note notes online mini-quizzes what is a trait of personality? a “unit” of measurement allport...
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Note
• Notes online
• Mini-Quizzes
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What is a trait of personality?
• A “unit” of measurement
• Allport presents 8 Criteria that define a personality trait
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Traits
• 1) A trait has more than nominal existence
• Traits are real!
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Traits
• 2) A trait is more generalized than a behavior
lie steal
cheat
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Traits
• 2) A trait is more generalized than a behavior
lie steal
cheatHonesty
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Traits
• 2) A trait is more generalized than a behavior
– There are systems of behaviors
– Traits my embrace anywhere between 2 to hundreds of behaviors
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Traits
• 3) A trait is dynamic
• A trait CAUSES behavior, it is not just a summary of behavior
lie steal
cheatHonesty
YES!
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Traits
• 3) A trait is dynamic
• A trait CAUSES behavior, it is not just a summary of behavior
lie steal
cheatHonesty
NO!
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Traits
• 4) The existence of a trait my be established empirically or statistically
• Statistical techniques can be used to examine coherence among behaviors
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Traits
• 5) Traits are only relatively independent of each other
• It will be difficult to isolate “fundamental” traits that are completely independent of each other
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Traits
• 6) A trait of personality, psychologically considered, is not the same as a moral quality.
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Traits
• 7) Acts, and even habits, that are inconsistent with a trait are not proof of the non-existence of the trait
• Not realistic to expect perfect consistency– Some traits not important in some people– Traits interact with each other within a person– Context also determines behavior
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Traits
• 8) A trait may be viewed either in the light of the personality which contains it, or in the light of its distribution in the population at large.
• Some traits are unique and some are universal
• Can examine either– Universal traits across people– Unique blends of traits within a person
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Using Traits to Understand Behavior
• Different approaches:
• The Single-Trait Approach
• The Many-Trait Approach
• The Essential-Trait Approach
• The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
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The Single Trait Approach
• An in-depth research program of a single trait
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Questionnaire
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Add score
• Reverse key• 2,4,6,8,10,12,14
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Authoritarianism
• Historical context– Nazi Germany
• Philosophical roots– Fromm
• To avoid choices people turn their will over to external authorities
• “I am just following orders”
• In the 1930s created the “F – Scale”
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Authoritarianism
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Authoritarianism
Conventionalism
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Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
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Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
Authoritarian aggression
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Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
Authoritarian aggression
Anti – ‘intraception”
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Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
Authoritarian aggression
Anti – ‘intraception”
Superstition
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Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
Power and toughness
Authoritarian aggression
Anti – ‘intraception”
Superstition
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Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
Destructiveness and cynicism
Power and toughness
Authoritarian aggression
Anti – ‘intraception”
Superstition
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Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
Projectivity
Destructiveness and cynicism
Power and toughness
Authoritarian aggression
Anti – ‘intraception”
Superstition
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Authoritarianism
Conventionalism Authoritarian submission
Sexual repression
Projectivity
Destructiveness and cynicism
Power and toughness
Authoritarian aggression
Anti – ‘intraception”
Superstition
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Authoritarianism
• Note how this trait ties together many diverse behaviors
• Also note how it can explain inconsistencies in behavior– A person VERY respectful to a superior may
be cruel to those who rank lower
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Authoritarianism
• Over 4,000 articles on this trait!
• Findings:• No relation between authoritarianism and
political party (note: communism findings)
• Note: not conservatism, but pseudoconservatism– e.g., taxes abolished, no trials, etc.
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Authoritarianism
Findings:
• Society is in turmoil, authoritarians more likely to support “strong” political candidates
• When standard of living declines authoritarians more likely to favor restrictions of welfare and bans on abortion
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Authoritarianism
Roots:
• Child-rearing practices– Regularly and severely punished– Learn to fear, obey, and be unquestioning of authority
• Genetic– Biological siblings = .35– Adopted siblings = .05
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Questionnaire
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Say
• “I am going out now, I won’t be back all day. If anyone comes by, just tell them I’m not here”
• Happy
• Sad
• Mad
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Self-Monitoring
• How much do “monitor” your social setting and alter your behaviors accordingly
• High SM – Monitor every situation– Look for cues how to act, alter behavior
• Low SM– Consistent behavior regardless of situation
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Self-Monitoring
• Findings:
• Actors tend to be high self-monitors– Mental patients tend to be low
• High SM interview better for jobs• High SM more likely to lie to go on dates• Jokes with a laugh track• Masturbate more often (r = .50; only for women)
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The Many-Trait Approach
• Examine many traits simultaneously to determine what type of person tends to perform certain behaviors
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The Many-Trait Approach
• Commonly use the California Q-Sort– Forces you to compare traits to each other
• Rank order• Healthy• Wealthy• Wise
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Findings of the Many-Trait Approach
• 64 undergraduates completed the SM scale
• Friends and family q-sorted the subjects
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Self-Monitoring
• High SM
• Skilled in social techniques• Talkative• Self-dramatizing• Initiates humor• Verbally fluent• Expressive in face• Has social poise and presence
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Self-Monitoring
• Low Self Monitors
• Distrustful• Perfectionist• Touchy and irritable• Anxious• Introspective• Independent
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Findings of the Many-Trait Approach
• Drug use and adolescent health– Shedler & Block, 1990
• 101 subjects
• Age 11 – parents completed a q-sort
• Age 18 – Drug usage measured– Abstainers, experimenters, frequent users
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Abst. Exp. Freq.
1. Prefers nonverbal methods of communication. 4.6 4.5 5.1*
3. Is warm and responsive. 5.3** 6.2 5.2**
6. Is helpful and cooperative. 7 7.2 6.5**
8. Tends to keep thoughts, feelings, or products to self.
5.6* 4.7 5.3
13. Characteristically pushes and tries to stretch limits.
3.0* 3.6 4.2
14. Is eager to please. 6 6.1 5.3**
21. Tries to be the center of attention. 3.1** 3.8 3.9
23. Is fearful and anxious. 4.5*** 3.3 4
25. Uses and responds to reason. 7.3** 6.6 6.5
26. Is physically active. 5.2** 5.9 5.7
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Abst. Exp. Freq.
27. Is visibly deviant from peers in physical appearance.
3.3 3 3.7**
28. Is vital, energetic, lively. 4.9** 5.9 5.2
30. Tends to arouse liking and acceptance in adults. 6.1 6.5 5.9*
34. Is restless and fidgety. 3.7*** 4.6 5.1
35. Is inhibited and constricted. 5.1** 3.9 4.4
37. Likes to compete; tests and compares self with others.
4.1** 4.5 4.6
39. Becomes rigidly repetitive or immobilized under stress.
4.2* 3.5 4.2*
40. Is curious, eager to learn, open to new experiences.
5.4*** 6.4 5.7*
41. Is persistent in activities; does not give up easily. 5.9 5.6 5.1*
42. Is an interesting, arresting child. 5.1** 5.8 5.1*
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Abst. Exp. Freq.
45. Tends to withdraw and disengage when under stress.
5.0* 4.2 5.2**
47. Has high standards of performance for self. 6.1 5.9 5.1**
52. Is physically cautious. 5.1*** 4 4.5
54. Has rapid shifts in mood; is emotionally labile. 3.5 3.4 4.2**
59. Is neat and orderly in dress and behavior. 6.5*** 5.5 5.2
60. Becomes anxious in unpredictable environment. 4.9** 4 4.8*
62. Is obedient and compliant. 6.5* 5.8 5.6
63. Has a rapid personal tempo; reacts and moves quickly.
4.2** 5 4.6
64. Is calm and relaxed, easy-going. 5.0* 5.6 5.2
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The Many-Trait Approach
• Note: What this study is not saying– To interpret the meaning of these traits need
to also interpret the context of the study
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• How many adjectives can you use to describe a person?
• Try it!
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The Essential-Trait Approach
• Odbert and Allport found over 4,500 adjectives that describe personality traits– 17,953 adjectives overall (but some were not traits)
• Are all of these really independent of each other?
• Essential Approach tries to find how many and which traits are essential
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The Big Five:History
• Allport and Odbert (1936)– 17,953 trait terms
• Cattell (1943)– Factor analysis finds 35
clusters
• Fiske (1949)– Factor analysis results in 5
factors
• Tupes & Christal (1961)– Replicate Fiske
• Norman (1963) replicates Tupes & Christal, and writes a review about these “big five” traits– Surgency (extraversion)– Agreeableness– Conscientiousness– Emotional stability– Culture
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Essential Trait
• Big-Five Inventory
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E1, 11, 16, 26, 36 R 6, 21, 31
A7, 17, 22, 32, 42 R 2,12, 27, 37
C3, 13, 28, 33, 38 R 8, 18, 23, 43
N4, 14, 19, 29, 39 R 9, 24, 34
O5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 44 R 35, 41
R1 = 52 = 43 = 34 = 25 = 1
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Agreeableness
Trust
Straightforwardness
Altruism
Compliance
Modesty
Tender-mindedness
Obi-Wan Kenobi -- This loyal, kind, and honorable young Jedi is a good man.
Emperor Palpatine -- An evil, power hungry tyrant, he is manipulative, evil, and ruthless.
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Extraversion
Warmth
Gregariousness
Assertiveness
Activity
Excitement seeking
Positive emotions
Lando Calrissian -- An energetic, sociable man. He is adventure seeking, talkative, and socially skilled.
Wampas -- reclusive creatures of the ice planet Hoth. They are rarely seen & generally shy, leading a solitary existence
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Conscientiousness
Competence
Order
Dutifulness
Achievement striving
Self-discipline
Deliberation
Admiral Ackbar -- This rebel Admiral is renowned for his great powers of organization, responsibility, and administrative abilities. He is individual who can be relied upon.
Han Solo -- This disheveled and scruffy smuggler leads a reckless and haphazard life, with little respect for rules and procedures.
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Neuroticism
Anxiety
Angry hostility
Depression
Self-consciousness
Impulsiveness
Vulnerability
Princess Leia -- A confident & calm individual who does not crack under pressure (e.g.,. when being threatened by Lord Vader). She is brave and relaxed, even when in great danger (e.g., when disguising herself as a bounty hunter to gain access to Jabba the Hutt’s palace).
Tusken warriors -- These inhabitants of Tatooine are unpredictable, temperamental, and excitable, and known to be especially moody.
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Openness to Experience
Fantasy
Aesthetics
Feelings
Actions
Ideas
Values
Yoda -- This wise, philosophical, and thoughtful Jedi master challenges the establishment, encouraging his pupils to unlearn what they have learned and see the world in novel, creative ways.
C-3PO -- This droid versed in political protocol of thousands of cultures is governed by rules and prefers not to meddle with the ways and traditions of his hosts.
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The Big Five
• Also known as the Five-Factor Model
• Extraversion• Agreeableness• Conscientiousness• Neuroticism• Openness to Experience
• OCEAN
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Example
• Preadolscent girls and risk behavior– Markey, Markey, and Tinsley 2003
• Subjects were 160 girls– 5th grade mothers completed BFI and girls
pubertal development was assessed– 6th grade girls reported engagement in risky
behaviors• e.g., smoking, drinking, deep kissing, etc.
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Results
Puberty .29
Extraversion .10
Agreeableness -.38
Conscientiousness -.42
Neuroticism .03
Openness -.04
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Results
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1 2 3
Openness to Experience
Ris
k B
ehav
ior
Early Puberty Risk = .44 (Open) + .54
Average Puberty Risk = -.01 (Open) + .41
Late PubertyRisk = -.25 (Open) + .28
Low Average High
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Results
• Demonstrates predictive power of the Big-5
• Demonstrate show traits can interact with other elements (e.g., pubertal development) to create different behaviors
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Using Traits to Understand Behavior
• Different approaches:
• The Single-Trait Approach
• The Many-Trait Approach
• The Essential-Trait Approach
• The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
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The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
• Trait approaches tend to be “one-dimensional”
• They only consider one trait at a time
• “He is extraverted”• Pro: Simple and automatic• Con: Not all extraverts act the same
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The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
• An “extraverted” and “agreeable” person
• An “extraverted” and “disagreeable” person
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The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
• An “extraverted” and “agreeable” person– Warm
• An “extraverted” and “disagreeable” person– Controlling
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The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
• This approach examines how traits “blend” together within an individual
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The Interpersonal Sphere
• Ask yourself:• High (+)• Moderate (0)• Low (-)
– How dominant are you?– How warm are you?
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Interpersonal Circumplex
WarmCold
- 0 +
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Interpersonal Circumplex
Dominant
Submissive
+
0
-
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Interpersonal Circumplex
WarmCold
Dominant
Submissive
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The Interpersonal Circumplex
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
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The Interpersonal Circumplex
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
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IPIP-IPC
• Warm-Agreeable
– Am interested in people.– Reassure others.– Inquire about others’ well-being.– Get along well with others.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
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IPIP-IPC
• Gregarious-Extraverted
– Start conversations.– Love large parties.– Feel comfortable around people.– Talk to a lot of different.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
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IPIP-IPC
• Assured-Dominant
– Do most of the talking.– Demand to be the center of
attention.– Speak loudly.– Demand attention.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
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IPIP-IPC
• Arrogant-Calculating
– Cut others to pieces.– Contradict others.– Snap at people.– Have a sharp tongue.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
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IPIP-IPC
• Cold-Hearted
– Believe people should fend for themselves.
– Don’t fall for sob-stories.– Don’t put a lot of thought into
things.– Am not interested in other people’s
problems.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
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IPIP-IPC
• Aloof-Introverted
– Am a very private person.– Don’t talk a lot.– Have little to say.– Am quiet around strangers.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
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IPIP-IPC
• Unassured-Submissive
– Dislike being the center of attention.– Let others finish what they are
saying.– Speak softly.– Seldom toot my own horn.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
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IPIP-IPC
• Unassuming-Ingenuous
– Tolerate a lot from others.– Take things as they come.– Seldom stretch the truth.– Think of others first.
Do
mina
nce
Warmth
Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)45
o
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)135
o
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)225
oUnassured-Submissive
(HI)270
o
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)315
o
Warm-Agreeable
(LM) 0
o
Cold-Hearted
(DE)180
o
Assured-Dominant
(PA)90
o
0e
0e
Markey & Markey, 2009
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The Interpersonal Circumplex
• The IPC can help us understand sex – well at least who does it the most!
Markey & Markey, 2007
0e
0e
Extraversion
Do
mina
nce Warmth
Agree
able
ness
Gregarious-Extraverted
Warm-Agreeable
Unassuming-Ingenuous
Unassured-Submissive
Aloof-Introverted
Cold-Hearted
Arrogant-Calculating
Assured-Dominant
0e
0e
Extraversion
Do
mina
nce Warmth
Agree
ablen
ess
Gregarious-Extraverted
Warm-Agreeable
Unassuming-Ingenuous
Unassured-Submissive
Aloof-Introverted
Cold-Hearted
Arrogant-Calculating
Assured-Dominant
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Sex
• "Sex is a conversation carried out by other means.”
• "Sex with love is the greatest thing in life. But sex without love -- that's not so bad either."
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Sex and Personality
• What accounts for different people’s willingness (or lack thereof) to engage in sexual relations with multiple partners?
• Who has multiple partners?– High Extraversion– Low Agreeablness
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Method
• Participates– 210 participants
• 105 men and 105 women
• Measures– IAS
– Sexual promiscuity (different levels of intimacy)• 1) One minute continuous lip kissing• 2) Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 3) Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 4) Sexual intercourse
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Results
• 1) Men reported more partners for:• 1) One minute continuous lip kissing• 2) Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 3) Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 4) Sexual intercourse
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Results
• 2) For both males and females dominance was positively related to:
• 1) One minute continuous lip kissing• 2) Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 3) Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 4) Sexual intercourse
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Results
• 3) Warmth had a quadratic relationship with:
• 1) One minute continuous lip kissing• 2) Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 3) Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals• 4) Sexual intercourse
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Warmth
Nu
mb
er o
f p
art
ner
s
One minute continuous lip kissing
Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals
Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals
Sexual intercourse
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Figure 4 Graphical representations of regression equations predicting the number of sexual partners women would have who are well defined (i.e., VL = 1.50) by an IPC octant.
0
4
8
12
16
20PA
NO
LM
JK
HI
FG
DE
BC
Nu
mb
er o
f P
artn
ers
0
2
4
6PA
NO
LM
JK
HI
FG
DE
BC
Nu
mb
er o
f P
artn
ers
0
2
4
6PA
NO
LM
JK
HI
FG
DE
BC
Nu
mb
er o
f P
artn
ers
0
2
4
6
8PA
NO
LM
JK
HI
FG
DE
BC
Nu
mb
er o
f P
artn
ers
Note: Underlined values indicate a significant (p < .05) regression weight.
One minute continuous lip kissing Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals
Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals Sexual intercourse
Number of partners = 9.28 + 2.38 (Sex) + 4.08 (Dom) - 1.40 (Warm) + 1.60 (Warm2) Number of partners = 2.43 + 3.60 (Sex) + 1.64 (Dom) - .14 (Warm) + 1.01 (Warm2)
Number of partners = 2.15 + 2.73 (Sex) + 1.21 (Dom) - .41 (Warm) + .72 (Warm2) Number of partners = 2.82 + 2.70 (Sex) + 1.20 (Dom) - .51 (Warm) + .70(Warm2)
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Conclusion
• Personality is a unique “blend” of traits
• Like chemistry’s periodic table– Elements do not exist in a vacuum– Combine together!
• H20, NH3, CO2, etc.
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Using Traits to Understand Behavior
• Different approaches:
• The Single-Trait Approach
• The Many-Trait Approach
• The Essential-Trait Approach
• The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
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