note for the teacher regarding lab...
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NOTE FOR THE TEACHER REGARDING LAB ACTIVITY :
1. The science teachers to make sure that the following experiments/activities listed classwise
are to be done in the Composite Science Labs which are required to be established in every
school. Following lab apparatus are to be procured for every lab :
Test tubes, Beakers, Funnels, Bunsen Burner, Conical Flasks, Separating Funnels, Test
Tube Holders, Boiling Tubs, Filter Papers, Glass Rods, Spatula, Wire Gauge, Round Bottom
Flasks, China Dish, Glass Slides, Metallic Bob, Iron Stand, Dropper, Litmus Paper, Petri
Dish, Watch Glass, Bar Magnet Iron, Mirror Strip, Drawing Board, Microscope, 2-D type 1.5
v. Cells, Cell Holder, Plug key/Switch, Nichrome Wire, Permanent slides of Bacteria,
Spirogyra, Rizopus, Pair of Tongs, Magnesium Ribbon, Cover slip, forceps, Blade, Brush,
Blotting Paper, thermometers : Laboratory and Clinical, Magnetic Compass, Magnets : Bar,
circular, Cylindrical, Spring Balance, Tuning Fork, Mirrors : Plane, Convex, Concave, Lenses
: concave, Convex, A magnifying lens
2. Following Solutions and Chemicals are to be in every Composite Lab :
Iodine Solution, Copper Sulphate Solution, Sulphar Water, Dilute Hhydrochloric Acid,
Phenolphthalein, Acetic Acid, Sodium Hydroxide Solution, Litmus Solution, Glycerin,
Safranine, NaOH, Lime Water, Vinegar, Distilled Water, Zinc Granules, Methylene Blue
Stain, Iron Fillings, Ethyl alcohol, Starch powder, pH paper.
3. Charts :
(i) Human Digestive System (ii) Human Circulatory system (iii) Human Excretory System (iv) Human Respiratory System (v) Human Endocrine System (vi) Vitamins and Minerals Deficiencies Chart
4. In the separate practical record file/copy to be maintained wherein, the experiments to be recorded under the following heads : (i) Aim (ii) Apparatus and Materials Used (iii) Procedure (iv) Observations (v) Questions given with the experiments
3. From the session 2019-20, the marks distribution for the various terms would be as follows :
TERM-I
Periodical 10 Marks
100 Marks
Subject Enrichment activity 5 Marks Note Book 5 Marks
Practical 10 Marks (2 marks for practical record & 8 marks for practical performed & inference drawn)
Half Yearly Theory 70 Marks (60 marks + 10 marks of practical based questions)
TERM-II
Periodical 10 Marks
100 Marks
Subject Enrichment activity 5 Marks Note Book 5 Marks
Practical 10 Marks (2 marks for practical record & 8 marks for practical performed & inference drawn)
Half Yearly Theory 70 Marks (60 marks + 10 marks of practical based questions)
4. The practicals of Term-I & II are clearly indicated in the table given below :
CLASS-VIII EXPERIMENT NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT/ACTIVITY
Number 1. To observe various microorganisms using permanent slides.
TERM-I
Number 2. To observe and understand the reaction of metals and oxygen. Number 3. To observe and study a displacement reaction in solution. Number 4. To observe and understand the reaction between metals and acids.
Number 5. To prepare a temporary stained mount of plant cell and observe it under a microscope.
Number 6. To prepare a temporary stained mount of an animal cell and observe it under a microscope.
Number 7. To observe asexual reproduction in Amoeba by binary fission using a permanent slide.
Number 8. To observe budding in Hydra using a permanent slide.
TERM-II
Number 9. To understand how pressure exerted by liquids varies with depth.
Number 10. To observe and understand that liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth.
Number 11. To test the conductivity of various samples of liquids using a simple electric circuit.
Number 12. To study how nature of surface affects friction. Number 13. To verify the laws of reflection.
Number 14. To find the number of images when two mirrors are kept inclined at different angles.
ACTIVITY – 1 : TO OBSERVE VARIOUS MICROORGANISMS USING PERMANENT SLIDES.
Q 1. Draw the following on the basis of your observation-
(a) The different shapes of bacteria
Q 2. Out of the microbes that you observed which one has chloroplast?
Q 3. Most bacteria can be seen in three common shapes, i.e.- _____________________ and _________________.
Q 4. Identify the microbe in the following statements :
(a) Aquatic green coloured plants __________________________________
(b) Surrounded by a cell wall _____________________________________
(c) A large vacuole is present _____________________________________
(d) Can be in different shapes like spiral rod shapped etc. ______________________
Q 5. Look at the labeled diagram of Rhizous given below and answer the question that follow :
(a) In fungi the spores are present in globular
structures called ___________________________
(b) Which part of Rhizopus helps in absorbing
soluble form of food from the medium in which it
grows?
(c) Which part of Rhizopus (fungi) helps it to
spread on the medium on which it grows?
Q 6. Fungi reproduce sexually by shore formation.
What do you think is the advantage of
producing spores?
Q 7. Name any other organism that reproduces by
spore formation.
Q 8. List any two uses of bacteria and fungi.
Q 9. Ramesh left a wet place of bread in the kitchen overnight. Next day he observed a green coloured
growth on the bread place. His father told him that this is the fungal growth.
Ramesh argued that fungi are microscopic organisms and not visible to naked eyes. What
possible explanation can you give for this?
ACTIVITY – 2 :TO OBSERVE AND UNDERSTAND THE REACTION OF METALS AND OXYGEN.
Q 1. What changes do you observe when magnesium ribbon is burnt?
Q 2. Write the chemical equation involved and name the product formed when magnesium is
completely burnt.
Q 3. Is it a chemical or physical change? Justify.
Q 4. (a) What happens when distilled water is added to the ash formed?
(b) Write the change as a chemical equation.
Q 5. What happens when a strip of red litmus paper is dipped into the solution formed in the above
reaction?
Q 6. What is the nature of the solution formed? (Acidic/basic)
Q 7. A metal ‘x’ with valency one reacts with oxygen to form ‘y’ with formula _______________ ‘y’ when
dissolved in water forms a ________________ which turns _____________________ litmus __________________.
Q 8. Complete the following chemical equations :
(a) Element + O2 _________________________
(b) Na+O2 _________________________
(c) Fe + O2 _________________________
Q 9. Which of the following oxides when dissolved in water will turn red litmus blue?
(a) Zinc oxide
(b) Carbon Dioxide
(c) Nitrogen Dioxide
(d) Barium Oxide
(e) Sulphur Dioxide
(f) Sodium Oxide
Q 10. Metals like gold, silver and platinum retain their shine (Lustre) for longer time. Why?
Q 11. When pieces of iron are kept exposed to humid air they turn to brown flakes. Why?
Q 12. Why sodium/Potassium are kept stored under kerosene oil?
ACTIVITY – 3 : TO OBSERVE AND STUDY A DISPLACEMENT REACTION IN SOLUTION.
Q 1. What changes do you observe when you put iron nail in copper sulphate solution and keep it for
some time?
Q 2. Give reasons for the changes observed :
Q 3. Complete the labeling in the following figure :
Q 4. Classify the above changes as a physical or a chemical change with giving reason.
Q 5. Write the change involved in the form of an equation.
Q 6. The above reaction is an example of __________________ reaction.
Q 7. A __________________ reaction metal can displace a _______________ reactive metal form its salt solution.
Q 8. What will happen if we put iron in magnesium sulphate solution? Why?
Q 9. Complete the following chemical equations :
Zn+CuSo4 _________________________
Mg + CuSo4 _________________________
Q 10. Why do silver and Gold occur in native state in the earth’s crust?
Q 11. Why is it not advisable to store copper sulphate solution in a zinc container?
Q 12. Arrange copper iron silver and magnesium in order of increasing reactivity after studying the
following equations. Give reasons :
(a) Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
(b) Mg + FeSO4 MgSO4 + Fe
(c) Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
ACTIVITY – 4 :TO OBSERVE AND UNDERSTAND THE REACTION BETWEEN METALS AND ACIDS.
Q 1. What changes do you observe when zinc comes in contact with dilute hydrochloric acid?
Q 2. Give reasons for the observations :
During the above experiment, the evolved gas catches fire but burning matchstick extinguisher.
Give reasons.
Q 3. Write the chemical equation in correspondence to the observations.
Q 4. What suitable name could be given to this type of reaction?
Q 5. Write the chemical equation for the following :
(a) Na + HCL _________________________
(b) Mg + H2SO4 _________________________
(c) Al+ HCL _________________________
(d) Zn + H2SO4 _________________________
Q 6. Rani gold ring fell in to solution of dilute hydrochloric acid, but it remained unaffected. Why?
Q 7. A solution of dilute hydrochloric acid can be safety stired with a copper spoon but not with an
iron spoon. Why?
ACTIVITY – 5 : TO PREPARE A TEMPORARY STAINED MOUNT OF PLANT CELL AND OBSERVE IT UNDER A MICROSCOPE.
Q 1. Draw a neat and labeled diagram of your observation :
Q 2. What is the shape of onion peel cells and what gives definite shape to the plants cells?
Q 3. Which part of the peel is stained with safranine?
Q 4. Name the scientist who discovered the cell.
Q 5. ____________________ is the discovered feature of the plant cell.
Q 6. A major portion in the plant cell occupied by the ________________________
Q 7. In a plant cell where is the nucleus located?
Q 8. Why are the cell organelles other than the nucleus not visible under an ordinary microscope?
Q 9. In a mature plant cell the nucleus and other cell organelles are displaced at the periphery. Why?
ACTIVITY – 6 :TO PREPARE A TEMPORARY STAINED MOUNT OF AN ANIMAL CELL AND OBSERVE IT UNDER A MICROSCOPE.
Q 1. Draw a neat and labeled diagram of human cheek cell.
Q 2. ____________ is the outer most membrane in an animal cell.
Q 3. Unlike plant cell an animal cell does not contain __________________ and ___________________
Q 4. What is the function of glycerine?
Q 5. Who do we use methylene blue in the preparation of a slide?
Q 6.
(a) ____________________ is the structural and functional unit of life.
(b) Name the largest and the smallest cell in the living world.
Q 7. Identify the cells where the following organelles are present.
Organelle Plant Cell Animal Cell
Cell wall
Vacuoles
Chloroplast
Centrosome
ACTIVITY – 7 : TO OBSERVE ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN AMOEBA BY BINARY FISSION USING A PERMANENT SLIDE.
Q 1. Draw a neat labeled diagram of all the stages you observed :
Q 2. Read the following statements carefully an arrange them in appropriate sequence and rewrite :
(a) The nucleus begins to divide
(b) The constriction continues to divide the cytoplasm further.
(c) The daughter amoebae separate.
(d) The nucleus has divided and cytoplasm start to constrict.
Q 3. What change is observed in the shape of the nucleus?
Q 4. How many nuclei are formed after its division?
Q 5. What divides first nucleus or cytoplasm?
Q 6. How many daughter amoebae are formed after the division?
Q 7. The division of nucleus is :
(a) Longitudinal (b) Transversal
(c) In any plane (d) None of the above
Q 8. What happens to the parent amoeba after the division?
Q 9. Amoeba is said to immortal. Why?
Q 10. Name any other unicellular organism which can reproduce by binary fission.
ACTIVITY – 8 :TO OBSERVE BUDDING IN HYDRA USING A PERMANENT SLIDE.
Q 1. Draw a neat labeled diagram to show budding in hydra.
Q 2. Name the structure observed on the outer surface of the parent hydra.
Q 3. What happens to this structure when it is fully mature?
Q 4. What happens to the parent hydra after reproduction?
Q 5. The mode of reproduction as seen in the hydra is called asexual because :
(a) Only one parent hydra is capable of reproduction.
(b) No gamete formation is involved in the process.
(c) The daughter hydra is identical to the parent.
(d) All of the above.
Q 6. Name any other organism which can reproduce by budding.
Q 7. How can we differentiate between binary fission in amoeba and budding in hydra?
ACTIVITY – 9 :TO UNDERSTAND HOW PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS VARIES WITH DEPTH.
Q 1. Through which hole does the water spurt out with maximum pressure?
Q 2. Through which hole does the water spurt out with minimum pressure?
Q 3. Complete the diagram to show how the water will flow out from each hole:
Q 4. What do you conclude about the variation of liquid pressure with depth?
Q 5. Explain why deep sea divers wear a special suit at great depths.
Q 6. Wall of dam is much thicker at the bottom at the top. Give reasons.
Q 7. The water supply tank is placed much higher on the terrace at Rohan’s house than the Ravi
house. Will this in any way affect the water supply in Ravi house? Explain.
ACTIVITY – 10 : TO OBSERVE AND UNDERSTAND THAT LIQUIDS EXERT EQUAL PRESSURE AT THE SAME DEPTH.
Q 1. Do the different streams of water coming out of the holes fall at the distance from the bottle?
Q 2. What does this indicate about the pressure in liquids at the same depth?
Q 3. The contain below is completely filled with water.
(a) Draw arrows on the diagram to show the direction in which the water applies pressure to the
walls of the container.
(b) Is it possible to squash the container while it is while it is filled with water? Why.
Q 4. When measuring blood pressure the inflatable cuff of the sphygmomanometer should be at the
same level with the heart. Why?
ACTIVITY – 11 : TO TEST THE CONDUCTIVITY OF VARIOUS SAMPLES OF LIQUIDS USING A SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT.
Q 1. Liquids that allow electric current to pass through them are called __________________________
Q 2. Liquids that do not allow electric current to pass through them are called ______________________
Q 3. Why is better to make the tester using an LED rather that using a bulb?
Q 4. Complete the following table :
S. No. Liquid Used Bulb glows/Bulb does not glow Conductor/Insulator
1. Lemon Juice
2. Vinegar
3. Tap water
4. Distilled water
5. Vegetable oil
6. Milk
7. Honey
8. Petrol
Q 5. Most liquids that conduct electricity are solution of _____________________ and _____________________.
Q 6. We should not handle electrical appliance with wet hands or while standing on a wet floor. Why?
Q 7. Solution of which of the following will conduct electricity :
(a) Sodium chloride (b) Sugar (c) Sodium hydroxide
Q 8. Krishna inserted the free ends of the tester into an orange and found that the LED glows. What
enables it to conduct electricity?
ACTIVITY – 12 : TO STUDY HOW NATURE OF SURFACE AFFECTS FRICTION
Q 1. When did the ball roll faster and for a longer distance?
Q 2. What is the difference between surface covered with sand and a plain surface?
Q 3. What kind of force is friction?
Q 4. Why does a rough surface increase friction?
Q 5. Give two advantages of friction.
Q 6. Why do we slip on a wet floor?
ACTIVITY – 13 : TO VERIFY THE LAWS OF REFLECTION.
Q 1. Observe carefully the pins of the mirror.
S. No. Angle of
incidence Angle of
Reflection
1. 300
2. 400
3. 450
4. 600
Q 2. What do you conclude from the table?
Q 3. State the laws of reflection of light.
Q 4. Consider the diagram given on the right :
(a) Which one of the angles (A, B, C or D) is the angle of incidence?
(b) Which one of the angles is the angle of reflection?
Q 5. Using the key words given, label the figure given below :
Q 6. A ray of light incident towards a place mirror at an angle of 30 degrees with the mirror surface.
What will be the angle of reflection?
Q 7. When a ray of light is incident normally the angle of incidence is :
(a) 00 (b) 300 (c) 450 (d) 900
Q 8. You might have observed the image of the sun in the windows of distant buildings near the time
that the sun is rising or setting. However the image of the sun is not seen in the windows of
distant building during midday. Use the diagram below to explain drawing appropriate light
rays on the diagram.
ACTIVITY – 14 :TO FIND THE NUMBER OF IMAGES WHEN TWO MIRRORS ARE KEPT INCLINED AT DIFFERENT ANGLES.
Q 1. Complete the table given below :
S. No. Angle of incidence Angle of Reflection
1. 450
2. 600
3. 900
4. 1200
5. 1800
Q 2. As the angle between the mirror ___________________________ the number of images ____________________
(increases/decreases)
Q 3. Observe the number of images formed in the given picture and calculate the angle between the
two mirrors.
Q 4. Write the correct formula for the number of images formed :
Q 5. In a Kaleidoscope the mirrors make an angle of ___________________________________ with each other.
Q 6. Why are multiple images formed when two plane mirrors are placed parallel to each other?