxlqlx| nkh otx-

rlefx wnkgxlokw xfnx fnqd oggtrrdh wlkgd xfd okwdx oa

xfd grlwlw lk Ogxobdr 2::2+

Wdrqlgdw Xrnkwngxlokw# Lkgcthlke Xotrlwm

Clxxcd hnxn dvlwx ok clglx wdrqlgdw xrnkwngxlokw+ KorxfIordnk gokwxrtgxlok dkxdrzrlwdw fnqd bddk lkgrdnw-

lkec| ngxlqd lkxdrknxlokncc| lk rdgdkx |dnrw# nkh xfd

1+ Wfddkn Gfdwktx# Lcclglx Ngxlqlx| nkh Zrocladrnxlok0 Korxf Iordnk Wmteeclke Kdxuoriw#Lkxdrknxloknc Wdgtrlx| 72# ko+ > &2::5,0

5+ Hnqlh C+ Nwfdr Xfd Korxf Iordnk Grlmlknc Wxnxd# Lxw Xldw xo Orenklpdh Grlmd nkh Zowwlblclx| oa UMH Zrocladrnxlok# KntxlctwLkwxlxtxd Zoclg| Aortm Okclkd# ko+ :4-4 Koqdmbdr 2::1# uuu+kntxlctw+ore/aor n/wdgtrlx|/:4


6/12


gotkxr| hdrlqdw rdqdktdw arom oqdraclefx rlefxw# btx xfd

btci oa wdrqlgdw rdqdktdw nrd clidc| xo bd hdrlqdh arom

xfd Motkx Itmenke# n xotrlwm zro`dgx tkhdrxnidk nw

n `olkx qdkxtrd ulxf Wotxf Iordn+ Xohn|# Korxf Iordn

rdgdlqdw (52 mlcclok nkktncc| lk rdkx aor Itmenke#

zctw nk nhhlxloknc add zdr qlwlxor xfnx fnw bddk xoxnc-

lke bdxuddk (< nkh (>8 mlcclok n |dnr+ Korxf Iordnhdrlqdw nhhlxloknc bdkdalxw arom foxdc wxn|w nkh wncdw

oa wtkhrldw# nkh# tkxlc xfd ktgcdnr xdwx# xfd zro`dgx ncwo

rdgdlqdh n hlrdgx eoqdrkmdkx wtbwlh|+

Gtrrdkx Xrnkwadrw

Zrlqnxd xrnkwadrw0uoridrw rdmlxxnkgdw+ Uoridrw

rdmlxxnkgdw nrd xrnkwadrw mnhd b| uoridrw xdmzornrlc|

nbronh &xfd d~tlqncdkx xrnkwadrw b| zdrmnkdkx mlernkxw

nzzdnr lk xfd gnzlxnc nggotkx,+ Lk rdgdkx |dnrw Korxf

Iordn fnw wdkx orenklpdh gokxrngx uoridrw xo n qnrldx|

oa gotkxrldw# wxnrxlke ulxf Rtwwln nkh hlqdrwla|lke xolkgcthd Itunlx# nxnr# xfd Tklxdh Nrnb Dmlrnxdw# nkh

Gflkn+ &N hlwxlkgx aorm oa tkrd~tlxdh xrnkwadr orlel-

knxdw arom xfd Iordnk gommtklx| lk @nznk9 xflw ulcc

bd hlwgtwwdh lk xfd gokxdvx oa xfd gnzlxnc nggotkx+,

Xfd mnlk wotrgd oa rdmlxxnkgdw lw Rtwwln# ufdrd# lk

nhhlxlok xo >4#:::2:#::: coeedrw goqdrdh tkhdr

n blcnxdrnc eoqdrkmdkx nerddmdkx# 6#:::>4#:::

gokxrngx cnbordrw nrd lkqocqdh lk ngxlqlxldw wtgf nw

gokwxrtgxlok+ Lk nhhlxlok xo womd gokxrngx uoridrw lk

Gflkn# xfd gotkxr| ncwo fowxw n gommtklx| oa Korxf

Iordnk rdateddw+ Bdgntwd oa wdqdrd gokwxrnlkxw okxfdlr arddhom oa moqdmdkx nkh dmzco|# mnk| oa

xfdwd rdateddw nrd kox dmzco|dh or dnrk cou unedw9

xfd nmotkxw xfnx xfd| nrd xrnkwadrrlke bngi xo Korxf

Iordn nrd wmncc+ N rdwlhdkx dxfklg Iordnk zoztcnxlok

lk Gflkn ncwo mnidw zrlqnxd xrnkwadrw xo Korxf Iordn

nkh lw n gokhtlx aor mokd| orlelknxlke lk Iordnk gom-

mtklxldw otxwlhd Gflkn+ Xflw kok-rdatedd gfnkkdc lw

ncmowx wtrdc| mord lmzorxnkx lk alknkglnc xdrmw xfnk

atkhw dmnknxlke arom xfd rdateddw xfdmwdcqdw+

Ud fnqd dwxlmnxdh nkktnc rdqdktdw arom gokxrngx

cnbor lk Rtwwln ok xfd orhdr oa (>:2: mlcclok+ Okd

wotrgd# ulxfotx wtbwxnkxlnxlok# ztx rdqdktdw arom ncc

wotrgdw &xfnx lw# lkgcthlke xfd Mlhhcd Dnwx nkh oxfdr

gotkxrldw, nx (7:8: mlcclok+6 Xfdwd aletrdw lmzc| xfnx

lk womd gnwdw xfd dnrklkew oa Korxf Iordnkw lkqocqdh

zrlmnrlc| lk cou-wilccdh uori dvgddh cognc zdr gnzlxn

lkgomdw+ Xfdwd wxrlid tw nw rnxfdr neerdwwlqd dwxlmnxdw#

nkh ud wdx xfd tzzdr botkh oa uoridr rdmlxxnkgdw nx

(7: mlcclok+

Oaalglnc xrnkwadrw0 Xfdrd nrd qnrlotw ilkhw oa oaalglnc

xrnkwadrw# lkgcthlke blcnxdrnc nlh arom aordlek eoqdrk-mdkxw# oaalglnc nwwlwxnkgd arom mtcxlcnxdrnc orenklpn-

xlokw# nkh Korxf-Wotxf goozdrnxlok zro`dgxw+

Nlh+ Wlkgd xfd anmlkd oa xfd >


7/12

KORXF IORDNW DGOKOMLG HDQDCOZMDKX NKH DVXDRKNC RDCNXLOKW 65

Foudqdr# xfd clokw wfnrd oa xfd mord xfnk (8 blcclok

zcdhedh xfrotef IDHO unw boxf rnlwdh nkh wzdkx

otxwlhd oa Korxf Iordn aor# aor dvnmzcd# xfd hdwlek

nkh zrogtrdmdkx oa rdngxor gomzokdkxw+ Arom n

bncnkgd-oa-zn|mdkxw zdrwzdgxlqd# xrnkwadrw xo Korxf

Iordn uotch nzzdnr xo gokwlwx okc| oa xfd fdnq| atdc

olc nkh ufnxdqdr atkhw udrd twdh aor wlxd gokwxrtgxlok#lkgcthlke zn|mdkx aor uoridrw nkh wflzzdh gokwxrtg-

xlok mnxdrlncw wtgf nw gdmdkx+ Nggorhlke xo xfd 2::8

IDHO nkktnc rdzorx# xfd orenklpnxlok wzdkx kdnrc|

(8:: mlcclok ok olc bdxuddk >: lk mokxfc| unedw9 (> mlcclok lk nkktnc unedw

uotch nzzdnr xo bd n edkdrotw dwxlmnxd oa ufnx xfd

Korxf Iordnkw udrd rdgdlqlke xfrotef xflw gfnkkdc+

Korxf-Wotxf goozdrnxlok zro`dgxw+ N alknc wotrgd oa

gtrrdkx xrnkwadrw xo Korxf Iordn lw arom Wotxf Iordn+

Xfdwd xrnkwngxlokw nrd homlknxdh b| hlrdgx wtzzorx#

uflgf fnw mowxc| xnidk xfd aorm oa aooh nlh nkh zro-

qlwlok oa adrxlclpdr+ Ncxfotef xflw wtzzorx lw oaalglncc|

alknkgdh b| wo-gnccdh conkw# xfdrd gnk bd clxxcd hotbx

xfnx xfd| nrd lk angx nlh+ Foudqdr# xfd nlh rdcnxlokwflz

ncwo dkgomznwwdw n ktmbdr oa cnred# flefc| qlwlbcd#

nkh w|mboclgncc| wleklalgnkx Korxf-Wotxf goozdrn-

xlok zro`dgxw xfnx oggtz| n ern| nrdn bdxuddk gom-

mdrglnc nkh kokgommdrglnc xrnkwngxlokw+

Lk gokkdgxlok ulxf nerddmdkxw rdngfdh lk >


8/12


Xfd @nznkdwd Mlklwxr| oa Alknkgd rdzorxw (2 ncwo hlwzcn|w flef nkh cou

dwxlmnxdw aormdh b| nzzc|lke xfd dvxrdmd dwxlmnxdw

lk xfd rdqldudh clxdrnxtrd+ Xfd bnkh hdalkdh b| xfd

dvxrdmd dwxlmnxdw aor grdhlxw lw mtgf cnredr xfnk aor

hdblxw0 xfdrd lw gokwlhdrnbcd tkgdrxnlkx| nbotx xfd

mneklxthd oa n ktmbdr oa xfd tkhdrc|lke grdhlx gom-

zokdkxw# lkgcthlke nrmw wncdw# lcclglx ngxlqlxldw# Gflkdwd

nlh# nkh rdmlxxnkgdw+

Xfd xlmd znxxdrkw oa xfdwd neerdenxdw cnredc| xrngi

xfowd oa xfd rdzorxdh mdrgfnkhlwd xrnhd aletrdw+ Gtr-

rdkx nggotkx grdhlxw boxxom otx lk xfd mlh->


9/12

KORXF IORDNW DGOKOMLG HDQDCOZMDKX NKH DVXDRKNC RDCNXLOKW 6+6 zdrgdkx lk xfd xdrmlknc |dnr oa 2::4+ Nw zolkxw oa

gomznrlwok# xfd d~tlqncdkx aletrdw aor Wotxf Iordn#

Gflkn# @nznk# nkh xfd Tklxdh Wxnxdw rnked arom >+:

zdrgdkx &Wotxf Iordn, xo 2+2 zdrgdkx &Gflkn,+ Xfd

hlwgrdznkg| fnw ncwo xnidk boxf zowlxlqd nkh kdenxlqd

qnctdw0 xfd zowlxlqd qnctdw lmzc| xfnx xfd gotkxr| unw

gokwtmlke mord rdwotrgdw xfnk gnk bd nggotkxdh aor

b| xfd dwxlmnxdh xrnkwngxlokw# xfnx lw# xfd mneklxthd oa

lxw gtrrdkx nggotkx hdalglx dvgddhw gnzlxnc lkacouw+

Lk mowx |dnrw xfd bnwdclkd dwxlmnxd oa xfd wxnxlwxlgnchlwgrdznkg| xnidw n kdenxlqd qnctd# lmzc|lke xfnx

Korxf Iordn fnw rdwotrgdw kox nggotkxdh aor+ Xfdrd nrd

n qnrldx| oa zowwlbcd dvzcnknxlokw aor xflw hlwgrdznkg|#

kokd mtxtncc| dvgctwlqd+ Xfd alrwx lw xfnx xfd dnrklkew

edkdrnxdh b| tkgokqdkxloknc ngxlqlxldw nrd dqdk cdww

xfnk otr widzxlgnc bdwx etdwwdw+ N wdgokh dvzcnknxlok

uotch bd xfnx lmzorxw nrd tkhdrgotkxdh+ Lx lw zowwlbcd

xfnx Korxf Iordn lw lmzorxlke udnzokw w|wxdmw xfnx eo

tkrdzorxdh# or xfnx oxfdr lxdmwaor dvnmzcd# ctvtr|

eoohwnrd kox nggotkxdh aor lk dvlwxlke wxnxlwxlgw+

N xflrh zowwlblclx| lw xfnx xfd ntxforlxldw fnqd bddk

nggtmtcnxlke oaalglnc rdwdrqdw+ Ncxfotef xflw lw hla-

algtcx xo bdcldqd aor xfd anmlkd zdrloh# lx lw gdrxnlkc|

zowwlbcd xfnx xfd rdelmd wnu xfd rdwtmzxlok oa xrnhd

nkh lkqdwxmdkx lk xfd dnrc| 2:::w nw nk ozzorxtklx|

xo rdbtlch aordlek dvgfnked fochlkew+

Alkncc|# xfdrd gotch bd tknggotkxdh gnzlxnc otxacouw+

Korxf Iordn lw kox dkenedh lk nk| wtbwxnkxlnc AHL

oa lxw ouk# btx xfdrd lw gdrxnlkc| womd# wtgf nw xfd

dwxnbclwfmdkx oa xrnhlke gomznkldw dkenedh lk cnbor

gokxrngxlke or Korxf Iordnkxfdmdh rdwxntrnkxw+

Mord wleklalgnkxc|# xfd xoz glrgcdw oa xfd Korxf Iordnk

dclxd mn| foch xfd zroqdrblnc Wulww bnki nggotkxw#

ncxfotef xfd gokxroqdrw| oqdr n mdrd (28 mlcclok lk

BHN wteedwxw xfnx wtgf oqdrwdnw lkqdwxmdkxw nrd koxclidc| xo gcowd xfd wxnxlwxlgnc hlwgrdznkg|+

Wflaxlke Znxxdrkw oa Dkenedmdkx

Xfd nknc|wlw xftw anr fnw nhhrdwwdh neerdenxd xrnhd

nkh alknkglnc acouw+ Xo lcctwxrnxd xfd rocd xfnx Wotxf

Iordn nkh Gflkn nrd zcn|lke lk Korxf Iordnw dvxdr-

knc dgokomlg rdcnxlokw#Aletrd 7 xnidw ncc dgokomlg

lkxdrngxlokw ulxf xfd xuo gotkxrldwxrnhd# nlh# nkh

lkqdwxmdkxnkh dvzrdwwdw xfdm nw n atkgxlok oa clglx

mdrgfnkhlwd dvzorxw+ Naxdr ancclke arom xfd xdmzornr|

zdni nx xfd xlmd oa xfd 2::: wtmmlx# xfd wdrldw fnwgokqdredh bngi xo lxw coke-rtk tzunrh xrn`dgxor|+ Xfd

lkhlgnxor aor Gflkn rlwdw anlrc| wxdnhlc| xfrotefotx xfd

wnmzcd zdrloh# arom :+8 lk >+2

>+4

2::42:::>


10/12


11/12

KORXF IORDNW DGOKOMLG HDQDCOZMDKX NKH DVXDRKNC RDCNXLOKW

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north korea’s external resources and constraints

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