note on the dental morphology of neolithic individuals exumed from the burial cave of cadaval

|ARKEOS34|

I.CONGRESSODEARQUEOLOGIADOALTORIBATEJO

HomenagemaJosdaSilvaGomes

|Editores:AnaRosaCruz|AnaGraa|LuizOosterbeek||PierluigiRosina|

FICHATCNICA

ARKEOS|perspectivasemdilogo,n34Propriedade:CEIPHAR-CentroEuropeudeInvestigaodaPr-HistriadoAltoRibatejoVolumeeditadocomapoiodaFundaoparaaCinciaeTecnologiaDireco:aDirecodoCEIPHAREditoresdestevolume:Ana Rosa Cruz, Ana Graa, L. Oosterbeek, Pierluigi RosinaAnaRosaCruz,AnaGraa,L.Oosterbeek,PierluigiRosina2013,CEIPHAReautoresComposio:CEIPHARConcepo grica da coleco ARKEOS: Candeias Artes GricasImpresso e acabamentos: Candeias Artes Gricas | www.candeiasag.com

CONSELHODELEITORES(referees)AbdulayeCamara(Senegal)|CarloPeretto(Italy)|FbioVergaraCerqueira(Brazil)LusRaposo(Portugal)|MarcelOtte(Belgium)|MariadeJesusSanches(Portugal)MaurizioQuagliuolo(Italy)|NunoBicho(Portugal)|PabloArias(Spain)SalMilder(Brazil)|SusanaOliveiraJorge(Portugal)|VtorOliveiraJorge(Portugal)

TIRAGEM:500exemplares|DEPSITOLEGAL:108463/97ISSN:0873-593X|ISBN:978-989-97610-6-3

ARKEOS uma srie monogrica, com edio de pelo menos um volume por ano, editadapeloCentroEuropeudeInvestigaodaPr-HistriadoAltoRibatejo,quevisa a divulgao de trabalhos de investigao em curso ou inalizados, em Pr-Histria,ArqueologiaeGestodoPatrimnio.Arecepodeoriginaisfeitaat31deMaioou30deNovembrodecadaano,devendoostextosserenviadosemsuportedigital,incluindottulo,resumoepalavras-chavenoidiomadotextodoartigo,eminglseemportugus.Ostrabalhosdeveroestarintegradosnatemticadovolumeempreparaoeserosubmetidosaoconselhodeleitores.Aaprovaoourejeiodecontribuiessercomunicadanoprazode90dias.

Solicitamos permuta | On prie lchange | Exchange wantedTauschverkehr erwunscht | Sollicitiamo scambio

CONTACTARCEIPHAR|CentrodePr-HistriadoInstitutoPolitcnicodeTomarEstradadaSerra,2300TOMAR|PORTUGAL

TOMAR,FEVEREIRODE2013

Volumeeditadocomacolaboraoda:

TOMAR|2013

edo

|ARKEOS34|

I.CONGRESSODEARQUEOLOGIADOALTORIBATEJO

HomenagemaJosdaSilvaGomes

|Editores:AnaRosaCruz|AnaGraa|LuizOosterbeek||PierluigiRosina|

lvaro [email protected]

Ana CruzCentrodePr-HistriadoInstitutoPolitcnicodeTomarGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)[email protected]

Ana Maria SilvaDepartamentodeCinciasdaVida(FaculdadedeCinciaseTecnologiadaUniversidadedeCoimbra)CentrodeInvestigaoemAntropologiaeSade,[email protected]

Ana GraaCentrodePr-HistriadoInstitutoPolitcnicodeTomarGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)[email protected]

Andrea [email protected]

Antonella PedergnanaGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)[email protected]

Carlos BatataOzecarus,[email protected]

Cludia CunhaCentrodeInvestigaoemAntropologiaeSade,UniversidadedeCoimbraBolsaIndividualdeDoutoramentoFCT(SFRH/BD/70495/2010)[email protected]

Autores

Cristiana FerreiraGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)InstitutoTerraeMemriaCentrodeInterpretaodeArqueologiadoAltoRibatejoferreira.cris.00@gmail.com

Davide DelinoGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)InstitutoTerraeMemriaMuseuIbricodeArteeArqueologiadeAbrantesdavdelino@gmail.comEnrique Cerrillo CuencaCSIC,[email protected]

Ethel AlluIPHES,InstitutCataldePaleoecologiaHumanaiEvoluciSocialURV,UniversitatRoviraiVirgili,[email protected],net

Fernando CoimbraGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)[email protected]

Francesc BurjachsIPHES,InstitutCataldePaleoecologiaHumanaiEvoluciSocialURV,UniversitatRoviraiVirgili,readePrehistriaICREA,InstituciCatalanadeRecercaiEstudisAvanatsfrancesc.burjachs@urv.cat

Hugo GomesGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)[email protected]

Isilda GomesAluna inalista do Curso de Especializao Tecnolgica em Sistemas de Informao Geogrica no Instituto Politcnico deTomar

Ivo OosterbeekBeneits & Proits, Lda.GrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)[email protected]

Joo Carlos BaptistaUTAD,[email protected]

Joo Pedro Cunha-RibeiroFaculdadedeLetrasdaUniversidadedeLisboajpcunharibeiro@l.ul.ptJedson CerezerUTAD,UniversidadedeTrs-os-MonteseAltoDouroBolsaIndividualdeDoutoramentoFCT(SFRH/BD/74394/2010)GrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)InstitutoTerraeMemriaMuseudeArtePr-HistricaedoSagradonoValedoTejo,[email protected]

Laurent [email protected]

Luiz OosterbeekGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)InstitutoPolitcnicodeTomarInstitutoTerraeMemria,[email protected]

Marcos CanettaDoutorandoemQuaternrio,MateriaiseCulturaspelaUTAD,UniversidadedeTrs-os-MonteseAltoDouroMilitantedoMovimentoNegroOrganizado(InstitutoLiberdade)[email protected]

Massimo BeltrameGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)[email protected]

Miguel Pinto dos [email protected]

Nelson AlmeidaGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)InstitutoTerraeMemriaMuseudeArtePr-HistricaedoSagradonoValedoTejo,[email protected]

Nlson BorgesOzecarus,[email protected]

Palmira SaladiIPHES,InstitutCataldePaleoecologiaHumanaiEvoluciSocial,CatalunhaURV,UniversitatRoviraiVirgili,readePrehistria,CatalunhaGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)

Pedro CuraGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)InstitutoTerraeMemriaMuseudeArtePr-HistricaedoSagradonoValedoTejo,[email protected]

Pierluigi RosinaInstitutoPolitcnicodeTomarGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)InstitutoTerraeMemriaCentrodeInterpretaodeArqueologiadoAltoRibatejoprosina@ipt.pt

Rita Ferreira [email protected]

Rita PimentaLaboratriodeArqueozoologiaePaleontologiaritapimenta2@hotmail.com

Rodrigo Banha da SilvaDocentedareadeArqueologiadoDepartamentodeHistriadaFaculdadedeCinciasSociaiseHumanasdaUniversidadeNovadeLisboaMembrodoInstitutodeArqueologiaePaleocinciasdasUniversidadesNovadeLisboaedoAlgarverodrigobanhadasilva@gmail.com

Salete da [email protected]

Sara CuraGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)InstitutoTerraeMemriaMuseudeArtePr-HistricaedoSagradonoValedoTejo,[email protected]

Sara GarcsUTAD,UniversidadedeTrs-os-MonteseAltoDouroBolsaIndividualdeDoutoramentoFCT(SFRH/BD/69625/2010)GrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)InstitutoTerraeMemriaMuseudeArtePr-HistricaedoSagradonoValedoTejo,[email protected]

Silvrio FigueiredoInstitutoPolitcnicodeTomarCentroPortugusdeGeo-HistriaePr-HistriaLaboratriodeArqueozoologiaePaleontologiasilverio.igueiredo@ipt.pt

Stefano GrimaldiUniversit degli Studi di Trento, Dept. Filosoia, StoriaeBeniCulturaliGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadoCentrodeGeocincias(uID73Itlia)[email protected]

Tatiana [email protected]

Tiago LopesParqueAmbientaldeSantaMargaridaCmaraMunicipaldeConstnciatiago.lopes@cm-constancia.pt

Tiago TomCentrodeInvestigaoemAntropologiaeSade,UniversidadedeCoimbraGrupoQuaternrioePr-HistriadeCentrodeGeocincias(uID73F.C.T.)[email protected]

|ARKEOS34|12|I. CONGRESSO DE ARQUEOLOGIA DO ALTO RIBATEJO |I.CONGRESSODEARQUEOLOGIADOALTORIBATEJO ||

|Nota de abertura | Ana Rosa Cruz | Ana Graa | Luiz Oosterbeek | Pierluigi Rosina |Notadeabertura | Ana Rosa Cruz | Ana Graa | Luiz Oosterbeek | Pierluigi Rosina ||Ana Rosa Cruz | Ana Graa | Luiz Oosterbeek | Pierluigi Rosina |AnaRosaCruz|AnaGraa|LuizOosterbeek|PierluigiRosina|

Nota de aberturaAnaRosaCruz,AnaGraa.LuizOosterbeek,PierluigiRosina

Congresso de Arqueologia do Alto RibatejoMiguelPintodosSantos

Do patrimnio ao territrio: um novo contexto para a arqueologiaLuizOosterbeek

A Ribeira da Ponte da Pedra no contexto das mais antigas ocupaes do Vale do TejoSaraCura,StefanoGrimaldi,PierluigiRosina

O Paleoltico Inferior na margem direita do rio Tejo, entre a ribeira da ponte da Pedra e a foz do AlvielaJooPedroCunha-Ribeiro

Utilizao das matrias primas rochosas na indstria ltica musteriense do stio ao ar livre de Santa Cita (Tomar, Portugal)AntonellaPedergnana,SaraCura,StefanoGrimaldi,LuizOosterbeek,PierluigiRosina

The Settlements of Fontes and Pedra da Encavalada Key Sites for the Neolithization of North Ribatejo (Portugal)AnaCruz

Prticas Funerrias na Pr-Histria Recente do Alto Ribatejo: Ponto da situaoTiagoTom,AnaMariaSilva

Zooarqueologia e Tafonomia da Transio para o Agro-Pastoralismo no Baixo e Mdio Vale do Tejo: um projecto de investigaoNelsonAlmeida,EnriqueCerrilloCuenca,LuizOosterbeek,PalmiraSaladi

O Povoado da Medroa (Jogada) Aldeia do Mato AbrantesBreve Sntese sobre os resultados da escavao (2006/2007).lvaroBatista

NDICE

15|

19|

23|

33|

45|

73|

79|

95|

109|

121|



Uma perspectiva osteoarqueolgica sobre duas grutas neolticas do vale do Nabo (Alto Ribatejo, Portugal central)TiagoTom,NelsonAlmeida,AnaMariaSilva,PalmiraSaladi,LuizOosterbeek

Note on the Dental Morphology of Neolithic Individuals exhumed from the Burial Cave of Cadaval, North Ribatejo, PortugalClaudiaCunha,AnaMariaSilva

Dados Arqueobotnicos do Alto Ribatejo Perspectivas FuturasCristianaFerreira,Ethel Allu, Francesc Burjachs, Pierluigi Rosina,EthelAllu,FrancescBurjachs,PierluigiRosina,LuizOosterbeek

A importncia da Fonte Quente enquanto lugar central no contexto do povoamento pr-histrico do Alto Ribatejo, durante a Pr-Histria RecenteCarlosBatata,NlsonBorges

A importncia da Fonte Quente enquanto lugar central no contexto do povoamento pr-histrico do Alto Ribatejo, durante a Pr-Histria RecenteAnaGraa,AnaCruz

A Proto-Histria no Concelho de Mao: Novas investigaes, novas abordagens, novos dados.Davide Delino, Luiz Oosterbeek, oo Carlos Baptista,LuizOosterbeek,JooCarlosBaptista,HugoGomes,MassimoBeltrame,PedroCura

Material cermico do Bronze Final do povoado do Castelo Velho do Carato (Mao): dados preliminares da investigao arqueomtrica.Davide Delino, oo Carlos Baptista, assimo Beltrame,JooCarlosBaptista,MassimoBeltrame,JedsonCerezer

SEILIVM, Cidade Romana, na Tomar dos Dias de HojeCarlosBatata

A 2 Idade do Ferro e a Industria Ltica sob o Frum de Seilium (Tomar)SaletedaPonte,AnaCruz

A dieta alimentar nos territrios romanos de Tomar (Seilium) e de Constncia (Ch da Bica Montalvo)SaletedaPonte,SilvrioFigueiredo,RitaPimenta

131|

143|

153|

161|

169|

181|

195|

207|

217|

223|



Marcas de oleiro na terra sigillata de Santarm.RodrigoBanhadaSilva

Arte Rupestre incisa entre o Tejo e o Zzere: Contributo para o seu inventrio, tipologia e dataoFernandoCoimbra,SaraGarcs

Caracterizao de pigmentos em Arte RupestrePierluigiRosina,HugoGomes,AndreaMartins,LuizOosterbeek

Fracturao experimental de ossos longos de Bos taurusNelsonAlmeida,PedroCura,SaraCura,PalmiraSaladi

Trabalho experimental sobre armao de cervdeo (Cervus elaphus) utilizando lascas em quartzitoAntonellaPedergnana,Pedro Cura, Sara CuraPedroCura,SaraCura

O Retrato de Dorian Gray: Patrimnio enquanto representao idealizada da sociedadeIvoOosterbeek

4.600 Milhes de Anos de Evoluo: Dinossauros e Memrias da Pr-Histria. Actividades Expositivas no Centro de Interpretao de Arqueologia do Alto RibatejoAnaCruz,SilvrioFigueiredo,AnaGraa,TatianaIria

Patrimnio: olhar sobre o patrimnio e o patrimnio possvel!MarcosCanetta

Aplicao de um Sistema de Informao Geogrica na converso analgico-digital das plantas inais da escavao da Alcova de Santarm, no Jardim das Portas do Sol.RitaFerreiraAnastcio,IsildaGomes,LaurentCaron

Parque Ambiental de Santa MargaridaEquipamento para a Educao AmbientalTiagoLopes

231|

245|

257|

265|

277|

285|

295|

307|

317|

323|


Note on the Dental Morphology of Neolithic Individuals exhumed from the Burial Cave of Cadaval, North Ribatejo, PortugalCLAUDIACUNHAANAMARIASILVA

ABSTRACT: This note presents the irst results on the study of the dental morphology from thehumanosteologicalremainsexcavatedfromtheNeolithiclevelsintheburialcaveofCadaval, Tomar, Portugal. The study aims at the identiication and recording of nonmetric dental discrete traits and will be integrated in a broader comparative analysis of samples from therecentPrehistoryintheIberianPeninsula.ItmarksthebeginningofthesystematicstudyofthedentalmorphologyofNeolithic-Chalcolithichumanremainsinarchaeologi-cal collections collections from the Nabo valley. Data obtained in the laboratorial work pointtothepresenceoftraits,particularlyfortheanteriorupperdentition,indegreesnotexpectedforaEuropeanprehistoriccollection.

KEYwORDS:Nonmetricdiscretetraits;dentalmorphology;CadavalCave;Prehistory.

RESUMO:EstanotaapresentaosprimeirosresultadosdaanlisemorfolgicanomtricadosrestosdentrioshumanosexumadosdosnveisNeolticosdagrutanecrpoledoCada-val, Tomar, Portugal. A anlise centrase na identiicao e registo dos caracteres no m-tricosdeacordocomosistemaASUeserintegradonumaanlisecomparativamaisamplaparastiosdaPr-histriarecentedaPennsulaIbrica.EstetrabalhoconsistenoprimeiroestudosistemticodamorfologiadentriaemcolecesarqueolgicascronologicamenteassociveisaoNeoltico-CalcolticodaregiodovaledoRioNabo.Entreosdadosobtidosdestaca-seaocorrnciadecaracteresdiscretosnamorfologiadadentioanteriorsuperiordosindivduosemgrauselevadosnoexpectveisparaamostraspr-histricasEuropeias.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Indicadoresdiscretosnomtricos;morfologiadentria;Pr-Histria.

Introduction

Teetharethemostresistantpartsofthehumanskeleton,beinglesssubjected to taphonomic efects even in highly damaged samples (Scott, 2008; white e Folkens, 2005). Among others, teeth can provide infor-mationonthedentalmorphologyoftheindividualstheycomefrom.orphological studies within the ield of Dental Anthropology focus on ofmetricandnonmetrictraitsofthehumandentition.

The studycarriedouton thematerial fromCadavalcave (CDV)focusedonthenonmetric traitsobservableonhumanremains in thecollection.

Nonmetric traitsarediscontinuousorquasi-continuouspolymor-phismsthatareeitherpresentorabsentorpresentinvariousdegrees(Larsen,2002,pp.137-138)onthebonestructureofthemaxillaryor


|Note on the Dental Morphology of Neolithic Individuals | Claudia CunhaNoteontheDentalMorphologyofNeolithicIndividuals | Claudia Cunha|Claudia CunhaClaudiaCunha|AnaMariaSilva ||

mandible,orontheteeth.Theytendtobegeneticallycontrolledandconsequentlyhaveincreasinglybeenusedinpopulationstudiestoinferaboutbiologicaldistancesandkinshipanalysis(ScotteTurner,1988;Larsen,2002).

The Site

Cadaval (CDV) isoneofmanyburial caves located in the lime-stoneregionofCanteiresintheNaborivervalley,NorthRibatejo,Portugal (ap 1), which were used for funerary practices in the recent Prehistory. Dates provided by archaeological layers, as well as artifacts associated with four anthropogenic phases, indicate that this cave was usedfromtheNeolithictotheBronzeAge(Tom,2010).

Human remains in CDV were distributed in two rooms. Five strati-graphic units could be identiied in these spaces: (I) layer A proved to be disturbed yielding elements from diferent chronology; (II) layer B

MAP1.CadavalCave(CDV)inrelationtotheregionofNorthRibatejo(darkerarea),Portugal.



containedahearthtipologicallyattributedtotheFinalBronzeage;(III)layerC,presentinbothrooms,containedhumanosteologicmaterialattributed to collective burials; (IV) layer D produced two individual burials (one in each room); (V) layer E produced no archaeologicalmaterial,beingconsideredsterilebythearchaeologistsresponsiblefortheexcavation(Cruz,1997).

No evidence of organization or structure was found in the collec-tive burial areas. The human bones were disarticulated and horizontally dispersed.Thefunerarypackageincludedseveralceramicvases,someof which presented decoration easily related to the ceramic production found inotherburialcaves in theNabovaley (OssosandMorgadoSuperior caves); laked and polished lithic industry were also excavated along with the human remains, as well as diskshaped ornamental beads (Oosterbeek,1994;Cruz,1997).

Abundantfunerarypackagecouldbeexcavatedfromtheindividualburials in layer D, particularly along with the individual burial in room 1.Funerarygoodsincludedpolishedlithicartifacts;bladesandbladlets(with and without retouch); around 14 ceramic vases (some of which presentedinciseandpresseddecoration),andornamentalitemssuchasbeadsandperforatedshells(Oosterbeek,1985;Cruz,1997).

Recent exhaustive work on this osteological series produced a ini-mal Number of Individuals (NI) of 31 (17 of which nonadults)(Tom, 2010).Accordingtotheobservationoftheremainingteeth,theMNIis16(assessedfromthepermanentupperrightsecondmolar).

CDV was excavated between 1983 and 1987 (Tom, 2010) a period when the presence of a physical anthropologist was not required in the ield as it is nowadays according to Portuguese heritage law. Despite thecareinobservationandregisterdemonstratedbythearchaeologistsinchargeof theexcavation, the lackof ananthropological approachtothecollectionofinformationin loco makes it impossible to know if individualinhumationscontainingarticulatedbonescouldbedetectedamong the apparent disorder of bones in the levels where multiple in-dividuals were exhumated from.

Radiocarbondatesforthehumanosteologicalmaterialpointtoatime span between the third quarter of the 5th millennium b.C. and the middleofthe4thmillenniumb.C.(Tom,2010).

Sample and Methodology

Thesampleselectedforthisstudyiscomposedofpermanentteeth,mandibles, andmaxillaries fromindividualsexhumed fromtheNeo-lithiclevelsofCDV.Mostoftheteethobservedareloosenfromtheiralveoliduetotaphonomicfactors.Thesampleincluded195upperandlower teeth. Lower incisors were not considered for the analysis due to the lack of discrete traits associated with this tooth class in general.

The selected nonmetric traits (table 1) observed in the sample were scored using theASU system (Turner et al., 1991), except one, theHypotrophicRootsoftheUpperCentralIncisors(HRUCI).Thistrait,recentlydescribedbyCunhaet al.(inpress),ischaracterizedbytheoc-currenceofextremelyshortrootsfortheUpperCentralIncisors(UC1).This trait is scored in a presence/absence system, being present when thefulllengthoftherootisequalorshorterthanthemaximumlengthof the crown in fully developed UC1.



TABLE1.Nonmetrictraitsselectedforthepresentstudy.

Nonmetric trait Polar Tooth/Locus Scoring system

Shoveling UI1andUI2 0-7

Doubleshoveling UI1 0-6

Tuberculum dentale(TD) UI1,UI2,UC 0-6

Labialconvexity UI1 0-4

HRUCI UI1 Presence/absence

Interruptiongroove(IG) UI2 0,M,D,MD,Med

Distalaccessoryridge(DAR) UC,LC 0-5

Tri-cusppremolars UPM Presence/absence

Carabelliscusp UM1 0-7

Cusp5(Metaconule) UM1 0-5

Marginalmesialaccessorytubercules(MMAT)

UM1 Presence/absence

Hypocone UM2 0-5

Tomesroots LPM1 0-5

Cuspvariation LPM2 0-9

Groovepattern LM1,LM2andLM3 X, Y, +Cuspnumber LM1,LM2,LM3 4-6

Cusp5 LM1 0-5

Cusp6 LM1 0-5

Cusp7 LM1 0-4

Distaltrigonidcrest(DTC) LM1 Presence/absence

Anterior fovea LM1 0-4

Protostylid LM1,LM3 0-7

Congenialabsence UPM2,UM3,LPM2,LM2 Presence/absence

Mandibulartorus Mandible Presence/absence

Diastema UI1 Presence/absence

winging UI1 1-4PegIncisors UI2 0-2

Bushmancanine UC 0-3

Accessorycusp UPM1ANDLPM2 Presence/absence

Accessoryridge UPM Presence/absence

Odontomes UPM1,UOM2,LPM1,LPM2 Presence/absence

Enamelextensions UM1 0-3

Parastyle UM3 0-6

Supranumeraryroots LC,LM1 Registernumber

Delecting wrinkle LM1 0-3Palatinetorus Palate 0-4

Supranumeraryforamina mentale Mandibularcorpus Registernumber

Mylohyoidbridge Lingual aspect of themandibularramus

Presence/absence

LEGEND:UI1(uppercentralincisors);UI2(upperlateralincisors);UC(uppercanine);UP1(upper1stpremolars);UP2(upper2ndpremolars;UM1(upper1stmolars);UM2(upper2ndmolars);UM3(upper3rd molars); LI1 (lower central incisors); LI2 (lower lateral incisors); LC (lower canines); LP1 (lower irst premolars); LP2 (lower second premolars); L1 (lower 1st molars); L2 (lower 2nd molars); L3 (lower 3rdmolars).



Since theosteologicalmaterial is highly fragmented and it is notpossibletoidentify isolatedindividuals inthesampleregisterof traitswas made based on laterality.

Results and Discussion

Sometraitsdescribedintheliterature(HauserandDeStefano,1989;Turneret al.,1991;Gorskyet al., 1998) were not observed in the sample. The absence of observation for some traits such as diastema and winging (bothforUI1)mustbecautiouslytakenoncetaphonomicfactorsmightpreventproperobservationof its locus,particularly inhigh fragmentedseries such is theone fromCDV.The samereasonmightexplain theabsenceofpalatinetorus, supranumararyforamina mentale andmylohyoidbridges in the sample. Other traits were not observed despite the number ofpolar teeth/loci (N)stillvisible in therespective teeth:pegIncisors(N=14),bushmancanine(N=6),UPMaccessorycusp(N=20),odon-tomes(N=22),enamelextensions(N=3),parastyle(N=3),LC(N=9)andL1 (N=7) supranumerary roots and delecting wrinkle (N=11).

ost exuberant nonmetric traits were registered for the anterior dentitionofthesample.UpperCentralIncisors(UI1)presentparticu-larlystrongexpressionsofTD (Fig. 1; Graph 1). Some shoveling was noticed,butinmildexpressions.DespitethevarietyandexpressionofpositivestructuresonthelingualaspectofcentralincisorsinteethfromCDV,UI1tendtohavelittlelabialconvexityreachinguptoDegree1intheASUscale.

FIG.1.Tuberculum dentale in two UI1 (left)andplainlingualsurfaceonathirdUI1fromCDVssample.Specimens(fromlefttoright):SupSC160,N26SC195andM27.69.

GRAPH1.FrequencyofTDfortheUI1inthesample(degreesmeasuredaccordingtotheASUscale).



A high frequency of HRUCI (Fig. 2) (44%) was observed. Al-thoughshorteningofrootscanbecausedbyocclusalpressure,trauma,useoforthodonticbracketsandexposuretoindustriallymanufacturedchemicals and drugs (Ando et al., 1967;Hylander, 1977;Apajalahti,2004;Edgcombet al.,2011),noneofthesecausesseemtoexplainthefrequency of short roots UI1 in the sample. Occlusal pressure was ruled out once it would imply similar frequencies of short roots for UI1s antimeres (lower incisors) and/or other teeth in the anterior dentition. None of those was observed to have abnormally short roots in the sample.Traumaishighlyunliketoproducesuchfrequencyofbilateralshort roots, and inally prehistoric populations were not subjected to eitherorthodontictreatmentorexposuretoindustriallymanufacturedsubstances.Therefore,themostlikelyhypothesistoexplainthispoly-morphism, also observed in other peninsularNeolithic-Chalcolithiccollections(Cunhaet al.,inpress)isthatitisageneticallycontrolledtraitfrequentinregionalcollections.

ost upper lateral incisors (UI2) exhibit signiicant expressions of TD ranging from 24 in the ASU scale. Interruption grooves afect roughlyonethirdofUI2(Graph2).Expressionsofshoveling(unusualforEuropeancollections)arealsoobserved(Fig.3).

FIG.2.UI1(left)presentingHRUCIand(ontheright)normally grown root. SpecimensM26SC69(left)andH29.91,bothfromCDV.

GRAPH2.Fre-quencyofinterrup-tiongroovesforUI2inthesample.



Themorphologyofuppercanines(UC)(Fig.4)issimple(i.e. with low counts of tuberculum dentale and no other observable nonmetrictraits),presentingbarelyanypositiveexpressionofDAR(Graph3).

FIG.3. TD in two UI2(leftandcenter)andplainlingualsurfaceonathirdUI2fromCDVssample.Shovelingassociatedwith TD can also be observedinbothUI2ontheleftandcen-ter).Specimens(N27SC63;I30SC54;M26SC67)fromthesampleunderstudy.

FIG.4.UCfromCDVcavedisplayingthetypicalsimplemorphologyinthecollection(SpecimenCDVM26-24).

GRAPH3.FrequencyofDARfortheUCinthesample(degreesmeasuredaccordingtotheASUscale).



Besides exhibiting simplemorphologyUPMare considerably af-fected by dental wear. Almost half UPs present wear equal or higher than 4 according to scale proposed by Smith, 1984 (modiied by Silva, 1996). Accessory ridges were registered for only two teeth (N=13), but thislackofdatacanbeinducedbytheeasyobliterationofthistraitdueto dental wear.

As for the U1 rare cases of Cusp 5 (C5) and AT were registered.As it is expected for aEuropean sample,Carabellis cusps arethemostfrequenttraitforthistoothclassbeingpresentinmostUM1observed(N=7).

Lower dentition in this collection is marked by very simple mor-phology. Lower canines present similar frequencies of DAR when com-pared with upper canines. Only two cases of Tomes roots in very minor expression (Degree 1, ASU scale) were registered in a total of seven right irst lower premolars (LP1), and none for the left. Cusp variation for Second Lower Premolars (LP2) is displayed in Graph 4.

Observation of cusp numbers for molars in the sample fell within the expected range. ost irst molars presented ive well developed cusps. ExpressionsofCusp5(C5)arepresentedinGraph5.DistributionofgroovepatternsforthistoothispresentedinGraph6.

GRAPH4.Frequencyof diferent cusp vari-ationregisteredforCDVsample(degreesmeasuredaccordingtotheASUscale).

GRAPH5.FrequencyofC5inL1inCDV(degreesmeasuredaccordingtotheASUscale).



Final comments

TheauthorsarecurrentlyassessingcoevalIberiancollections.Oncompletion of this analysis it is possible that parallels between CDV and other Holocene collective burial sites may be found. However prelimi-naryobservationofthesamplesindicatethattherearesomesimilaritiesamongthecollectionfromCDVandothersamplesfromsitesinlandtheIberianPeninsula(Alentejo),intheTagusRiverestuaryandAtlanticPortugueseshore.ThepresenceofHRUCIandelaboratetopographyforthelingualaspectoftheanteriordentitionmightbefrequentfeaturesinthesecollections.FurtherstudiesofcollectionsfromtheNorthRiba-tejo region are now required to characterize the regional population in recent Prehistory. work being currently developed by researchers associated with the Center of Research on Anthropology and Health (CIAS) at the University of Coimbra will allow the integration of dental morphologicaldata fromthe sampleexcavated inCDV inabroaderscenarioofpopulationdynamicsinthelocalrecentPrehistory.

Acknowledgments

This study was made possible thanks to PhD Grant SFRHBD -70495-2010fromFundaoparaCinciaeaTecnologia(PortugueseMinistry of Education and Science).Our gratitude also goes to theCenter of Prehistory at the Instituto Politcnico de Tomar in whose labs the study tookplace.Academicand institutional support for theresearchdevelopedhasalsobeengrantedbytheResearchCenterforAnthropologyandHealth(CIAS)attheUniversityofCoimbra.Thiswork would not be possible without the consent of the curator of the collection,Dr.AnaRosaCruz,CenterofPrehistoryat the InstitutoPolitcnico de Tomar. This work could not be carried without the efort of Dr. Cruz and Dr. Luiz Oosterbeek (Instituto Politcnico de Tomar) in unveiling the past of the communities which chose the caves ofNaborivertohousetheirdead.

GRAPH6.FrequencyofgroovepatternsinLM1inCDV.



Bibliographic Reference

ANDO, S.; KIYOKAwA, K.; NAKASHIA, T.; SHINBO, K.; SANKA, Y.; OSHIA, S.; AIZAwA, K. (1967).StudiesontheConsecutiveSurveyofSuccedaneousandPermanentDentitionintheJapaneseChildren.Part4.JournalofNikonUniversitySchoolofDentistry9.APAJALAHTI,S. (2004).ShortRootAnomaly (SRA)PrevalenceandPhe-notypic Features in Families with Emphasis on atrix etalloproteinases in GengivalCrevicularFluidofSRAandOrthodonticPatients.PhDdissertation,UniversityofHelsinki,Finland.CRUZ,A.R.(1997).Vale do Nabo: do Neoltico Idade do Bronze.Arkeos3.Tomar:CEIPHAR.CUNHA,C.;SILVA,A.;IRISH,J.;SCOTT,R.;TOM,T.MARQUEZ,J.(Inpress).BriefCommunication: HypotrophicRootsoftheUpperCentralIn-cisors a Proposed New Dental Discrete Trait. Dental Anthropology ournal. EDGCOMB,K,BEGOLE,E,EVANS,C,JOHNSON,B,LUAN,X.(2011).PrevalenceofShortDentalRootsinFourEthnicGroupsinOrthodonticPo-pulation.DentalAnthropology,vol.24,1.GORSKY, .; BUKAI, A.; SHOHAT, . (1998). Genetic Inluence on the PrevalenceofTorusPalatinus.AmericanJournalofMedicalGenetics.HAUSER,G.;DeSTEFANO,G.(1989).EpigeneticVariantoftheHumanSkull. Stuttgart Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Hylander, w. L. (1977). The Adaptative Signiicance of Eskimo Craniofacial orphology. In Dahlberg AA, Graber T (Eds.). Ortofacial Growth and De-velopment.TheHague:Mouton.p129-169.LARSEN,C.(2002).Bioarchaeology:theLivesandLifestylesofPastPeople.JournalofArchaeologicalResearch.Vol.10,2.PlenumPublishingCorpora-tion.OOSTERBEEK, L. (1985). Elementos para o estudo da estratigraia da Gruta doCadaval(Tomar).Al-madan.4/5.OOSTERBEEK, L. (1994). Echoes from the East: the western network. An in-sighttounequalandcombineddevelopment,7000-2000BC.PhDDissertation.London:UniversityCollege.SCOTT,G.(2008)DentalMorphology.InKATZENBERG,M.ESAUN-DERS, S. (Eds), Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton. wileyLiss. New ersey.SCOTT, G.; TURNER, C. (1988). Dental Anthropology. Annual Review of Anthropology,17.SITH, B. (1984). Patterns of molar wear in HunterGatherers and Agricultu-ralists.AmericanJournalofPhysicalAnthropology.63:1.SILVA,A.M.(1996).OHipogeudeMonteCanelasI(IV-IIImilniosa.C.):Estudo paleobiolgico da populao humana exumada.Trabalho de sntese.Provas de Aptido Pedaggica e Capacidade Cientica. Coimbra, Departamen-todeAntropologia,FaculdadedeCinciaseTecnologiadaUniversidadedeCoimbra.TOM,T.(2010).AtqueaMortenosRena:PaleobiologiaeAntropologiaFunerriadaTransioparaoAgro-PastoralismonaBaciadoTejoeSudoestePeninsular.DissertaoparaaobtenodoGraudeDoutor.UniversidadedeTrs-os-MonteseAltoDouro.TURNER,C.;NICHOL,C.;SCOTT,G.(1991).ScoringProceduresforKeyMorphologicalTraitsofthePermanentDentition:theArizonaStateUniversityDental Anthropology System. In KELLEY, . e LARSEN, C. (eds.), Advances in Dental Anthropology. New York: wileyLiss.wHITE, T.; FOLKENS, P. (2005). The Human Bone anual. Elsevier Aca-demicPress.Burlington.

note on the dental morphology of neolithic individuals exumed from the burial cave of cadaval

Documents

candeias artes gricasimpresso

coleco arkeos

ceiph grica

srie monogrica

ana graa

pierluigi rosinaanarosacruz

cerrillo cuencacsic