Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland

History, Troubles and the History, Troubles and the SolutionSolution

The North Channel coast south of Torr Head, Northern Ireland

I. Geography & I. Geography & PopulationPopulation

AreaArea 14,139 sqkm14,139 sqkm Total amount of populationTotal amount of population 1.64 million1.64 million Capital cityCapital city BelfastBelfast

Ulster Museum in BelfastUlster Museum in Belfast

Queen’s University in Queen’s University in BelfastBelfast

Grand Opera House in Grand Opera House in BelfastBelfast

Geographical featuresGeographical features

TerrainTerrain low hillslow hills central lowlands and Lough Neaghcentral lowlands and Lough Neagh lake district in the south-westlake district in the south-west Lower/Upper Lough ErneLower/Upper Lough Erne the Giant’s Causewaythe Giant’s Causeway

High columns of the Giant's Causeway, Northern Ireland.

“Steps” of hexagonal basalt columns formed by the rapid cooling of lava upon contact with the sea, the Giant's Causeway, Northern Ireland.

People in N.I.People in N.I.

Social livesSocial lives

normality with additional troublesnormality with additional troubles

low murder-ratelow murder-rate

lowest wealth per headlowest wealth per head

large-scale manufacturing industrieslarge-scale manufacturing industries

II. HistoryII. History

Early UlsterEarly Ulster

Celtic Kingdom of UlsterSaint Patrick the 5th century A.D.

Gaelic Irish and Anglo-Normans

Viking Raids from late 8th century

Norman colonies and end of Gaelic Irish state

1169 King Henry II invasion1169 King Henry II invasion

1171 Claimed sovereignty over Ireland1171 Claimed sovereignty over Ireland

1717thth century Ulster Plantation century Ulster Plantation

uprisings and repressionsuprisings and repressions

late 18late 18thth c. ideas of French Revolution c. ideas of French Revolution

to create an “independent to create an “independent religiously tolerant state” religiously tolerant state”

Changes of the name of the U.K.Changes of the name of the U.K.

1801-1921 1801-1921

The United Kingdom of GB and The United Kingdom of GB and IrelandIreland

1921-now 1921-now

The United Kingdom of GB and The United Kingdom of GB and Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland

Efforts to pursue independenceEfforts to pursue independence 1912 the 11912 the 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd Home Rule Bill Home Rule Bill 1914 the 31914 the 3rdrd Home Rule Bill Home Rule Bill 1916 the Easter Rising1916 the Easter Rising 1919 IRA1919 IRA Sinn FeinSinn Fein 1920s Irish Free State1920s Irish Free State

Conflicts in Northern IrelandConflicts in Northern Ireland Religious difference:Religious difference:

Catholics (40%)Catholics (40%) Protestants (60%)Protestants (60%)

Ethnic difference:Ethnic difference: IrishIrish British (English & Scottish British (English & Scottish

descendants)descendants)

Differences between Irish & British Differences between Irish & British

Irish BritishIrish British

Origin Celtic Anglo-Saxon, Origin Celtic Anglo-Saxon, NormanNorman

Religion Catholics Religion Catholics ProtestantsProtestants

Differences between Northern & Differences between Northern & Southern Irish peopleSouthern Irish people

Northerners SouthernersNortherners Southerners

Origin Scottish, English & Irish CelticOrigin Scottish, English & Irish Celtic

Religion Protestants & Catholics Religion Protestants & Catholics CatholicsCatholics

Identity British (& Irish) IrishIdentity British (& Irish) Irish

1921 Partition in Ireland1921 Partition in Ireland

Flag of the Republic of Flag of the Republic of IrelandIreland

Catholics vs Protestants Catholics vs Protestants in 1960sin 1960s

1960s 1960s

Catholics’ Civil Rights MovementCatholics’ Civil Rights Movement

Protestants’ counter demonstrationProtestants’ counter demonstration 1969 1969

the 1st group of British soldiers the 1st group of British soldiers into Northern Irelandinto Northern Ireland

British soldiers vs IrishBritish soldiers vs Irish

Effects of British soldiers’ entry on Effects of British soldiers’ entry on IrishIrish

Division in IRADivision in IRA

Official IRAOfficial IRA

Provisional IRAProvisional IRA Upgrade of British armed forces in Upgrade of British armed forces in

Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland

Catholics vs Protestants Catholics vs Protestants since 1970ssince 1970s

Illegal parliamentary groups by ProtesIllegal parliamentary groups by Protestantstants

Mutual revengesMutual revenges Gettoised regionsGettoised regions Impossibility of integrationImpossibility of integration

Attempts by Irish & British Attempts by Irish & British governmentgovernment

1971 1971 “ “internment” policy adopted by Northern internment” policy adopted by Northern

Irish government Irish government —— mistake—— mistake 1972 1972 “ “Bloody Sunday” Bloody Sunday” 1973 1973 power-sharing mechanism —— collapsepower-sharing mechanism —— collapse direct rule from London direct rule from London

Parliament House at Stormont, east of Belfast, Northern Ireland

Towards a Solution?Towards a Solution? 1980s IRA’s flare-up of hunger protest1980s IRA’s flare-up of hunger protest “ “the Bullet and the Ballot Box”the Bullet and the Ballot Box” The intervention of Southern IrishThe intervention of Southern Irish1.1. Suspicion of Southern Irish government Suspicion of Southern Irish government

by Protestants by Protestants2.2. 1985 agreement between British & 1985 agreement between British &

Southern Irish government Southern Irish government 3.3. ““Ulster says no” by ProtestantsUlster says no” by Protestants4.4. Late 1980s and early 1990s bomb Late 1980s and early 1990s bomb

attacks in Londonattacks in London 1993 the Downing-Street Declaration1993 the Downing-Street Declaration

Good Friday AgreementGood Friday Agreement

power sharing attempts in 1970s & 1980spower sharing attempts in 1970s & 1980s peace talks in Belfast in 1998peace talks in Belfast in 1998 Belfast Agreement (Good Friday Belfast Agreement (Good Friday

Agreement)Agreement) independent entity governed by 3 independent entity governed by 3

jurisdictionsjurisdictions Northern Ireland AssemblyNorthern Ireland Assembly assembly suspended on several occasionsassembly suspended on several occasions (e.g. 14 October 2002 until 7 May 2007 )(e.g. 14 October 2002 until 7 May 2007 )

Statue of ReconciliationStatue of Reconciliation

Questions for Questions for considerationconsideration

Open discussionOpen discussion

Why is Northern Ireland so Why is Northern Ireland so important to U.K.? Can you show its important to U.K.? Can you show its importance in different aspects?importance in different aspects?

Elizabeth II, 1985.