notable practitioners in the social sciences. carl jung the functions whether we are introverts or...

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Notable Practitioners in the Social Sciences

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Notable Practitioners in the Social Sciences

Carl Jung The functions Whether we are introverts or extroverts, we need to deal with the world, inner and outer. And each of us has our

preferred ways of dealing with it, ways we are comfortable with and good at. Jung suggests there are four basic ways, or functions:

The first is sensing. Sensing means what it says: getting information by means of the senses. A sensing person is good at looking and listening and generally getting to know the world. Jung called this one of the irrational functions, meaning that it involved perception rather than judging of information.

The second is thinking. Thinking means evaluating information or ideas rationally, logically. Jung called this a rational function, meaning that it involves decision making or judging, rather than simple intake of information.

The third is intuiting. Intuiting is a kind of perception that works outside of the usual conscious processes. It is irrational or perceptual, like sensing, but comes from the complex integration of large amounts of information, rather than simple seeing or hearing. Jung said it was like seeing around corners.

The fourth is feeling. Feeling, like thinking, is a matter of evaluating information, this time by weighing one's overall, emotional response. Jung calls it rational, obviously not in the usual sense of the word.

We all have these functions. We just have them in different proportions, you might say. Each of us has a superior function, which we prefer and which is best developed in us, a secondary function, which we are aware of and use in support of our superior function, a tertiary function, which is only slightly less developed but not terribly conscious, and an inferior function, which is poorly developed and so unconscious that we might deny its existence in ourselves.

Most of us develop only one or two of the functions, but our goal should be to develop all four. Once again, Jung sees the transcendence of opposites as the ideal.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

This test is an example of how Jung’s theory has been applied in the business world. Here is an example:

Myers-Briggs Test

Carl Jung's ArchetypesTo further help you in uncovering the meaning of your dreams, Jung noted certain dream symbols that possess the same universal meaning for all men and women. He terms this phenomenon the "collective unconscious". While dreams are personal, your personal experiences often touch on universal themes and symbols. These symbols are believed to occur in every culture throughout history. Jung identifies seven such symbols in what is referred to as the major archetypal characters:

1. The Persona is the image you present to the world in your waking life. It is your public mask. In the dream world, the persona is represented by the Self.  The Self may or may not resemble you physically or may or may not behave as your would. For example, the persona can appear as a scarecrow or a beggar in your dream. However, you still know that this "person" in your dream is you.

2. The Shadow is the rejected and repressed aspects of yourself. It is the part of yourself that you do not want the world to see because it is ugly or unappealing. It symbolizes weakness, fear, or anger. In dreams, this figure is represented by a stalker, murderer, a bully, or pursuer. It can be a frightening figure or even a close friend or relative.  Their appearance often makes you angry or leaves you scared. They force you to confront things that you don't want to see or hear. You must learn to accept the shadow aspect of yourself for its messages are often for your own good, even though it may not be immediately apparent.

3. The Anima / Animus is the female and male aspects of yourself. Everyone possess both feminine and masculine qualities. In dreams, the anima appears as a highly feminized figure, while the animus appears as a hyper masculine form. Or you may dream that you are dressed in women's clothing, if you are male or that you grow a beard, if you are female. These dream imageries appear depending on how well you are able to integrate the feminine and masculine qualities within yourself. They serve as a reminder that you must learn to acknowledge or express your masculine (be more assertive) or feminine side (be more emotional).

4. The Divine Child is your true self in its purest form. It not only symbolizes your innocence, your sense of vulnerability, and your helplessness, but it represents your aspirations and full potential. You are open to all possibilities. In the dreamscape, this figure is represented by a baby or young child. 

5. The Wise Old Man /Woman is the helper in your dreams. Represented by a teacher, father, doctor, priest or some other unknown authority figure, they serve to offer guidance and words of wisdom. They appear in your dream to steer and guide you into the right direction.

6. The Great Mother is the nurturer. The Great Mother appears in your dreams as your own mother, grandmother, or other nurturing figure. She provides you with positive reassurance. Negatively, they may be depicted as a witch or old bag lady in which case they can be associated with seduction, dominance and death. This juxtaposition is rooted in the belief by some experts that the real mother who is the giver of life is also at the same time jealous of our growth away from her.

7. The Trickster, as the name implies, plays jokes to keep you from taking yourself too seriously. The trickster may appear in your dream when you have overreach or misjudge a situation. Or he could find himself in your dream when you are uncertain about a decision or about where you want to go in life.  The trickster often makes you feel uncomfortable or embarrassed, sometimes mocking you or exposing  you to your vulnerabilities. He may take on subtle forms, sometimes even changing its shape.

Archetypal dreams, also refer to as "mythic dreams", "great dreams" or "grand dreams", usually occur at significant times or transitional periods in your life. They often leave you with a sense of awe or that you have learned something important about yourself. Such dreams have a cosmic quality or an element of impossibility if occurred in reality. They are often extremely vivid and stay in your mind long after you had the dream.

B. F. Skinner Operant Conditioning The theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea

that learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individual's response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment. A response produces a consequence such as defining a word, hitting a ball, or solving a math problem. When a particular Stimulus-Response (S-R) pattern is reinforced (rewarded), the individual is conditioned to respond. Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement

Abraham Maslow

All humans have needs in which they try to satisfy. These needs range from basic necessities of life to more complex emotional and spiritual fulfillment. According to Maslow these needs are arranged in hierarchical fashion. When we have satisfied the need at one level of the hierarchy, rather than becoming satisfied overall, we tend to move on and try to satisfy the need at the next level. Very few humans reach the point of ‘self-actualization’.

Marion Woodman The effect of the patriarchal system has

negatively affected women and men and in order for positive change to occur both sexes must free themselves from patriarchal thinking.

Holistic approaches to treating the psyche must accompany traditional scientific methods. Marion Woodman - "The Damage of Patriarchy" on Vimeo

Immanuel Wallerstein Capitalism is the major force

responsible for the proliferation of a nation. Countries that are deeply rooted in the capitalist system are in the ‘core’. They exploit the countries in the ‘periphery’ through imbalanced trade practices. Countries between these two are in the ‘semi-periphery’. Movement between these regions is very slow.

W.E.B. Du Bois He attributed the crime increase after the Civil War to the

"increased complexity of life," competition for jobs in industry (especially with the recent Irish immigrants), and the mass exodus of blacks from the farmland and immigration to cities.

“Naturally then, if men are suddenly transported from one environment to another, the result is lack of harmony with the new conditions; lack of harmony with the new physical surroundings leading to disease and death or modification of physique; lack of harmony with social surroundings leading to crime.”

Dorothy SmithSmith maintains that when women's lives are studied outside of the home, such as in the work place, that such experiences will be evaluated from the male standpoint of that workplace. Thus secretaries and clerical workers will be primarily women, while their bosses will be primarily men. If asked who makes the decisions, and who does the work, most "objective" observers will put most of the weight on the male actors, because the experience is being evaluated from male categories. But if the experience is being evaluated from within the woman's framework, an entirely different picture is likely to emerge. A friend of mine--Marylee Reimer--conducted a study in which she sat beside women secretaries in a variety of workplaces. She observed andclarified the tasks of these women, and concluded that no office in her study could survive without the skills and the numerous decisions that women make every hour. That while men getthe credit, the women do an extraordinary amount of work, and if there was any justice in the world, they would be earning as much if not more than their bosses.

If we move to the home sphere, the experiences of women are basically not understood or valued at all in our society. The routines of the woman at home are loose and episodic. One responds to events such as baby crying when the need is there. There is little that is linear aboutthe work at home unlike the routines of the office or the factory. Because the work at home does not conform to male norms, it is assumed that therefore that work is not actually being done.Thus the language describing the woman who stays home to do child care, house management, and husband nurturing, is that she is "not working." This is the ultimate devaluation of women's experience.