note: page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes

235

index

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes.

AActs of the Apostles, 189American Pentecostalism, 113–14Antioch of Asia, 185, 201apostle, 41n32Arise Philippines. See Bangon

PilipinasArmy of God (AOG), 53, 58–60

Asia for Jesus, 59, 60youth-centred worship, 58

Asia for Jesus, 53, 59, 60Asian Financial Crisis (1997), 199Asian megachurches, 131, 188Asian Pentecostalism, 2, 90, 188,

228Asian Pentecostal revivalism, 221Assemblies of God (AOG)

attracting youths, 101–2Calvary Church, 75English-speaking ministry, 73,

74, 101in Peninsular Malaysia, 102Pentecostal denomination, 86,

118n33A Trip to Hell (ATTH), 53, 56, 57Azusa Street revival (1906), 2, 37

BBalais, Dan, bishop, IFP, 138, 140Bangon Pilipinas, 130, 141Bario Revival (1973), 103Before 30 (Mantofa), 59–60“Benjamin Generation”, 187Bethany Church of Singapore

(BCS)Djohan Handojo, senior pastor,

36–37, 88Bethany Indonesian Church, 50–51

Nginden church building, 51Bethany International Church

(BIC), 36Bethel Church of Indonesia. See

Gereja Bethel Indonesia (GBI)Bethel Gospel Church. See Gereja

Bethel Injil (GBI)Bethesda Church, 10

amenities, 113cell groups and ministries,

110–11church members, 108, 114English-language church

services, 108friendship evangelism, 111

10 IPentecostal-IndexIT-1P.indd 235 8/2/18 6:08 pm

Masiah

Text Box

Reproduced from Pentecostal Megachurches in Southeast Asia: Negotiating Class, Consumption and the Nation, edited by Terence Chong (Singapore: ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, 2018). This version was obtained electronically direct from the publisher on condition that copyright is not infringed. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. E-book is available at <http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg>

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236 Index

and Malaysian middle class, 112–14

outreach efforts, 111sermon, 109–10, 118n38singing segment, 109Sunday school classes, 113Sunday worship, 108, 112,

119n43theological orientation, 112–13worship session, 109, 112worship style, 113

Bible Institute of Malaysia, 74biblical laws, 212blessings from God

accumulation of capital, 29definition of, 80material success, 187and obedience, 81

bomoh (Malay shaman), 78Bread of Life (BOL) Ministries

International, 160Brother Eddie School of Ministries

International (BESMI), 136–37

CCalvary Church, 72, 89, 90

“Abundant Blessing of God’s Grace, An”, Chinese New Year event, 84

“Amazingly You-nique” seminar (2013), 77

blessings, 80, 81capitalized Christian events, 84cell groups, 76–77home cell ministry programme,

76Cho, David Yonggi, 87community engagement, nation-

building and, 83–86congregation, 76cultural festivities, 84Damansara Heights, 75experience miracles, 82–83Faith Promise Programme, 78global networks, 86–87growth and expansion, 81–82

Holy Spirit, 77–78identity, 78influence of United States, 88in Kuala Lumpur, 13in Malaysia, 74–77Kum, Stephen, associate pastor,

86Life Groups, 76, 77ministries, 76missions, 78–79in nation-building, 83–84Operation Saturation, 84Seah, David, associate pastor, 85social responsibilities, 85transnational religious networks,

88–89Calvary Convention Centre (CCC),

78, 81–82opening of, 87Rukun Negara principles, 86secular nature of, 84–85

Calvaryland, 85Calvary Life Ministries (CLM), 85Calvary Prayer Tower, 76, 83Cathedral of Praise (COP), 159

Sumrall, David, senior pastor, 88

Ceylon Pentecostal Mission (CPM), 73, 101, 102

charismata, 74charismatic leader, 11Charismatic Pentecostal Christians,

213Charismatic Pentecostalism, 4, 6, 7Chinese Christians, 50, 221, 222

English-educated, 221Chinese Indonesians, 49, 50,

64n28Cho, David Yonggi, emeritus

senior pastor of Yoido Full Gospel Church, 87

Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), 54

700 Club, The, 54, 140Christian Commissioned

Fellowship (CCF), 160


Index 237

Christianityand capitalism, 208ecstatic forms of, 101–3evangelical, 141, 219Filipinization of, 132, 133“foreignness” of, 2in Indonesia, 22, 23“Karaoke Christianity”, 51liberal, 183, 213in Malaysia, 72, 104, 105, 115n1megachurch. See Jesus Is Lord

(JIL)in Singapore, 181–83, 213

“Christian Reconstructionism” movement, United States, 212

Christian Youth for the Nation (CYN), 128

Church Growth International (CGI), 87

Church Growth Movement, 157Citizens Battle Against Corruption

(CIBAC), 141, 169City Harvest Church (CHC),

11–12, 207, 228conventional church, 215Crossover Project, 209, 213–19

Mandarin phase of, 218cultural mandate, 217doctrinal flexibility, 209Ho, Sun. See Ho, SunJoshua Generation, 214Kong Hee, 214–16leadership, 209membership, 216and Pentecostal megachurches,

213reformative process, 217titanium church, 215website, 225

Cost of Discipleship, The (Bonhoeffer), 192

crusades, 56, 88cultural mandate

contemporary ideas of, 209Great Commission, 211and interpretations, 210–13

notion of, 208theologies of, 219

cultural redemption, idea of, 172n22

DDamansara Utama Methodist

Church (DUMC), 74Day By Day Christian Ministries

(DBD), 160, 162Lapiz, Ed., founder, 160, 172n22

Destined to Reign (Prince), 195–96Disaster Preparedness Youth

Group, 34Djohan Handojo, senior pastor of

Bethany Church, 36–37, 88doctrinal flexibility, 209, 222–24

EEast Java

destruction of churches, 52, 63n25

Tionghua people in, 62n10ecclesiastical theatre, 209, 221–22Ecumenicals, in Indonesia, 33El Shaddai Movement, 159Empowered21 Movement, 37English-speaking ministry, 74, 101,

103, 133ethnic Chinese, 50, 102, 104

in Indonesian Pentecostalism, 49–50

in Singapore and Malaysia, 9evangelical environmentalism, 211

FFaith Community Baptist Church

(FCBC), 13, 182–84, 207key metaphor, 193in 1990s, 184“LoveSingapore”, 13, 185, 187,

212restructuring of, 189vision, 193VISION, magic show, 224, 225

Festival Kuasa Allah (Festival of the Power of God), 57


238 Index

Filipino language, Jesus Is Lord, 129, 133, 138

Filipino society, Pentecostalism in, 11

“Finger of God”, Christian film, 60Front Pembela Islam (FPI), 23Full Gospel Assembly (FGA), 74Full Gospel Bethel Church. See Gereja Bethel Injil Sepenuh (GBIS)

GGereja Bethel Indonesia (GBI), 10, 22

Chinese Indonesians, 25City Tower, 30, 31congregations in, 24–26, 30, 31,

36demography, 29diakonia (call to serve the poor

and oppressed), 33, 35formation and fragmentations,

24–26GBI Gatot Subroto, 25GBI Jalan Gatot Subroto, 27, 28,

32GBI Rehobot, 25, 31heterogeneity within, 38international connections and

transnational networks, 36–38

Mawar Sharon Church, 26–27megachurch in, 26–29Njotorahardjo, Niko, pastor of

GBI, 27–28, 36organizational structure, 24Pasar Rakyat (People’s Market),

34pastor and seminarian, 34–35pastors, types of, 40n16Rajawali Unit, 34Senduk, Ho Lukas, founder, 24,

25, 27strategic alignment with global

modernity, 38synod, 24volunteers, 34

Gereja Bethel Injil (GBI), 48

Gereja Bethel Injil Sepenuh (GBIS), 25, 38

Gereja Mawar Sharon (GMS), 11, 48, 50, 51, 57–58, 60

Gereja Pentekosta di Indonesia (GPdI), 22

Giaw, Petrina, 76Glad Tidings Chapel, 76glossolalia (speaking in tongues),

4, 77Goffman, Erving

The Representation of Self in Everyday Life, 226–27

gospels, 1, 2, 5, 8, 13. See also prosperity gospels

Government of 12 (G12), 188–89cell church, 189consolidated believer, 189discipled believer, 189“Ladder of Success”, 189

gracechurches, 191extreme, 182, 188–93in Protestantism, 182“pure and unadulterated”, 182saving and sanctifying, 191, 196

Great Commission, The, 33, 211Greenhills Christian Fellowship

(GCF), 162Guneratnam, Prince, 75–76, 78,

83–84, 93n30Calvary Convention Centre, 82,

85in Malaysian Pentecostal scene,

87Panglima Jasa Negara (PJN), 83Panglima Setia Mahkota, award,

83Pentecostal World Fellowship, 86Tan Sri, 83

Hhabitus

Destined to Reign (Prince), 196of megachurch, Singapore, 209,

219–21


Index 239

healing revivalism, 5Hillsong Church, 81, 208Hmong minorities, Thailand, 2Holy Spirit, 3, 4, 9, 77–78, 173n35,

217Hope Christian Academy (HCA),

164, 173n32Hope General Hospital, 163Ho, Sun, 207–9, 215–16

Crossover Project, 226publicity team, 217“Sun with Love”, album, 217

Iimagined community, notion of,

27, 39Indian Pentecostalism, 2indigenization of megachurch

Christianity, 129demand-driven strategy, 132Jesus Is Lord as. See Jesus Is

Lord (JIL)Indonesia

Bethel Church of Indonesia. See Gereja Bethel Indonesia (GBI)

Christianity in, 21–22Indonesian Ulama Council, 23Muslims, fear of Kristenisasi,

22–23Pentecostal movement in, 29post-Suharto period, 23religious pluralism in, 23rise of New Order, 2

Indonesia, global Christian network, 48. See also Mantofa, Philip

Army of God, 58–60Chinese Indonesians, 49ethnic Chinese, 49–50Java’s Islamic majority, 52–53Mantofa, Philip, 53–55middle-class multimedia

megachurch, 48–53moral absolutism, 55–58multi-ethnic complexion, 50

pop culture-inspired mega-worship, 51–52

pribumi, 49Indonesian Communist Party, 2Intercessors for the Philippines

(IFP)Balais, Dan, bishop, 138, 140

JJakarta

GBI congregations in, 26, 27, 30religious, political and

communal landscape, 32–36Java Island, 50. See also East Java

Islamic majority in, 52Javanese “Chinese” communities,

49Jesus Is Lord (JIL), 12, 167–69

Christian Youth for the Nation (CYN), 128

congregation, 132democratized leadership, 136Diyos at Bayan mantra, 141Evangelical ethos, 127Filipino identity, 129Filipino language, 129, 133, 138Filipino organization, 135–38, 142gospel music, 128indigenization, 135, 142in-house religious training, 137Kristiyanong Kabataan para sa

Bayan (Christian Youth for the Nation), 139

leadership, 129local congregations, 128Metro Manila congregations, 134movement, 127“Musikatha”, record label, 129, 133“nation-loving church”, 132Philippines for Jesus Movement

Forum, 128political activism, 140primary audience, 138and religious nationalism, 138–42“Revolution of Righteousness”

event, 127


240 Index

spiritual credibility, 137theory, 131Villanueva, Eddie, founder and

senior pastor, 127–29working class church, 132–35

Jesus Miracle Crusade International Ministries (JMCIM), 159

Jesus Movement, 13Jesus the Healer programme, 167–68

K“Karaoke Christianity”, 51Katherine Kuhlman Foundation, 75Kebaktian Kebangunan Rohani

(KKR). See Service of Spiritual Growth

Khong, Lawrence, 13, 88, 183, 202n6, 207, 208, 224

aesthetics of persuasion, 199“Apostle Khong”, 185demand moral economy, 197extreme grace, 188–93grace churches, 191“living the sovereignty”, 192“LoveSingapore”, 13, 185, 187,

212saving and sanctifying grace, 191spiritual warfare, 186–87teachings and church practices,

198Klang Valley, 100, 102. See also

MalaysiaBethesda Church, 108Pentecostal movement in, 114

Kong Hee, 207, 214–17Korean Pentecostalism, 2

Llanguage of Canaan, 212, 216, 217,

226Lapiz, Ed., pastor of DBD, 160,

172n22liberal Christianity, 183, 213“LoveSingapore”, 13, 185, 187, 212

Mmainline protestants, in Singapore,

213, 219–24Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI),

23Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI), 23Malaysia

Assemblies of God, 101–2Bethesda Church. See Bethesda

ChurchCalvary Church in. See Calvary

ChurchCeylon Pentecostal Movement,

101, 102charismatic churches in, 74Christian communities in, 73, 84Christianity, growth of, 104–6,

115n1East Malaysian Pentecostal

revivals, 103economic growth in, 104ethnic groups in, 72independence, 73Malay middle class, 103–4multi-culturalism, 86Muslim sphere, 104national economy, 103–4non-Muslim sphere, 73, 104official religion, 72–73Pentecostal churches, emergence

of, 107Pentecostalism in, 73, 101–3

Malaysian Chinese, political marginalization of, 74

Malaysian Christianity, 75Manila Bethel Temple, 158–59

Sumrall, Lester, founder, 158–59“Manila Healing Revival”, 159Mantofa, Philip, 11, 60, 61n1

ATTH crusade, 56, 57Before 30, 59–60, 63n27fighting with Taiwanese youth,

53–54“Finger of God”, Christian film,

60


Index 241

“Furious Love”, Christian film, 60

hallucinations of “soul stuff”, 54ministerial internship, 54troubled youth, 54–55vision of God, 55–56

Martial Law, in Philippines, 130, 140

Mawar Sharon Church, 26–27Mawar Sharon TV (MSTV), 58Metro Manila, megachurches in,

11, 133, 159–69miracles, experience of, 82–83modus vivendi, doctrinal, 223, 224moral absolutism, 55–58Muslim Malays, evangelism of, 85

NNahdlatul Ulama, 49National Evangelical Christian

Fellowship (NECF), 87, 103, 117n24

National Taiwan University (NTU), 57

NCC’s Online Access Hub (NOAH), 195

New Creation Church, 9, 10, 182, 184Anthem of Grace, 197client-oriented approach, 195core values, 193discipleship vs. prosperity, 186–88Joseph Prince. See Prince, Josephkey metaphor, 193pure grace and supply liquidity,

193–98slogan, 193Star Vista, The, 185–86

New Life Christian Center (NLCC), 160

New Order (1966–98) regime, 50“New Thought” movement,

United States, 5Njotorahardjo, Niko, pastor, 27–28,

36non-Malay bumiputera, 72, 106

OOverseas Filipino Workers

(OFWs), 128, 134

PPagsambang Wagas (Pure Worship),

129pengajian akbar (great sermons), 51Pentecostal Church in Indonesia.

See Gereja Pentekosta di Indonesia (GPdI)

Pentecostalism, 4, 37, 71, 89–90, 101American, 113–14gifts of Holy Spirit, 74global success of, 1, 187in Indonesia, 22, 29, 48, 50Korean, 2in Malaysia, 73, 101–3moral absolutism, 55Progressive Pentecostalism,

43n59in Southeast Asia, 9, 220“urban modern movement”, 29

Pentecostal pluralism, 4Pentecostal theology, 77Pentecostal World Fellowship,

86–87Persekutuan Gereja-gereja dan

Lembaga-lembaga Injili Indonesia (PGLII), 32

Persekutuan Gereja-gereja di Indonesia (PGI), 32

Persekutuan Gereja-gereja Pentakosta Indonesia (PGPI), 27, 39n5

Petra Christian University, 57Pew Research Centre study (2011),

4, 14n9Philippine Council of Evangelical

Churches (PCEC), 166Philippine for Jesus Movement

(PJM), 13, 128, 140, 167Philippines, 12, 156–57, 169–71

Bangon Pilipinas, 130, 141, 142Bread of Life (BOL) Ministries

International, 160


242 Index

Cathedral of Praise, 159Christian Commissioned

Fellowship, 160Day By Day Christian

Ministries, 160, 162El Shaddai Movement, 159Estrada, Joseph, 140evangelical church in, 127Greenhills Christian Fellowship,

162indigenization of megachurch

Christianity, 129Jesus Is Lord. See Jesus Is Lord

(JIL)Jesus Miracle Crusade

International Ministries, 159Manila Bethel Temple, 158–59Martial Law in, 130megachurches in Metro Manila,

161New Life Christian Center, 160Philippine for Jesus Movement,

167population of, 129Roman Catholic Church in, 166scholarship of megachurches,

157–58society, 127–28Velarde, Mike S., pastor of El

Shaddai, 159Victory Christian Fellowship, 162Word of Hope Christian

Church, 162–67political activism, 140, 141politics of conviction, 55Polytechnic University of the

Philippines (PUP), 128pop culture-inspired mega-

worship, 51–52Prince, Joseph, 9, 10, 182, 184

Destined to Reign, 195teachings and church practices,

198Progressive Pentecostalism, 43n59prosperity gospels, 80, 208, 227

popularity of, 5–6

Southeast Asian middle class and, 8–9

pure grace, 193–98

Rreligion, conventional theories on,

10religious nationalism, 12, 138–42revivals, 2, 6, 103–8, 158–59, 213Roman Catholic Church, in

Philippines, 166Rose of Sharon Church. See Gereja

Mawar Sharon (GMS)

Ssanctifying grace, 191, 196Satya Wacana Christian

University, 57saving grace, 191, 196Senduk, Ho Lukas, founder of

GBI, 24, 25, 27Sentul International Convention

Centre (SICC), 27–28, 37Service of Spiritual Growth, 51,

57, 58Sidang Injil Borneo (SIB) church,

73Singapore

Chinese Christian community in, 222

Chinese population in, 181Christianity, 182City Harvest Church. See City

Harvest Church (CHC)in cultural mandate. See cultural

mandatedoctrinal flexibility, 222–24ecclesiastical theatre, 221–22Ho, Sun, 207–9, 215–16Kong Hee, 207, 214–16liberal Christianity, decline of,

213mainline protestants, 213, 219–24megachurch habitus in, 219–20multi-cultural and multi-

religious, 212


Index 243

Pentecostal megachurches in, 9, 220

Sobrepeña, David, founder of WOH, 162–63, 165, 166, 173n28Southeast Asian middle class, 7–8Spirit of God, 77spirituality, centrality of, 9, 165spiritual warfare, 186–88Surabaya, 8, 58–60

crusade in, 57Indonesian Pentecostalism, 48–50

TTaipei Hsin Tien Covenant

Church, 218Taipei New Life Church, 218Technical Education and Skills

Development Authority (TESDA), 141, 144n9

“Third Wave renewal Pentecostals”, 1980s, 6

TOUCH Community Services, 184, 200

Transform World Connection (TWC), 37

Djohan Handojo, chairman, 36–37, 88

transitional personalities, notion of, 220

23rd Pentecostal World Conference, 87

UUnited Church of Christ in the

Philippines (UCCP), 136United States

Azusa Street revival, 2, 37Calvary Church, 88“Christian Reconstructionism”

in, 212

megachurches in, 4, 157“New Thought” movement, 5Pentecostalism in, 71, 101

Universitas Kristen Petra, UK Petra, 57

Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (UKSW), 57

University of New South Wales (UNSW), 57

VVelarde, Mike S., pastor of El

Shaddai, 159Victory Christian Fellowship

(VCF), 162Murrell, Steve, founder, 162

Villanueva, Eddie, founder and senior pastor of JIL, 127–29, 136–37, 166–68

political activism, 140political rallies, 141

WWestern-educated Chinese

Christians, 221Western missionaries, 1, 22Word of Hope Christian Church

(WOH), 162–67Sobrepeña, David, founder,

162–63, 165, 166, 173n28World Assemblies of God

Fellowship (WAGF), 87

YYoido Full Gospel Church

Cho, David Yonggi, emeritus senior pastor, 87

ZZoe Broadcasting Network, 128, 140


note: page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes

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