Not all crimes are Not all crimes are the work of a single the work of a single personperson

A successful bank A successful bank robbery for example robbery for example requires careful requires careful planning and co-planning and co-operation among operation among several peopleseveral people

The law divides The law divides blames amongst blames amongst various offenders in various offenders in a single criminal a single criminal casecase

The The perpetratorperpetrator is the person who actually is the person who actually commits the criminal offencecommits the criminal offence

Example:Example: A lone person robbing a bank A lone person robbing a bank holds the holds the gun, collects the cash, gun, collects the cash, and then escapesand then escapes

When more than one person is directly When more than one person is directly involved in committing a crime, they are involved in committing a crime, they are known as known as co-perpetratorsco-perpetrators

Example :Example : Two people rob a bank Two people rob a bank with one holding the with one holding the

gun gun and the other collects and the other collects the cash the cash

Parties to an Parties to an offenceoffence are are people not people not directly involved directly involved in a crime but are in a crime but are considered partly considered partly responsible for itresponsible for it

These people These people somehow somehow assisted the assisted the perpetrator to perpetrator to actually commit actually commit the crime the crime

AidingAidingAidingAiding is a criminal offence that involves is a criminal offence that involves

helping a perpetrator commit a crimehelping a perpetrator commit a crime

The person does not need to be presentThe person does not need to be presentwhen the crime is committedwhen the crime is committed

Example:Example: Pharmacy clerk Lisa gives Pharmacy clerk Lisa gives her boyfriend Bob the key toher boyfriend Bob the key tothe pharmacy so he can use it the pharmacy so he can use it to break into the pharmacy andto break into the pharmacy and

steal prescription drugs steal prescription drugs

AbettingAbetting

Abetting Abetting is the crime of is the crime of encouraging the perpetrator to encouraging the perpetrator to commit an offence without actually commit an offence without actually providing and physical assistanceproviding and physical assistance

Example:Example: Bill assaults Raj in the Bill assaults Raj in the school school parking lot, parking lot, Carlos eggs Bill Carlos eggs Bill on, on, urging him to hit Raj urging him to hit Raj repeatedly repeatedly

CounsellingCounselling

Conselling Conselling is a crime that is a crime that involves advising, recommending, involves advising, recommending, or persuading another person to or persuading another person to commit a criminal offencecommit a criminal offence

Example:Example: Natasha persuades Natasha persuades Melinda to steal Melinda to steal goods from goods from the store where she the store where she works by works by advising her the best way advising her the best way to do itto do it

Accessory after the FactAccessory after the FactAccessory after the fact Accessory after the fact is when a is when a

person knowingly receives, person knowingly receives, comforts, or assists a perpetrator comforts, or assists a perpetrator escaping from the policeescaping from the police

Example:Example: Simon knowingly lets Simon knowingly lets Nirmala stay Nirmala stay at his apartment, at his apartment, and provides her and provides her with food, with food, clothing, and first aid clothing, and first aid after she after she was injured while was injured while escaping escaping security guards after security guards after being being caught shopliftingcaught shoplifting

Party to Common IntentionParty to Common IntentionParty to common intention is the shared responsibility among criminals for any additional offences that are committed in the course of the crime originally intended to commit

Example:Example: Six people hijack an Six people hijack an armoured armoured truck and one of them truck and one of them shoots shoots and and kills the driver, all kills the driver, all six six could be could be charged with murdercharged with murder

AttemptAttemptAttemptAttempt is the intention to is the intention to

commit a crime, even when commit a crime, even when the crime is not completedthe crime is not completed

Does not require Actus Does not require Actus Reas but a guilty act begins Reas but a guilty act begins when preparation turns when preparation turns into an attempted actioninto an attempted action

Mens Rea is established as Mens Rea is established as occurring at the beginning occurring at the beginning of an attemptof an attempt

Example:Example: Trying to set Trying to set off a off a bomb but it fails to bomb but it fails to

explodeexplode

ConspiracyConspiracy ConspiracyConspiracy is an is an

agreement between two agreement between two or more people to carry or more people to carry out an illegal act, even if out an illegal act, even if the crime does not occurthe crime does not occur

Example:Example: You arrange You arrange a large drug a large drug purchase from an purchase from an undercover police undercover police officerofficer

An action does not always have to be An action does not always have to be completed for a crime to occur, there are completed for a crime to occur, there are exceptions to this ruleexceptions to this rule